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[INDEX  SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4212,  July  18,  1908. 


THE 


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ATHENAEUM 


JOURNAL 


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LITERATURE,    SCIENCE,    THE    FINE   ARTS,    MUSIC, 

AND    THE    DRAMA. 

JANUARY  TO  JUNE, 

1908. 


LONDON: 


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PRINTED  BY  JOHN  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  ATHENAEUM  PREB8,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE. 

PUBLISHED  AT  THE  OFFICE,  BREAM'S  BUILDINGS,  CHANCERY  LANE,  E.C., 

BY  JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  AND  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS. 

SOLD  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  AND  NEWSMEN  IN  TOWN  AND  COUNTRY. 
AGENT8  FOR  SCOTLAND,  ME88R8.  BELL  &  BRADPUTE  AND  MR.  JOHN  MENZIES,  EDINBURGH. 


MDCCCCVIII. 


•urrudfurr*  »•  ajmbmhw  »**  ■•.««*,  Joij  is,  i«> 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHKN-SIUM  with  No.  4212,  July  13, 1908. 


INDEX       OF       CONTENTS. 

JANUARY  TO  JUNE,  1908. 


LITERATURE. 

Reviews. 

Abbott'3  (E.  A.)  Notes onNew  Testament  Criticism,  189  ' 

Indices  to  Diatessarica,  668 
Aberdeen  University,   Record  of  its  Quatercentenary, 

540 
Abraham's  (G.  D.)  The  Complete  Mountaineer,  351 
Acton's  (Baron)    History  of  Freedom,  ed.  Figgis   and 
Laurence,  68 ;  Historical  Essays  and  Studies,  ed.  Figgis 
and  Laurence,  220 
Adams's  (Rev.  J.)  Sermons  in  Syntax,  319 
Adcock's  (A.  St.  J.)  The  World  that  Never  Was,  445 
Ade's  (G.)  The  Slim  Princess,  757 
Ady's  (C  M.)  A  History  of  Milan  under  the  Sforza,  ed. 

Armstrong,  316 
Afghan  War,  Second,  1878-80, 158 
Agnew's  (G.)  The  Night  that  brings  out  Stars,  380 
Aitken's  (R.)  The  Golden  Horseshoe,  474 
Albanesi's  (Madame)  Drusilla's  Point  of  View,  724 
Aldington's  (M.)  Songs  of  Life  and  Love,  99 
Alexander's  (A.  B.  D.)  A  Short  History  of  Philosophy,  321 
Alexander's  (B.)  From  the  Niger  to  the  Nile,  38 
Allan's  (A.)  The  Advent  of  the  Father,  190 
Almanach  du  Drapeau,  13 
Almanach  Hachette,  13 

Alpens's  (Marchioness  d')  House  of  the  Lost  Court,  445 
Annesley's  (M.)  The  Door  of  Darkness,  784 
Annuaire  Statistique,  321 

Applin's  (A.)  The  Butcher  of  Bruton  Street,  634 

Aristotle :  De  Anima,  tr.  and  ed.  Hicks,  506;  The  Works 

of,  Part  I.  The  Parva  Naturalia,  tr.  Beare  and  Ross; 

Part  II.    De   Lineis  Insecabilibus,   tr.  Joachim— By 

Mauthner,  tr.  Gordon,  507 

Arnold-Forster's  (Right  Hon.  H.  O.)  English  Socialism  of 

To-day,  158 
Askew's  (A.  and  C.)  Not  Proven,  283;  The  Path  of 

Lies,  318 
Austin's  (M.)  Santa  Lucia,  664 
Ayscough's  (J.)  Marots,  568 
Bacon,  J.  M.,  Life  by  his  daughter.  727 
Bacon's  Essays,  ed.  Mary  A.  Scott,  571 
Bacon's  (J.  D.)  Ten  to  Seventeen,  449 
Baer  &  Co.'s  (Messrs.  J.)  Catalogue  of  Sixteenth-Century 

Books,  Part  III.,  353 
Bailey's  (H.  C)  The  God  of  Clay,  473 
Bailey's  (J.  C.)  The  Claims  of  French  Poetry,  33 
Barbour'sJJ.)  The  Bruce,  tr.  Eyre-Todd,  539 
Bargy's  (H.)  France  d'exil,  253 
Baring-Gould's  (S. )  Devonshire  Characters  and  Strange 

Events,  40  ;  Lives  of  the  British  Saints,  Vol.  I.,  351 
Barlow's  (G.)  The  Triumph  of  Woman,  11 
Barlow's  (J.)  Irish  Neighbours,  40 
Barr's  (R.)  Young  Lord  Stranleigh,  724 
Barrett's  (R.  M.)  EUice  Hopkins  :  a  Memoir,  287 
Barron's  (P.)  The  Hate  Flame,  664 
Barzini's  (L.)  Pekin  to  Paris,  tr.  Castelvecchio,  38 
Bax's  (E.  B.)  The  Roots  of  Reality,  160 
Bazin's  (R  )  The  Nun,  318 
Bearne's  (Mrs.)  A  Sister  of  Marie  Antoinette :  Life  Story 

of  Maria  Carolina,  Queen  of  Naples,  94 
Becke's  (L.)  The  Call  of  the  South,  448 
Begbie's  (H.)  Tables  of  Stone,  505 
Bell's  (M.)  Weeds  and  Wild  Flowers,  415 
Belloc's  (H.)  On  Nothing  and  Kindred  Subjects,  320 
Benjamin  of  Tudela,  The  Itinerary  of,  Critical  Text,  &c, 

by  Adler,  159 
Bennett's  (A.)  The  Statue,  476 
Bennetts  (W.   H.)    The  Religion  of  the   Post -Exilic 

Prophets,  319 
Benson's  (E.  F.)  Sheaves,  155 

Berlin  Oriental  Seminary,  Transactions  for  1907,  160 
Bernhardt'8  (G.  de)  The  Handbook  of  Treaties  relating 

to  Commerce,  286 
Bianquis's  (J.)  L'CEuvre  des  Missions  protestantes   a 

Madagascar,  192 
Biddulph's  (Col.  J.)  The  Pirates  of  Malabar,  251 
Binyon's  (Mrs.  L.)  Nineteenth-Century  Prose,  284 
Birkhead's  (A.)  The  Master-Knot,  445 
Birmingham's  (G.  A.)  The  Bad  Times,  283 
Black's  (C.)  Caroline,  187 
Blackmore  s  (R.   D.)   Lorna   Doone,   Introduction   and 

Notes  by  Snowden  Ward,  536 
Blackwood's  (A.)  The  Listener,  and  other  Stories,  39 
Bland's  (A.)  The  Happy  Moralist,  320 
Bloundelle-Burton's  (J.)  The  Last  of  her  Race,  318 
Boer  War,  Official  History,  Vol.  III.,  694 
Boigne,  Comtesse  de,  Memoirs  of  the,   ed.  Nicoullaud, 

Vol.  III.,  English  Translation,  126;  Vol.  IV.,  572 
Bone's  (G.)  Children's  Children,  9 
Bonnal's  (General)  La  premiere  Bataille,  223 
Book  of  the  Duke  of  True  Lovers,  tr.   Kemp-Welch, 

I  '.allada  rendered  by  Binyon  and  Maclagan,  601 
Book-Prices  Current,  ed.  Slater,  127 
Bookseller.  The,  Jubilee  Number,  128 
Boston's  (T.)  A  General  Account  of  my  Life,  755 


Boulting's  (W.)  Tasso  and  his  Times,  287 

Bovet's   (M.   A.  de)    Veuvage    blanc,    665;    Apres    le 

Divorce,  784 
Bowen's  (M.)  The  Sword  Decides,  506 
Box's  (Rev.  G.  H.)  Religion  and  Worship  of  the  Syna- 
gogue, 319 
Boyd's  (M.  S.)  Her  Besetting  Virtue,  350 
Braddon's  (M.  E.)  During  Her  Majesty's  Pleasure,  693 
Braithwaite's  (W.  S.)  Book  of  Elizabethan  Verse,  284 
Brassey's  (T.)  Work  and  "Wages  :  Part  II.  Wages  and 

Employment,  191 
Bridges's  (J.  H.)  Essays  and  Addresses,  696 
Brightwen's  (E.)  Last  Hours  with  Nature,  ed.  Chesson, 

759 
Brodrick's   (M.)   The   Trial  and   Crucifixion  of    Jesus 

Christ  of  Nazareth,  666 
Brooke's  (S.  A.)  A  Study  of  Clough,  Arnold,   Rossetti, 

and  Morris,  691 
Browning,  Robert,  Life  and  Letters  of,  by  Mrs.  S.  Orr, 

revised  by  Kenyon,  669 
Bruce,  Master  Robert,  Minister  of  the  Kirk  of  Edin- 
burgh, by  Macnicol,  540 
Brummell,  Beau,  and  his  Times,  by  De  Monvel,  535 
Bryan's  (G.  H.)  The  Elements  of  the  Geometry  of  the 

Conic,  72 
Buckrose's  (J.  E.)  The  Wolf,  506 
Burdett's  (Sir  H.)  Hospitals  and  Charities,  1908,  509 
Burfree's  (L.  J.)  The  Search  for  the  Western  Sea,  758 
Burgess's  (G.)  The  White  Cat,  222 
Burke's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  128 
Burnet,  Bishop,  Life  of,  by  Clarke  and  Foxcroft,  121 
Burrows,  Montagu,  Capt.  R.N.,  Autobiography  of,  ed. 

by  his  Son,  689 
Burt,  Thomas,  Life  by  Watson,  255 
Caetani's  (Prince  L.)  Annali  dell'  Islam,  Vol.  II.,  379 
Caine's  (W.  R.  H.)  Cruise  of  the  Port  Kingston,  320 
Calvert's  (A.  F.)  Toledo,  352 
Cambridge  Modern  History,  Vol.  V.,  ed.  Ward,  Prothero, 

and  Leathes,  722,  762 
Campbell's  (W.  S.)  The  "Passer-by"  in  London,  446 
Campbell  -  Bannerman,    Sir    Henry,    by    O'Connor  — 

Speeches,  602 
Carducci's  (G.)  Poems,  415 
Carrick's  (H.)  The  Muse  in  Motley,  157 
Carrington's  (PitzRoy)  The  Pilgrim's  Staff,  99 
Carter's  (M.  E.)  Groundwork  of  English  History,  72 
Cassell's  (Messrs.)  People's  Library,  227 
Castle's  (A.  and  E.)  Flower  o'  the  Orange,  &c,  448 
Catholic  Who's  Who,  ed.  Sir  F.  C.  Burnand,  160 
Chadwick's  (W.  E.)  Pastoral  Teaching  of  St.  Paul,  189 
Chambers's  (R.  W.)  The  Tree  of  Heaven,  695 
Champneys's  (A.  L.)  Public  Libraries.  127 
Chapman's  (A.  B.    W.)  The  Commercial  Relations  of 

England  and  Portugal,  509 
Charlton's  (R.)  The  Virgin  Widow,  505 
Chatelaine  of  Vergi,  tr.  Kemp-Welch,  601 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales:  The  Nun's  Priest's  Tale, 

ed.  Pollard,  72;  The  Prologue,  &c,  done  into  English 

by  Prof.  Skeat,  98 
Chenier,  A.,  Poesies  choisies,  ed.  Derocquigny,  71 
Chesterton's  (G.  K.)  The  Man  who  was  Thursday,  350 
Chips  from  a  Bookshelf,  ed.  Browne,  571 
Church's  (Rev.  A.  J.)  Memories  of  Men  and  Books,  661 
Churchill's  (W.)  Mr.  Crewe's  Career,  723 
Clarke,   William :    a  Collection  of   his    Writings,    ed. 

Burrows  and  Hobson,  287 
Clarke's  (T.  E.  S.)  A  Life  of  Bishop  Burnet,  121 
Clegg's  (T.  B.)  The  Bishop's  Scapegoat,  757 
Clergy  Directory,  The,  128 
Clyde,  The,  River  and  Firth    painted  by  M.  Y.  and 

J.  Y.  Hunter,  described  by  Munro,  95 
Cobb's  (T.)  The  Chichester  Intrigue,  350 
Coke's  (D.)  The  Pedestal,  693 
Cole's  (S.)  Rachel  Chalfont,  350 
Coleridge's  (C-)  Miss  Lucy,  444 
Coleridge's  (M.  E.)  Poems,  Memoir  by  Newbolt,  99 
Coleridge  (S.  T.)  :  Biographia  Literaria,  ed.  Shawcross — 

The  Poems  of,  ed.  E.  H.  Coleridge,  247 
Colles's  (B..)  The  Complete  Works  of  George  Darley,287 
Collins's  (J.  C.)  Voltaire,   Montesquieu,  and  Rousseau 

in  England,  471 
Combes's  ( L.  de)  The  Finding  of  the  Cross,  tr.  Cappa- 

delta,  667 
Compayre's  (G.)  Jean  Frederic  Herbart,   tr.  Findlay, 

571 
Connold's  (E.  T.)  Gleanings  from  the  Fields  of  Nature, 

759 
Connolly's  (J.  B.)  The  Crested  Seas,  40 
Continuation  Schools  in   England  and   Elsewhere,  ed. 

Sadler,  69 
Conway  s  (R.  S.)  Virgil's  Messianic  Eclogue,  66 
Cook's  (S.  A.)  Critical  Notes  on  Old  Testament  History 

188 
Cook's  (T.  A.)  The  Cruise  of  the  Branwen,  726 
Cooper's  (E.  H.)  The  Marquis  and  Pamelii,  380 
Coppee,  F.,  Poesies  choisies,  ed.  Delbos,  71 


Correspondance  de  Dostoi'evski,  traduit  du  Russe  par 

J.  W.  Bienstock,  99 
Cotterill's  (C.    C.)    Human  Justice    for  those    at  the 

Bottom,  127 
Courlander's  (A.)  Eve's  Apple,  187 
Courtney's  (W.  L.)  The  Literary  Man's  Bible,  12 
Crawford's  (F.  M.)  The  Primadonna,  505 
Crispe's  (W.)  Corry  Thorndike,  634 
Crockett's  (S.  R.)  Deep  Moat  Grange,  476 
Crockett's  (W.  S.,  Footsteps  of  Scott.  541,  603,  638 
Crockford's  Clerical  Directory  for  1908,  449 
Cromer's  (Earl  of)  Modern  Egypt,  345,  376 
Cullum's  (R.)  The  Watchers  of  the  Plains,  445 
Cunninghame's  (A.)  The  Love  Story  of  Giraldus,  9 
Curio's  (R.  H.  P.)  Aspects  of  George  Meredith,  449 
Danby's  (F.)  The  Heart  of  a  Child,  349 
Dan  Riach,  Socialist,  505 
Dante,  In  the  Footprints  of,  by  Toynbee,  255 
Darley.  G.,  Complete  Works,  ed.  Colles,  287 
Dasent's  (A.  I.)  John  Thadeus  Delane,  Editor  of  The 

Times :  his  Life,  &c,  501 
Davenport's  (C.)  The  Book:  its  History  and  Develop- 
ment, 449 
Davidson's  (L.  C.)  The  Lost  Millionaire,  445 
Davies's  (W.  H.)  The  Autobiography  of  a  Super-Tramp, 

728 
Davitt,  Michael,  by  Sheehy-Skeffington,  761 
Dawson's  (W. )  The  Scourge,  444 
Deakin's  (D.)  The  Young  Columbine,  252 
Dearmer's  (  vj .)  The  Alien  Sisters,  413 
Debrett's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  Knightage,  128 ;  House 

of  Commons  and  the  Judicial  Bench,  159 
Deeping's  (VV.)  Bertrand  of  Brittany,  724 
Deland's(M.)  R.  J.'s  Mother  and  some  other  People,  695 
Delane,  John  Thadeus,  Life,  &c,  by  Dasent,  501 
De  La  Pasture's  (Mrs.  H.)  The  Grey  Knight,  505 
Deledda's  (G.)  Ashes  (Cenere),  634 
Demonstration  Schools  Record,  ed.  Findlay,  568 
De  Morgan's  (W.)  Somehow  Good,  252 
Dent's  (Messrs.)  Everyman's  Library,  256,  787 
Derbyshire,  Old,  Memorials  of,  ed.  Cox,  782 
Dewsnup's  (E.  R.)  The  Housing  Problem  in  England,  10 
Dickberry's  (F.)  Phantom  Figures,  9 
Dickens,  Charles,  The  Works  of,  National  Edition,  12, 

636,  671 
Dictionaries  :  A  New  English,  ed.  Murray,  Bradley, 
and  Craigie,  184,  692 ;  Hungarian  and  English  Lan- 
guages, by  Yolland,  254 ;  An  Anglo-Saxon,  based  on 
the  Collections  of  Bosworth,  Supplement  by  Toller, 
Part  I.,  475;  A  New  French-English,  English-French, 
by  Payen-Payne,  571 
Dictionary  of  Christ  and  the   Gospels,  ed.    Hastings, 

Selbie,  and  Lambert,  668 
Dictionary  of  National  Biography,  Reissue,  381 
Diehl's  (A.  M.)  An  Actor's  Love  Story,  350 
Diehl's  (C.)  Figures  byzantines,  Deuxieme  Serie,  783 
Ditchfield's  (P.  H.)  Charm  of  the  English  Village,  728 
Diver's  (M.)  The  Great  Amulet,  600 
Dod's  Peerage,  Haronetaye,  and  Knightage,  128  ;  Parlia- 
mentary Companion,  159 
Donovan's  (Dick)  In  the  Face  of  Night,  664 
Dorrington's  (A.)  And  the  Day  Came,  284 
Dostoi'evski,  Correspondance  de,  traduit  du  Russe  par 

J.  W.  Bienstock.  99 
Doughty's  (CM.)  Wanderings  in  Arabia, ed.  Garnett,  536 
Dow's  (E.  W.)  Atlas  of  European  History,  72 
Drake's  (A.  E.)  Discoveries  in  Hebrew,  so.,  Languages, 

475 
Drayton's  (M.)  Minor  Poems,  ed.  Brett,  98 
Drewitt'e  (F.  D)   Bombay  in  the  Days  of  George  IV., 

313,  450,  574 
Drummond's  (M.)  ElementB  of  Psychology,  127 
Dunning'e  (H.  W.)  To-day  on  the  Nile,  447 
Duntzer's  (H.)  Life  of  Goethe,  tr.  Lyster,  449 
Durland's  (K.)  'I  ho  Red  Reign,  192 
Dutch  Self-Taught,  478 
Dyott's  Diary,  1781-1845,  ed.  Jeffery,  8 
E.  A.'s  Spring  in  London,  414 
Earlston's  (  P.)  The  Place  Taker,  284 
Eaton's  (Dr.  J.)  Grant.  Lincoln,  and  theFreedmen,  226 
Eccott's  (W.  J.)  The  Red  Neighbour,  600 
Edgar's  (VI.  G.)   A  Treasury  of  Ballads— Treasury  of 
Verse   for  Little  Children  —  Treasury   of    Verse  for 
Boys  and  Girls,  284 
Edwards's  (G.  M.)  Altera  Colloquia  Latina,  572 
Eliot's  (Sir  C- )  Turkey  in  Europe,  416 
Ellesmere's  (Earl  of)  The  Standertons,  283 
Elwin's  (Father)  Indian  Jottings,  37 
Kmmett's  (K.  P.)  The  Silver  /one,  252 
English  Catalogue  of  Books,  256 
Erasmus  against  War,  73 

Escott's  (T.  H.  S.)  The  Story  of  British  Diplomacy,  781 
Espinosas  (Friar  A.  de)  The  Guanches  of  Tenerife,  tr. 

and  ed.  Sir  0.  Markham,  219 
Factory  and  Shop  Acts  of  the  British  Dominions,  com- 
piled by  MiBs  V.  R.  Markham,  100 


IV 


TH  E     AT1I  KNiEUM 


[81  I'l'LKMKNT  t<;  the  AT1I1  N  1  IS!  »ltl,  So.  4212.  July  II 


Jam.akv  to  June  1908 


Furor*!  (R.)  The  Wa-yi  ol  Rebellion,  146 

Farriiigton'-  (II.  M.)   The  <i:iU-s  that  Shall  not  Prevail, 

476 

Father  ami  Son,  6,  4r> 

Fenn's  (<;.  M.)  Sir  liilton'e  Sin.  418 

Frrrar.  Nicholas,  The  Life  and  Tunes  of,  hy  Sttpton.351 

Ptttenhtifl  zur    I'.tten    VeiWHIIIIllllllg  deutscher  Philolo- 

gen,  feo.,  1907,  363 

Field's  (M.)  Wild  Honey  from  Various  Thyme,  414 
1'iiullater'n  (Mi  and  J.)  Orossriggs,  BOO 
Piaher'i  (II.  A.  L )  Botwparttem.  '-'7!' 
Fisher's  (.1.)  The  LiveB  of  the  British  Saints,  Vol.  L,  851 
Fletcher's  (J.  S.)  The  Ivory  God.  and  other  Stories,  39  ; 
Mothers  in  [artel,  349  j  A  Hook  about  Yorkshire,  789 
For   vlv  Name's  Sake,  tr.  Leggatt,  I'M 
Forb.-s's  (Hon.  Mrs.  W.  K.  D.)  Leroux,  473 
Ford's  (S.)  Shorty  McCabe,  187 
Forrester's  (11.)  Rupert  Brett,  53S 
Forster's  (R.  H.)  A  Jacobite  Admiral.  168 
Fowler's  (W.  \V.)  Virgil's  Messianic  Eclogue,  66 
Foxcroft's  (H.  C.)  A  Life  of  Bishop  Burnet,  121 
Fragment  of  an  Uncanonieal  Gospel  from  Oxyrhyncbus, 

ed.  Grenfell,  867 
Francke's  (Rev.  A.  H.)  A  History  of  Western  Tibet,  415 
Frazer's  (J.  G.)  Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris,  Second  Edition, 

12,  1!) 
Futrelle's  (J.)  The  Chase  of  the  Golden  Plate,  693 
G.  B.  S.  Calendar,  The,  selected  by  Nixon,  193 
Gallon's  (Tom)  Tinman,  47G 
Gardenhire's  (S.  M.)  Purple  and  Homespun,  758 
Gascoigne's  (G.)  The  Posies,  ed.  Cunliffe,  98 
Gaskell's  (Lady  C.  M.)  Prose  Idyls  of  the  West  Riding,  39 
Gautier,  Theopbile.  Stories  by,  tr.  Hearn,  695 
Gawain,  Sir,  and  the  Lady  of  Lys,  tr.  Weston,  12 
Gerard's  (D.)  Restitution,  757 
Gerard's  (M.)  A  Gentleman  of  London,  693 
Ghamat's  (K.  E.)  My  Friend  the  Barrister,  474 
Gibbs's   (P.)   The   Romance  of  George   Villiers,  First 

Duke  of  Buckingham,  595 
Gibson's  (M.  D.)  Forty-One  Facsimiles  of  Dated  Chris- 
tian Arabic  Manuscripts.  288 
Gilbert  riermer,  Introduction  by  Masefield,  445 
Gilcbrist's  (R.  M.)  The  Gentle  Thespians,  350 
Gissing's  (A.)  Second  Selves,  97 
Glasgow's  (E.)  The  Ancient  Law,  380 
Godfrey-Faussett's  (M.)  The  Dual  Heritage,  784 
Godfrey's  (E.)  English  Children  in  the  Olden  Time,  470 
Goethe,  Life  of,  by  Diintzer,  tr.  Lyster,  449 
Goethe's  (J.  W.  von)  Poetry  and  Truth  from  my  own 

Life,  tr.  Smith,  761 
Goldring's  (M.i  Dean's  Hall,  600 

Gordon's  (A.  R.)  The  Early  Traditions  of  Genesis,  188 
Gordon's  (S.)  The  New  Galatea,  474 
Gore's  (C.)  The  New  Theology  and  the  Old  Religion,  183 
Gorst's  (Sir  J.)  New  Zealand  Revisited  :  Recollections 

of  the  Days  of  my  Youth,  226 
Gottschalk's  (Mr.  P.)  Catalogue  of  Books,  353 
Graham's  (F.)  Kathleen,  506 

Graham's  (Mrs.  H.)  The  Disinherited  of  the  Earth,  538 
Graham's  (H.  G.)  Literary  and  Historical  Essays,  567 
Grand's  (S.)  Emotional  Moments,  508 
Grant,  Lincoln,  and  the  Freedmen,  by  Eaton,  226 
Grant's  (C.)  The  Small  Holdings  and  Allotments  Hand- 
book, 255 
Grant's  (Mrs.  C.)  Quaker  and  Courtier,  477 
Graves's  (C.  L.)  Humours  of  the  Fray,  157 
Greek    Versions    of   the    Testaments    of   the    Twelve 

Patriarchs,  ed.  Charles,  533 
Grey,  Lady  Jane,  and  her  Times,  by  Taylor,  409 
Greyfriar,  The,  13 

Gribble'8  (F.)  George  Sand  and  her  Lovers,  126 
Griffith's  (G.)  John  Brown,  Buccaneer,  318 
Griffiths's  (Major  A.)  Thrice  Captive,  569 
Grimshaw's  (B.)  In  the  Strange  South  Seas,  38 
Grove's  (Lady)  The  Social  Fetich,  72 
Guide  to  Greece,  Constantinople,  &c,  570 
Gunter's  (A.  C.)  Dr.  Burton's  Success,  98 
Guyot's  (J.)  Le  Poete  J.  Fr.  Regnard  en  son  Chasteau 

de  Grillon,  697 
Guyot's  (Y.)  Histoire  des  Rapports  economiques  de  la 

France  et  de  l'Angleterre,  761 
Gwynn's  (S.)  The  Glade  in  the  Forest,  40 
Haile's  (M.)  James  Francis  Edward,  the  Old  Chevalier, 

65 
Hainsselin's  (M.  T.)  The  Isle  of  Maids,  473 
Hall's  (K.  M.)  Nature  Rambles  in  London,  759 
Hamilton's  (C.)  Keepers  of  the  House,  693 
Hamilton's  (Col.  R.)  The  Second  Answer,  693 
Hanauer's  (J.   E.)   Folk-lore    of   the   Holy   Land,  ed. 

Pickthall,  217,  258 
Hannay's  (R.    K.)  The  Archbishops  of  St.    Andrews, 

Vol.  L,  538 
Harper's  (C.  G.)  The  Manchester  and  Glasgow  Roads, 

255 ;  The  North  Devon  Coast,  446 
Harris's  (M.  C.)  The  Tents  of  Wickedness,  284 
Harrison's  (F.)  My   Alpine   Jubilee,    1851-1907,    449; 

National  and  Social  Problems,  601 
Hartog's  (P.  J.)  The  Writing  of  English,  67 
Harvey's  (E.)  The  Agricultural  Holdings  Act,  1906,  255 
Hawtrey's  (V.)  Rodwell,  283 
Hazlitt's  (W.  C.)  Roll  of  Honour,  352 
Headlam's  (W.)  A  Book  of  Greek  Verse,  7 
Heilborn's  (E.)  Josua  Kersten,  569 
Henderson's  (Col.  D.)  The  Art  of  Reconnaissance,  223 
Henderson's  (M.  S.)  George  Meredith,  227 


Sanson's  (Canon  II.  11.)  The  National  Chunk 

Herbert,  Jean  Frederic,  by  Compefre,  tr.  Pindley,  .r.71 
Herkless's  (J.)  The  Archbishops  of  Bt.  Andrews,  Vol.  I., 
588 

Herring's  (P.)  Dragon's  Bilk,  724 

llewison  s  lJ.  K  )  The  Covenanters,  i 

Hewlett's  (M.)  The  Spanish  Ja.le,  257,  633 

Hevwood's  (N.  A.)  Oddities  of  the  Law,  509 

Hickey's  (E.)  Lois,  637 

Highroads  of  History,  Books  I. -VI. ,571 

Hill's  (J.)  The  Book  Makers  of  Old  Birmingham,  787 

Ilinke's  (W.  J.)  A  New  Boundary  Stone  of  Nebuchad- 
nezzar I.  from  Nippur,  725 

llinkson's  (H.  A.)  Father  Alphonsus,  222 

Hislam's  (P.  A.)  The  Admiralty  of  the  Atlantic   378 

Histoire  Sociahste  (1789-1900),  Vol.  XL,  ed.  Bourgeois, 
223 

Historians'  History  of  the  World,  ed.  Williams 
Vols.  I.-XII.,  281 

History  of  the  Incas,  by  P.  S.  de  G&mboa  ;  and  The 
Execution  of  the  Inca  Tupac  Amaru,  by  Capt.  B.  de 
Ocampo,  tr.  and  ed.  Sir  C.  Markham,  123 

History  of  the  War  in  South  Africa,  Vol.  III.,  694 

Hodder's  (R.)  The  Armada  Gold,  222 

Hodgetts's  (E.  A.  B.)  The  Court  of  Russia  in  the  Nine- 
teenth Century,  668 

Hodgson's  (W.  H.)  The  House  on  the  Borderland,  600 

Hoffmann,  E.  T.  W.,  Stories  by,  695 

Holding's  (T.  H.)  The  Camper's  Handbook,  446 

Hole's  (W.  G.)  New  Poems,  Book  I.,  413 

Holland's  (Clive)  Old  and  New  Japan,  635 

Hood,  Thomas  :  his  Life  and  Times,  by  Jerrold,  441 

Hope's  (A.  R.)  Dramas  in  Duodecimo,  40 

Hope's  (G.)  The  Honour  of  "  X.,"  757 

Hope's  (J.  F.)  A  History  of  the  1900  Parliament,  191 

Hopkins,  Ellice  :  a  Memoir,  by  Barrett,  287 

Housman's  (L.)  Stories  from  the  Arabian  Nights,  Draw- 
ings by  Dulac,  158 

Howarth's  (E.  G.)  West  Ham,  10 

Howells's  (W.  D.)  Fennel  and  Rue,  537 

Hubbard  (Mrs.  L.)  jun.'s  A  Woman's  Way  through 
Unknown  Labrador,  758 

Hueffer's  (F.  M.)  The  Fifth  Queen  Crowned,  473 

Hugo's  (Victor)  Selected  Poems,  ed.  Eve,  72 

Hume's  (F.)  The  Sacred  Herb,  98 

Humphreys's  (A.  L.)  Salt  and  Sincerity,  287 

Hundred  Great  Poems,  A,  annotated  by  Cross,  127 

Hunt's  (V.)  White  Rose  of  Weary  Leaf,  317 

Hunter's  (C.  B.)  The  Eloping  Maharani,  254 

Hurst's  (E.  H.)  Mystery  Island,  252 

Hustled  History,  73 

Hutton's  (E.)  Studies  in  the  Lives  of  the  Saints,  351 

Hutton's  (M.  A.)  The  Tain  :  an  Irish  Epic  told  in 
English  Verse,  157 

Hyamson's  (A.  M.)  History  of  the  Jews  in  England,  442 

Illingworth's  (J.  R.)  The  Doctrine  of  the  Trinity,  188 

Inchbold's  (A.  C.)  Lisbon  and  Cintra,  287,  354,  383 

Inglese  imparato  da  Se,  478 

Innocent  the  Great,  by  Pirie-Gordon,  351 

Iota's  The  Magic  of  May,  757 

Itinerary  of  Benjamin  of  Tudela,  Critical  Text,  &c,  by 
Adler,  159 

Itinerary  of  John  Leland  in  or  about  the  }?ears  1535-43. 
Parts  IV.  and  V.,  ed.  Toulmin  Smith,  540 

J.  J.  B.'s  Joseph  Redhorn,  413 

Jacob's  (V.)  The  History  of  Aythan  Waring,  155 

J  a  cobi 's  (M.  P.)  Stories  and  Sketches,  40 

James  Francis  Edward,  the  Old  Chevalier,  by  Haile,  65 

Japanese  Self-Taught  and  Grammar,  478 

J  ebb's  (C.)  A  Star  of  the  Salons:  Julie  de  Lespinasse, 
503 

Jerrold's  (W.)  Highways  and  Byways  in  Kent,  illust. 
Thomson,  34  ;  The  Book  of  Living  Poets,  285 ; 
Thomas  Hood :  his  Life  and  Times,  441 

John's  (G.)  A  Voice  from  China,  785 

Johnson's  (A.  T.)  In  the  Land  of  the  Beautiful  Trout, 
256 

Johnston's  (R.  F.)  From  Pekin  to  Mandalay,  721 

Journal  of  Education,  Vol.  XXIX.,  71 

Karsten's  (R.)  Studies  in  Primitive  Greek  Religion,  73 

Keatinge's  (M.  W.)  Suggestion  in  Education,  70 

Kelly's  Handbook  to  the  Titled,  Landed,  and  Official 
Classes,  128 

Kempson's(F.  C.)  The  Future  Life  and  Modern  Diffi- 
culties, 188 

Kent's  (C.  F.)  Israel's  Laws  and  Legal  Precedents,  188 

Kernahan's  (C.)  The  Red  Peril,  318 

Kidd's  (D.)  Kafir  Socialism  and  the  Dawn  of  Individual- 
ism, 726 

Kipling's  (A.  W.)  The  New  Dominion,  381 

Koebel's  (W.  H.J  The  Anchorage,  187 

Laboulaye's  (K)  Yvon  et  Finette  :  Conte  bleu,  572 

Ladd's  (Dr.  G.  T.)  In  Korea  with  -Marquis  Ito,  635 
Lafage's  (L.J  La  Chevre  de  Pescadoire,  508 

Laidlaw's  (J.)  Studies  in  the  Parables,  and  other  Ser- 
mons, 188 
Landon's  (P.)  Raw  Edges,  695 
Landor's  (A.  H.  S.)  Across  Widest  Africa,  38 
Lang's  (A.)  The  King  over  the  Water,  65 
Lang's  (L.  L.)  The  Imbeciles,  1S7 
Langdon's  (Mrs.  A.  H.)  The  Writing  of  English.  67 
Larymore's  (Mrs.  C.)  A  Resident's  Wife  in  Xigeria,  38 
Latham's  (C.)  In  English  Homes,  Vol.  II.,  446 
LathburV's  (F.)  The  People  Downstairs,  634 
Lathrop  s  (E.)  Sunny  Days  in  Italy,  447 


Laud,  by  Mackintosh, 
Larliee  i  (BL)  Histoire  de  France 
Louis  XIV.  (1648-86),  821 


Vol.  VII.  Part  II.. 


Law,  John,  of  Laurletoa,  by  WiatotvGIynn,  '.«i 
Uwiti  (Rev.  J,  P.)  The  Life  of  our  Lord,  190 
Lawson's  (W.  R.)  John  Bull  and  his  Schools,  70 
Layton's  (Messrs.)  The  Handy  Newspaper  List, 
Leaves  from  a  Life,  2K<J,  324 
Leblanc*    (it.)    The    Seven    of    Hearts,    tr.    A.    T. 

Mattos,  508 
Lee's   (S.)   Four   Quarto  Editions   of  Plays   by  Shake- 
speare, 761 
Lee- Warner's  (Sir  W.)    Memoirs   of  Field-Marshal 

Henry  Wylie  Norman,  7P» 
Leith's  (W.  C)  Apologia  Diffilentis,  282 
Leland,   J.,   Itinerary,   Parts  IV.  and  V.,  ed.  Toulmin 

Smith,  540 
Le  Queux's(\V.)  The-  Pauj.tr  of  Park  Lane,  283 j  The 

Lady  in  the  Car,  634 
Lespinasse,  Julie  de,  by  Jebb,  503 
Letters  of  the  Wordsworth  Family,  ed.  Knight.  629 
Letters  from  an  Egyptian  to  an  English  Politician 

the  Affairs  of  Egypt,  602 
Letters  from  the  Raven,  ed.  Bronner,  573 
Lewis's  (A.  S.)  Forty-One  Facsimiles  of  Dated  Chri- 

Arabic  Manuscripts,  288 
Liberal  Year- Book  for  1908,  13 
Library,  The,  256,  541,  544,  574,  869 
Liege  and  the  Ardennes,  Paintings  by  Forestier,  Te-.t 

by  Omond,  787 
Linguistic   Survey   of  India,    Vol.    IX.    Part  III.,  ed, 

Grierson,  411 
Lister's  (Hon.  R.)  Report  upon  the  French  Coloniee,286 
Literary  Year-Book  for  1908.  41 
Lockwood's  (L.  E.)   Lexicon  to   the   English  Poetical 

Works  of  John  Milton,  255 
Lodge's  Peerage,  Baronetage,  and  Knightage,  ed.  Sir  A. 

Vicars,  128 
London's  (Jack)  Love  of  Life,  and  other  Stories,  448  ; 

Before  Adam,  633 
Longueville,  Madame  de,  and  her  Times,  by  Williams,  250 
Loring's  (A.)  The  Forefront  of  the  Battle,  723 
Low's  (Canon  G.  J.)  A  Parson's  Ponderings,  192 
Lowell's  (A.  L.)  The  Government  of  England,  7 
Lowndes's  (Mrs.  B.)  The  Pulse  of  Life,  318 
Lucas's  (R.)  Colonel  Saunderson,  M.P.,  668 
Lucas's  (St.  J.)  The  Oxford  Book  of  French  Verse,  33 
Lucy's  (H.  W.)  Memories  of  Eight  Parliaments,  285 
Ludwig  the  Second,  King  of  Bavaria,   by  Tschudi.  tr. 

Hearn,  153 
Lyde's  (Prof.  L.)  A  Military  Geography  of  the  Balkan 

Peninsula,  286 
Macartney,  George,  Earl  of,  Life  by  Robbins,  375 
McCarthy's  (J.  H.)  The  Duke's  Motto.  380 
Macaulay,  Lord,  Marginal  Notes,  ed.  Trevelyan,  786 
Macaulay's  (G.  C.)  James  Thomson,  597 
M'Conachie's  (Rev.  W.)  Close  to  Nature's  Heart,  760 
Macgowan's  (Rev.  J.)  Sidelights  on  Chinese  Life,  785 
McKenzie's  (F.  A.)  The  Tragedy  of  Korea,  476 
Mackintosh's  (W.  L.)  Laud,  351 

Maclaren's  (I.)  Graham  of  Claverhouse,  155,  193,  289 
Macleod's  (Fiona)  From  the  Hills  of  Dream,  414 
MacMahon'8  (E.)  The  Heart's  Banishment,  9 
Macnamara's  (R.  S.)  The  Trance,  473 
Macnaughtan's  (S.)  Three  Miss  Graemes,  505 
Macnicol's  (D.  C.)  Master  Robert  Bruce.  Minister  cf 

the  Kirk  of  Edinburgh,  540 
McNulty's  (E.)  Mrs.  Mulligan's  Millions,  350 
Macpherson's  (H.)  A  Century  of  Political  Development, 

352 
Mahan's  (Capt  A.  T.)  From  Sail  to  Steam,  151 ;  Seme 

Neglected  Aspects  of  War,  2S6 
Maitland,  Frederic  William,  by  Smith,  443 
Makower's  (S.  V.)  Perdita  :  a  Romance  in  Biography, 

315 
Mallock's  (W.  H.)  A  Critical  Examination  of  Socialism, 

191 
Malvery's  (O.  C.)  The  Speculator,  98 
Mann's  (Mrs.  M.  E.)  A  Sheaf  of  Corn,  254 
Manor  Court  Rolls  in  Private  Hands,  Part  I.,  ed.  Hardy, 

13 
Mansel-Pleydell's  (K.)  A  Voice  from  Oblivion,  75S 
Manucci's  (N.)  Storia  do  Mogor,  tr.  Irvine,  690 
Manure's  (M.  de)  Histoire  de  la  Republique  1876-9,  dSi 
Marchmont's  (A.  W.)  A  Millionaire  Girl,  476 
Marden's  (P.  S.)  Greece  and  the  .Egean  Islands,  39 
Marginal  Notes  by  Lord  Macaulay.  selected  by  Sir  G.  O. 

Trevelyan,  786 
Margolioutli's  (D.  S.)  Cairo,  Jerusalem,  and  Damascus, 

illus.  Tyrwhitt.  152 
Maria  Carolina,  Queen  of  Naples,  bv  Mrs.  Bearne,  94 
Marriott's  (C.)  The  Kiss  of  Helen,  506 
Marsh's  (R.)  The  Coward  behind  the  Curtain,  634 
Marshall's  (A.)  Many  Junes,  380 
Masefield's  (J.)  An  English  Prose  Miscellany,  284 
Maugham's  (W.  S.)  The  Explorer.  9 
Mayor's  (J.  B.)  Virgil's  Messianic  Eclogue,  68 
Meade's  (L.  T.)  Sarah's  Mother.  350 
Meakin's  (A.  M.  B. )  Woman  in  Transition,  386 
Mellone's  (S.  H.)  Elements  of  Psychology,  127 
Melville's  (L.)  Bath  under  Beau  Xash,  159;  The  Beaux 

of  the  Regency,  630 
Mtinoires  et  Correspondance  de  Louis  Rossel,  573 
Meredith,  Georg> ,  by  Henderson,  227 ;  Aspects  of,  by 
Curie,  449 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4212,  July  18,  1908] 


January  to  June  1908 


INDEX    OF    CONTENTS 


Merejkowski's  Pliny  the  Younger— Montaigne— Calderon 

— Ibsen,  tr.  Mounsey,  787 
Michaelowitch's  (Grand  Duke  M.)  Never  Say  Die,  665 
Mijatovich's  (C.)  Servia  and  the  Servians,  569 
Millais's    (J.     G.)    Newfoundland    and  its  Untrodden 

Ways,  759 
Milton,  J.,  Lexicon  to  English  Poetical  Works,  by  Lock- 
wood,  255 
Mirrour  of  the  Blessed  Lyf  of  Jesu  Christ,  tr.  Love,  ed. 

Powell,  786 
.Mitchell's  (Very  Rev.  J.)  Significant  Etymology,  -175 
Mitchell's  (G.  W.)  An  Introduction  to  Latin  Prose,  72 
Mitford's  (C.  G.)  The  Paxton  Plot,  283 
Mitra's  (S.  M.)  Indian  Problems,  540 
Moberly's  (L.  G.)  A  Tangled  Web,  222 
Mockler-Perryman's  (Lieut. -Col.)  A  Military  Geography 

of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  286 
Modernism,  The  Programme  of,  tr.  Lilley,  346 
Moffett's  (Cleveland)  A  King  in  Rags,  253 
Molmenti's  (P.)  Venice,  tr.  Brown,  352 
Montgomery's  (K.  L.)  Colonel  Kate,  222 
Monvel's  (R.  B.  de)  Beau  Brummell  and  his  Times,  535 
.Moore's  (F.)  An  Amateur  Adventuress,  601 
More  Society  Recollections,  by  an  English  Officer,  761 
More's  (Sir  T.)  Utopia,  tr.  Robinson,  ed.  Cotterill,  571 
Morris's   (Rev.  M.  C.  F.)  Nunburnholme :  its  History 

and  Antiquities,  93 
JVIurat's  (Prince)  Lettres  et  Documents  pour  servir  a 

l'Histoire  de  Joachim  Murat,  ed.  Le  Brethon,  761 
Murdoch's  (G.  W.)  Gold  the  God,  &c,  695 
Murdock's  (H.)  Earl  Percy's  Dinner-Table,  416 
Murray's  (G.)  The  Rise  of  the  Greek  Epic,  596 
Naval  Annual,  1908,  ed.  Brassey,  694 
Navarchus's  The  World's  Awakening,  224 
Nelson's  (Messrs.)  Sixpenny  Guides,  759 
New  Editions,  Reprints,  &c,  12,  13,  41,  128,  227,  353, 

381,  382,  417,  446,  447,  449,  476,478,  637,  697,  759, 787 
JNew  Encyclopaedia  of  Social   Reform,    ed.    Bliss  and 

others,  761 
Newnham-Davis's  (Lieut. -Col.)  The  Gourmet's  Guide  to 

Europe,  447 
New  Order,  The,  ed.  Lord  Malmesbury,  508 
Newspaper  Press  Directory,  256 
Newte's  (H.  W.  C)  The  Master  Beast,  1888-2020, 10 
New  Zealand  Official  Year- Book  for  1907,  226,  696 
Nicholson's  (R.  A.)  Literary  History  of  the  Arabs,  248 
Nicoll's  (M.  J.)  Three  Voyages  of  a  Naturalist,  446 
Nobili's  (R.)  A  Modern  Antique,  350 
Noble's  (E.)  The  Grain  Carriers,  187 
Nojine's  (G.)  The  Truth  about  Port  Arthur,  tr.  Capt. 

Lindsay,  508 
Nolhac's  (P.  de)  Petrarque  et  l'Humanisme — Petrarch 

and  the  Ancient  World,  410 
Norman,  Field-Marshal  Sir  Henry  Wylie,  Memoirs  of, 

by  Lee-Warner,  719 
Norris's  (W.  E.)  Pauline,  784 
Noyes's  (A.)  Forty  Singing  Seamen,  and  other  Poems, 

156 
Oakstone's  (A.)  A  Knight-Errant  in  Turkey,  569 
O'Connor's  (T.   P.)    Sir  Henry   Campbell- Bannerman, 

602 
Oesterley's  (Rev.  W.  O.  E.)  Religion  and  Worship  of  the 

Synagogue,  319 ;  Evolution  of  the  Messianic  Idea,  662 
Ogilvie's  (W.  H.)  My  Life  in  the  Open,  447 
Old  Testament  and  Semitic  Studies,  ed.  Harper,  Brown, 

and  Moore,  504 
•Onions's  (O.)  Pedlar's  Pack,  695 
Oppenheim's  (E.  P.)  The  Missioner,  601 
Orczy's  (Baroness)  Beau  Brocade,  187 
Original  Chronicle  of  Andrew  of  Wyntoun,  ed.  Amours, 

539 
Orr's  (Mrs.  S.)  Life  and   Letters  of  Robert  Browning, 

revised  by  Kenyon,  669 
Osmaston's  (F.  P.  B.)  Poems  and  Lyrics,  414 
Oxford  Higher  French  Series,  71 
Oxyrhynchus   Papyri,  The,  Part  V.,  ed.  Grenfell  and 

Hunt,  35 
Page's  (G.)  The  Edge  o'  Beyond,  757 
Paget's  ( Mrs.  G.)  Going  through  the  Mill,  351 
Paillares's  LTmbroglio  macedonien,  570 
Palmer's  (W.  S.)  The  Church  and  Modern  Man,  346 
Pappadopoulos's  (J.  B.)  Theodore  II.  Lascaris,  Empereur 

de  Nicee,  783 
Parrish's  (R.)  Prisoners  of  Chance,  724 
Pascal's  Pensees,  Maximes  et  Reflexions,  ed. Baker,  572 
Pascoe's  (C.  E.)  No.  10,  Downing  Street,  Whitehall,  662 
Patrick's  (D.)  The  Statutes  of  the  Scottish  Church,  5,  45 
Paul,  by  Wrede,  tr.  Summis,  189 
Pease,   Edward,  the  Father  of  English  Railways,  The 

Diaries  of,  ed.  Sir  A.  E.  Pease,  154 
Pease's  (H.)  The  Burning  Cresset,  473 
Peile's  (J.  H.  F.)  The  Reproach  of  the  Gospel,  665 
Pell,  Albert,  The  Reminiscences  of,  ed.  Mackay,  192 
Pellissier's  (C.)  Anthologie  des  Foc-tes  franrais  du  XIX. 

Siecle,  285 
Pemberton's  (Max)  Wheels  of  Anarchy,  413 
Petrarch  and  the  Ancient  World,  by  N»lhac,  410 
Philips'  ABC  Pocket  Atlas-Guide  to  London,  446,  512 
Phillips's  (8.)  New  Poems,  156 
Phillpotts's  (Eden)  The  Mother,  221 ;  The  Human  Boy 

Again,  353 ;  The  Statue,  470 
Pinkerton's  (R.  H.)  The  Elements  of  the  Geometry  of 

the  Conic,  72 
Pirie-Gordon's  (C.  H.  C.)  Innocent  the  Great,  351 
Pitfield's  (A.)  Princess  of  the  Sandhills,  283 


Pognon's  (H.)  Inscriptions  semitiques  de  la  Syrie,  &c, 

Part  I.,  319 
Pollitt's  (M.)  A  Noble  Vagabond,  694 
Pontifical  Services,  Vol.    III.,   Descriptive    Notes    by 

Eeles,  100 
Portman's  (L.)  The  Progress  of  Hugh  Rendal,  9 
Post  Office  London  Directory,  1908,  100 
Potts's  (H.)  His  Final  Flutter,  476 
Powell's  (Rev.  A.  H.)  The  Ancient  Borough  of  Bridg- 
water— Bridgwater  in  the  Later  Days,  471 
Praed's  (Mrs.  C.)  Stubble  before  the  Wind,  254;    By 

their  Fruits,  474 
Pratt's  (E.  A.)  The  Licensed  Trade,  10,  43 
Prelooker's  (J.)  Heroes  and  Heroines  of  Russia,  227 
Prevost's.  (M.)  Lettres  a  Francoise  mariee,  256 
Price,  Henry  Pringle,  The  Excursions  of,  320 
Price's  (E.  C.)  A  Princess  of  the  Old  World,  508 
Printer's  Pie,  1908,  603 
Pugh's  (E.)  The  Enchantress,  634 
Pulcheria,  Empress,  Life  and  Times,  by  Teetgen,  786 
Qui  Etes-Vous  ?  382 

Rabelais,  Francois,  by  Tilley,  ed.  Jessup,  125 
Raine's  (A.)  Neither  Storehouse  nor  Barn,  505 
Ralli's  (C.)  Julian  Steele,  634 
Ramsay's  (R.)  The  Key  of  the  Door,  784 
Ramsay's  (W.  M.)  The  Cities  of  St.  Paul,  667 
Randall's  (F.  J. )  Love  and  the  Ironmonger,  156 
Read's  (D.  H.  M.)  Highways  and  Byways  in  Hampshire, 

566 
Record  of  an  Aeronaut :  being  the  life  of  J.  M.  Bacon, 

by  his  Daughter,  727 
Record  of  the  Celebration  of  the  Quatercentenary  of  the 

University  of  Aberdeen,  ed.  Anderson,  540 
Records  of  the  Sheriff  Court  of  Aberdeenshire,  Vol.  III., 

ed.  Littlejohn,  539 
Redlich's  (J.)  The  Procedure  of  the  House  of  Commons, 

tr.  Steinthal,  122 
Rees's  (J.  D.)  The  Real  India,  415,  483 
Regnard,  J.  F.,  le  Poete,  by  Guyot,  697 
Remington's  (J.  S.)  The  Education  of  To-morrow,  70 
Review  of  Historical   Publications  relating  to  Canada, 

Vol.  XII.,  ed.  Wrong  and  Langton,  573 
Reynolds's  (Mrs.  F.)  St.  David  of  the  Dust,  317 
Rhodes's  (K.)  Sweet  Life,  252 

Richardson's  (Mrs.  A.)  Women  of  the  Church  of  Eng- 
land, 351 
Richardson's  (F.)  The  Worst  Man  in  the  World,  318 
Ridding,  George,  Schoolmaster  and    Bishop,   by  Lady 

L.  Ridding,  565 
Rippmami's  (W.)  Specimens  of  English,  Spoken,  Read, 

and  Recited,  571 
Rita's  The  Millionaire  Girl,  &c,  449 
Rives's  (H.  E.)  The  Castaway,  381 
Robbins's  (H.  H.)  Our  First  Ambassador  to  China.  375 
Roberts's  (M.)  Capt.  Spink,  and  other  Sea  Comedies,  254 
Robins's  (E.)  Come  and  Find  Me,  412 
Rodd's  (R.)  The  Hand  on  the  Strings,  476 
Romilly's  (Lady  A.)  The  Coming  Dawn,  kc,  414 
Rooper,  Thomas  Godolphin,  Selected  Writings  of,  ed. 

Tatton,  71 
Rosenkrantz's  (Baron  P.)  The  Magistrate's  Own  Case, 

155 
Rossel,  Louis,  Memoires  et  Correspondance  de,  573 
Rouire's  (Dr.)  La  Rivalite  anglo-russe  au  XIX.  Siecle 

en  Asie,  321 
Rowley  Letters  from  France  and  Italy,  37 
Royal  Treasury  of  Story  and  Song,  571 
Royce's  (J.)  The  Philosophy  of  Royalty,  756 
Runciman's  (Sir  W.)  Looking  Seaward  Again,  254 
Russell's  (C.  H.  St.  S.)  Elegeia:    Passages  from  Latin 

Elegiac  Verse,  72 
Russian  and  Bulgarian  Folk-lore  Stories,  tr.  Strickland, 

73 
Russo-Japanese  War:  The  Truth  about  Port  Arthur, 

by  Nojine,  508 
Sabatini's  (R.)  The  Shame  of  Motley,  724 
Sachau's    (Dr.)    Archiv    fiir    das    Studium    deutscher 

Kolonialsprachen,  Vol.  VI.,  256 
St.  Barbe's  (R.)  The  Golden  Fleece,  98 
St.  Francis  of  Assisi,  The  Writings  of,  by  Countess  de 

la  Warr,  728 ;  The  Lives  of,  by  Brother  Thomas,  tr. 

Howell,  786 
St.  Paul's  Epistles  to  the  Thessalonians,  ed.  Milligan,  314 
Sand,  George,  and  her  Lovers,  by  Gribble,  126 
Sand's  (G.)  Les  Maitres  Sonneurs,  71 
Sargent's    (A.    J.)     Anglo  -  Chinese     Commerce    and 

Diplomacy,  785 
Sarmento's  (General  J.  E.   de  M.)   The  Anglo-Portu- 
guese Alliance  and  Coast  Defence,  tr.  Capt.  Custance, 

224 
Saunderson,  Colonel,  M.P.,  by  Lucas,  668 
Schmid's  (C.  von)  Easter  Eggs,  449 
Schrenck's    (K.    von)    Jesus    and    His    Teaching,    tr. 

Warschauer,  190 
Schubert's   (H.   von)    Outlines  of  Church    History,  tr. 

Canney,  667 
Schwann's  (D.)  The  Spirit  of  Parliament.  157 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  Footsteps  of,  by  Crockett,  511,  603, 

638 
Scott's  (E.  F.)  The  Apologetic  of  the  New  Testament, 

190 
Scott's  (J.  R.)  Beatrix  of  Clare,  318 
Scott's  (R.  P.)  The  Call  of  the  Homeland,  266 
Scullard's  (H.  H.)  Early  Christian  Ethics  in  the  West, 

from  Clement  to  Ambrose,  185 


Sculptures  and  Inscriptions  of  Darius  the  Great  on  the 
Rock  of  Behistiln  in  Persia,  725 

Searcy's  (A.)  In  Australian  Tropics,  448 

Select  English  Classics,  571 

Shakspeare  :  Sonnets,  and  A  Lover's  Complaint,  Intro- 
duction by  Hadow,  12,  45;  Warwickshire  Contem- 
poraries, by  Stopes,  36,  78,  102,  104;  Merchant  of 
Venice,  ed.  Hudson,  571 ;  Four  Quarto  Editions, 
described  by  S.  Lee,  761 

Shanachie,  The,  ed.  Hone,  227 

Sheehan's  (Canon)  Short  Stories.  254 

Sheehy-Skeffington's  (F.)  Michael  Davitt,  761 

Sherren's  (W.)  The  Insurgent.  506,  546 

Shiel's  (M.  P.)  The  White  Wedding,  97 

Shield's  (A.)  The  King  over  the  Water,  65 

Shillington's  (V.  M.)  The  Commercial  Relations  of 
England  and  Portugal,  509 

Shore's  (W.  T.)  The  Pest.  187 

Short  Studies  in  English  Literature,  571 

Sidgwick's  (Mrs.  A.)  Home  Life  in  Germany,  754 

Sillery's  (Major  C.)  A  Curtain  of  Cloud,  222 

Silver's  (A.  P.)  Farm  -  Cottage,  Camp,  and  Canoe  in 
Maritime  Canada,  758 

Silverston's  (C.  J.)  The  Education  of  Eve,  538 

Sinclair's  (U.)  The  Metropolis,  413 

Simonyi's  (Dr.  S.)  Ungarische  Sprache :  Geschichte 
und  Charakteristik,  253 

Skipton's  (H.  B.  K.)  The  Life  and  Times  of  Nicholas 

Skrine's  (J.  H.)  What  is  Faith?  666 

Smedley's  (C.)  The  Daughter,  445 

Smith's  (A.  L.)  Frederic  William  Maitland.  443 

Smith's  (B.  T.  K.)  How  to  Collect  Postage  Stamps,  73 

Smith's  (G.  A.)  Jerusalem,  631 

Snell's  (F.  J.)  The  Devil  of  Dulverton,  737 

Sneyd-Kynnersley's  (E.  M.)  H.M.I.  :  Passages  in  Life 

of  one  of  H.M.  Inspectors  of  Schools,  723 
Socialism :    The  Socialist  Movement   in    England,  by 
Villiers,    320 ;    The    Case    against    Socialism,    507 ; 
Problems  and  Perils  of  Socialism,  by  Strachey,  695 
Sociological  Papers,  Vol.  III.,  40 
Sorenson's  (E.  S.)  The  Squatter's  Ward,  569 
Spender's  (J.  A.)  Comments  of  Bagshot,  319 
Spenser's  Foure  Hymnes,  ed.  Winstanley,  413 
Spielmann's  (Mrs.  M.  H.)  My  Son  and  1,  665 
Spyridis's  (G.)  Living  Greek  Language  compared  with 

the  Ancient,  570 
Stacpoole's  (H.  de  Vere)  The  Blue  Lagoon,  155;  The 

Cottage  on  the  Fells,  569 
Staley's  (Very  Rev.  V.)  Liturgical  Studies,  728 
Starr's  (F.)  In  Indian  Mexico,  602 
Statesman's  Year-Book,  1908,  ed.  Keltie  and  Renwick, 

669 
Stebbing's  (W.)  The  Poets  :  Geoffrey  Chaucer  to  Alfred 

Tennyson,  1340-1892,  284 
Stephens's  (R.  N.)  Clementina's  Highwayman,  221 
Stevenson's  (J.  G.)  A  Lifted  Veil,  446 
Stewart's  (B.)  The  Land  of  the  Maple  Leaf,  447 
Stirling's  (A.  H.  A.)  A  Sketch  of  Scottish  Industrial  and 

Social  History,  571 
Stopes's  (C.   C.)   British   Freewomen:  their   Historical 
Privilege,  Third  Edition,  12;  Shakespeare's  Warwick- 
shire Contemporaries,  36,  78, 102,  104 
Stiachey's  (St.  L.)  Problems  and  Perils  of  Socialism,  695 
Strain's  (E.  H.)  A  Prophet's  Reward,  538 
Stratton's  (A.  W.)  Letters  from  India,  602 
Straus's  (R.)  The  Little  God's  Drum.  600 
Strindberg's   (A.)    Die    Gotischen   Zimmer  :    Familien- 

schicksale  vom  Jahrhundertende.  tr.  Scheriug,  318 
Strolls  in  Beechy  Bucks,  759 

Suffolk  Records  and  MSS. :  Index,  by  Copinger,  41 
Sutherland's  (W.)  Old-Age  Pensions,  127 
Sweet's  (H.)  The  Sounds  of  English,  476 
Swete's  (H.  B.)  The  Appearances  of  our  Lord  after  the 

Passion,  189 
Swift's  (B.)  The  Death  Man,  252 
Swinburne's  (A.  C.)  The  Duke  of  Gandia.  169 
Swinburne's  (Major  T.  R.)    A  Holiday  in  the  Happy 

Valley  :  with  Pen  and  Pencil,  'M 
Swynnerton's  (Rev.  C.)  Romantic  Tales  from  the  Panjab. 

with  Indian  Nights'  Entertainment,  ti'.t? 
Symons's  (A.)  Cities  of  Italy,  185 
Syrett's  (N.)  Anne  Page,  634 

Tangerine  :  a  Child's  Letters  from  Morocco,  ed.  Walt- 
ham,  39 
Tas80  and  his  Times,  by  Bouiting,  287 
Taylor's  (1.  A.)  Lady  Jane  Grey  and  her  Times,  409 
Teetgen's  (A.  B.)   Life  and  Times  of  the  Empress  Pul- 
cheria, 786 
Tempany's  (G.  H.)  A  Comedy  of  Moods,  381 
Temple,  Sir  William,  upon  the  Gardens  of  Epicurus,  573 
Tennyson,  Evcrsley  Edition,  Vols.  V.  and  VI.,  696 
Testaments  of  the  Twelve  Patriarchs,  tr.  Charles,  533 
Thomas's  (W.  J.)  The  Harp  of  Youth,  571 
Thomson,  James  ('The  Seasons'),  by  G.  C.  Macauluv, 

597 
Thomson's  (W.  11.)  The  Log  of  a  Liner.  166 
Thomson's  (W.    S. )    English    Composition    and    Essay 

Writing,  72 
Thorburn's  (S.  S.)  India's  Saint  and  the  Viceroy,  318 
Thurston's  (E.  T.)  Sally  Bishop,  222 
Thurston's  (K.  C.)  ThoVly  on  the  Wheel.  380 
Tilley's  (A.)  Francois  Rabelais,  ed,  Jeamp,  125 
Townley's  (H.)  The  Splendid  Coward,  688 
Toynbee's  (P.)  In  the  Footprints  of  Dante. 


VI 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


[SUPPLKMliNT  to  the  ATIIhN.l.lM   with  No.  421*.  July  Va.  1908 

January  to  .Jim    190ft 


Tozer's  (!!.)  A  Daughter  of  Belial,  47) 

Tracy's  (L.)  Th«  Wneel  O1  Fortune,  7-4 

Traveller*    Practical  Manual,  478 

Treves  (Sir  F.)  The  Cradle  of  the  Deep,  789 

I to  liudi'a  (CM  Ludwig  tho  8econd,  King  of  Bavaria,  tr. 
II •arn,   L68 

Tucker's  (B.)  Tho  King,  B06 

Tumbler  of  Our  Ladv,  and  other  Miracles,  ed.  Kemp- 
Welch,  601 

Turner's  (F.)  The  Armada  Gold,  229 

Turner's  (G.  F.)  A  Bicycle  Ride,  893 

I  i>per  Norwood  Atheii.cum,  Record  for  1907,  50!) 

Upward's  (A.)  Secrets  of  the  Past,  (596 

I'russov's  (Prince)  Memoirs  of  a  Russian  Governor,  tr. 
Rosenthal,  381 

Vac-hell's  (H.  A.)  Sport  and  Life  on  the  Pacific  Slope, 

687 

Vaizey's  (Mrs.  0.  de  H.)  Flaming  June,  693 

Yullings's  (H.)  The  Lady  Mary  of  Taviitock,  GG4 

V&ughui'l  (0.)  Isle  Raven,  380 

Vickers's  Newspaper  Gazetteer  for  1908,  .'!'_' 1 

Victoria  County  Histories  :  Leicester,  Vol.  I.,  ed.  Page, 

347  ;    Durham,    Vol.    II.,    ed.    Page,    410 ;    Derby, 

Vol.  II.,  ed.  Page,  502 
Victorian  Year- Book  for  1906-7.  226 
Yiebig's  (Clara)  Absolution,  tr.  Raahauge,  665 
Villiers,    George,    First    Duke    of    Buckingham,    The 

Romance  of,  by  Gibbs,  595 
Villiers's  (B.)  The  Socialist  Movement  in  England,  320 
VinogradofFs  (P.)    English    Society    in    the    Eleventh 

Century,  753 
Viollis's  (J.)  Monsieur  le  Principal,  538 
Virgil's   Messianic   Eclogue,    by   Mayor,    Fowler,    and 

Conway,  66 
Visitation  of  England  and  Wales,  ed.  Crisp,  Vol.  XIV., 

478 
Voltaire,  Montesquieu,   and  Rousseau  in  England,  by 

Collins,  471 
Vorst's  (M.  Tan)  The  Sentimental  Adventures  of  Jimmy 

Bulstrode,  473 
Waghorne's  (A.)  Through  a  Peer  Glass,  477,  512 
Waight's  (J.  F.)  King  of  the  Barons,  474 
Walks  in  Middlesex  and  Buckinghamshire,  759 
W alias's  (K.  T.)  The  Call  of  the  Homeland,  285 
Wantage,  Lord  :  a  Memoir,  by  his  Wife,  11 
Warfield's  (B.  B.)  The  Lord  of  Glory,  666 
Warr's  (Countess  de   la)  The  Writings  of  St.  Francis  of 

Assisi,  728 
Washington,  George,  The  Seven  Ages  of,  by  Wister,  73 
Watson's  (A.)  A  Great  Labour  Leader  :  being  a  Life  of 

the  Right  Hon.  Thomas  Burt,  M.P.,  255 
Watson's  (H.  B.  M.)  A  Poppy  Show,  448 
Watt's  (H.)  Myths  about  Monarchs,  99 
Weale's  (B.   L.  P.)  The  Coming  Struggle  in  Eastern 

Webb's  (M.  de  P.)  India  and  the  Empire,  381 
Webb's  (W.  M.)  The  Heritage  of  Dress,  124 
Webster's  (H.)  Primitive  Secret  Societies,  443 
Wells's  (H.  G.)  New  Worlds  for  Old,  320 
Wenckstern's  (Fr.  von)   Bibliography  of  the  Japanese 

Empire,  Vol.  II.,  635 
Wentworth-James's  (G.  de  S.)  The  Wild  Widow,  693 
Wer  ist's  1  289,  546 

West's  (Sir  A.)  One  City  and  Many  Men,  760 
Western  Independent,  its  Centenary,  382 
Westley's  (G.  H.)  Clementina's  Highwayman,  221 
Whetham,  Colonel  Nathaniel,  by  C.  D.  and  W.  C.  D. 

Whetham,  348 
Whishaw's  (F.)  A  New  Cinderella,  98 
Wilde,  Oscar,  The  Works  of,  598,  638 
Willcock's  (J.)  A  Scots  Earl  in  Covenanting  Times,  218, 

289 
Willcocks's  (M.  P.)  A  Man  of  Genius,  784 
Williams's  (H.  N.  A.)  Princess  of  Intrigue  :  Madame  de 

Longueville  and  her  Times,  250 
Williamson's  (C.  N.  and  A.  M.)  Scarlet  Runner,  695 
Willing's  Press  Guide,  1908,  100 
Wilson's  (T.  B.)  Norway  at  Home,  759 
Wilson's  (Miss)  West  Ham,  10 
Wilson's  (T.  W.)  Bess  of  Hardendale,  568 
Winckler's  (H.)  The  History  of  Babylonia  and  Assyria, 

tr.  and  ed.  Craig,  724 
Winstanley's  (L.)  The  Winged  Lion,  664 
Wister's  (O.)  The  Seven  Ages  of  Washington,  73 
Wiston-Glyun's  (A.  W.)  John  Law  of  Lauriston,  96 
Whitaker's  Almanack — Peerage,  &c,  73 
Wolffs  (Right  Hon.  Sir  H.  D.)  Rambling  Recollections, 

123 
Wood's  (H.  F.  W.)  Under  Masks,  254 
Wordsworth,  William,  The  Poems  of,  ed.  Nowell  Smith, 

629 
Wordsworth  Family,  Letters  1787-1855,  ed.  Knight,  629 
Workman's  (F.  B.  and  W.  H.)  Ice-bound  Heights  of  the 

Mustagb.  683 
World,  The.  Almanack  for  1908,  321 
World's  Classics,  The,  227 
W rede's  (Dr.  W.)  Paul,  tr.  Lummis,  189 
Wright's  (J.  and  B.  M.)  Old  English  Grammar,  474 
Wylie's(A.  C.)  Tod  McAlpin,  569 
Wy lie's  (J.)  The  House  of  Lords,  191 
Wvndham's  (H.)  Irene  of  the  Ringlets,  445;  Roses  and 

Rue,  473 
Yeats's  (W.  B.)  Discoveries,  41 
Yolland's  (A.  B.)  A  Dictionary  of  the  Hungarian  and 

English  Languages,  254 


Young'n  (Filson)  The  Lover's  Hour*,  157 
Younghusband'g  (Col.  G.  J.)  Story  of  the  Guides,  727 
Yoxall's(J.   H.)  Chateau  Royal,':.'.; 
Zangwill'g  (L.)  An  Engagement  of  Convenience,  474 

Poatry. 

Magic  Carpet,  The,  by  R.  M.  Watson,  418 
Welsh  Lyric  after  "Ceiriog,"  by  A.  P.  Graves,  697 
Welsh  Milking  Song.  A,  by  A.  P.  Graves, 

Original    Papers. 

./Ethandune  (Edington),  The  Battle  of,  47*,  799 

Assistant  Masters  in  Secondary  Schools,  7."> 

Authorship,  A  Question  of,  452 

Bangkok,  Notes  from,  129 

Bombay  in  the  Days  of  George  IV..  160   67  I 

Book  Sales  of  1907,  14,  41 

Booksellers'  Provident  Institution,  Annual  Meeting,   354 

Burton  (R.),  Hitherto  Unknown  Source  of,  698,  730 

'  Cambridge  Modern  History,'  762 

Cambridge,  Notes  from,  382 

Chapman's  'All  Fooles'  and  J.  P.  Collier,  788 

Chaucer  :"  Tregentil  Chaucer"   and   "A.   Godwhen '' 

258 ;  a  Norfolk  Man,  290,  480 
Chaucer  Seals.  670 

Classical  Teaching,  The  Aim  in,  78,  101 
Coleridge,  A  Forgotten  Early  Prose  Work  of,  541,  575 
Dante  and  Egypt,  257 
Defender  of  the  Faith,  and  so  Forth,  543 
Dene-Holes,  A  Reference  in  Chrestien  de  Troyes  to  the, 

289,  479,  670 
Dickens's  Miscellaneous  Papers,  671 
Dobell,  Sydney,  Life  of,  789 
Douglas  Cause,  The,  43 
Doves  Press.  The,  729 
Edington,  The  Battle  of,  478,  729 
'  Folk-lore  of  the  Holy  Land,'  258 
'  Footsteps  of  Scott,  603,  638 
'«  Forgotten  Poet,  A  '  604 
Gospel,  New  Uncanonical,  161 
Graham  of  Claverhouse,  193,  289 
'  Guide '  to  the  Public  Records,  258 
Head  Masters,  Incorporated  Association  of,  74 
Historical  Manuscripts  Commission :  Recent  Reports,  789 
Horace,  Problems  in,  161 
Indian  Mutiny,  History  of  the,  102 
'  Initia  Patrum,'  605 
Johnson,  Dr. :  Letter  and  Seal,  637 
L.C.C.  Conference  of  Teachers,  77 
Landor  MS.,  Unpublished,  160 
'  Licensed  Trade,  The,'  43 
'  Lisbon  and  Cintra,'  354,  383 
"  London,"  The  Derivation  of,  289,  322,  451 
Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  An  Italian  Sonnet  on  the  Death 

of,  670 
Milton,  The  Tercentenary  of,  671 
Miltoniana  in  America,  354 
Modern  Language  Association,  76 
Montaigne  and  Burton,  Hitherto  Unknown  Source  of, 

698,  730 
Oxford,  Notes  from,  417,  787 
Paris,  Notes  from,  13,  74,  100,  128,  228,  289,  353,  418, 

450,  541,  603,  637,  762 
Proven<jal  Tongue,  The,  451 
Sales,  129,  196,  510,  575,  730 
Scott,  Sir  Walter,  An  Unpublished  Letter  of,  257 
'  Scots  Earl  in  Covenanting  Times,  A,'  289 
Shakspeare  :  Birthplace  Trust,  43 ;  Warwickshire  Con- 
temporaries, 78,  102,104;  The  Quartos,  544;  About 

my  Lorde's  Impreso,"  604 
Shaw,  Mr.  Bernard,  in  French,  418,  450 
Shelley's   "I  Arise  from   Dreams  of  Thee"  and  Miss 

Sophia  Stacey,  478 
'  Spanish  Jade,  The,'  257,  633 
Terence,  697 

Tolstoy's  Eightieth  Birthday,  418 

Tyburn  Gallows  and  "The  Elms,"  451,  510,  574,670,698 
Veytia's  'Calendarios  Mexicanos,'  193 
Watermarks,  638 
Wilde's  (Oscar)  Letters  on  Prison  Reform,  638 

Obituaries. 
Abbott,  Dr.  E.,  546.  Amicis,  E.  de,  322.  Appleton,  S., 
385.  Atkinson,  R.,  74.  Avenel,  H.,  673.  Bacher, 
Dr.  E.,  104.  Barbusse,  A.,  17.  Boisaier,  M.  L.  G., 
731.  Brewster,  H.(  788.  Brown,  J.  M.,  607.  Biicheler, 
Prof.  F.,  607.  Cameron.  R,  356.  Carnie,  W.,  45. 
Charteris,  Prof.  A.  H.,  545.  Christophe,  J.,  577. 
Coppee,  F.,  671.  Comely,  J.  J.,  17.  David,  P.,  420. 
Derenbourg,  H.,  481.  Dieterich,  A.,  603.  Ebsworth, 
Rev.  J.  W..  731.  Eckardt,  Dr.  J.  von,  131.  Ewald, 
C.,292.  Ewald,  H.  F.,  577.  Fausb611,  Prof.  V.  M., 
731.  Frechette,  Dr.  L.,  700.  Glaser,  Dr.  E.,  641. 
Grierson,  Mrs.  J.  F.,  356.  Griffiths,  Major  A.,  385. 
Halevy,  L.,  603.  Hansen,  Dr.  A.,  196.  Hauvette, 
A.,  162.  Hawker,  Miss  M.  E.,791.  Headlam,  Dr.  W. 
G.,  791.  Howard,  J.,  Jun.,  481.  Hubschmann,  Dr. 
H.,  131.  Kastner,  H.,  131.  Kaufmann,  R.  von, 
356.  KirchhotT,  A.,  292.  Knowles,  Sir  J.,  228. 
Layton,  C.  E.,  607.  Lepage,  A.,  131.  Levysohn,  Dr. 
A.,  512.  Locella,  Prof,  von,  764.  Marwick,  Sir  J., 
385.  Mason,  J.,  45.  Matavulj,  S.,  325.  Nimmo, 
J.  C,  17,  43.  Oppert,  G.,  420.  Ouida  (Mile.  L.  de  la 
Raruee),  128.  Peters,  C,  17.  Puddicombe,  Mrs.  B. 
(Allen  Raine),  791.  Quill.  A.  W..  162.  Rosen,  V.  B., 
162.      Russell,  T.  OIL,  791.      Rylands,    Mrs..    162. 


Sack,  E.,  S78.  Salkeld,  J..  781.  Sanderson,  Key.  K., 
17.  Schonaicli-Carolatb,  Prince  I  I  17  Schwab*, 
Dr.  L.  von,  260.  Scott,  C.  H..  898.  Seymour,  T.  D.r 
104  Sickel,  Prof.  R.  von.  648.  .-latham,  F.  R.f 
322.  8tedman,  E.  C,  104.  Stoerk,  Q.J  I.  104. 
Syme.  D.,  230.  Taylor,  Mrs.  P.  A.,  510.  Thibault, 
Rl.,  607.  Thompson,  W.  M.,  17.  Trubner,  Mrs., 
731.  Wedekind,  D..  784  W.-inscbenk,  < 
White,  R..  292.  Wilson.  Dr.  J.  D.,  I8L  Wilson, 
W.,  40.  Witt,  Madame  de,  607.  Wyse,  Miss  W.  M., 
512.     Zeller,  Prof.  E.,  385. 

Oosslp. 

Parliamentary  Paper*.  17.  40,  81, 104,  131.103,  ]<*5.  230.  260, 
309,334,336,  •"-  .   163,613,  544,(77,  <JOS,  641,67:;. 

700,  731,  764,  791.  /\U>litlt*rt'  Cirmlar  Annual  Summary 
of  Classified  Books— Annual  Meeting  of  the  New  Spalding 
Club,  16.  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Edinburgh  Faculty  of 
Advocates,  Kl.  Number  of  Students  at  the  German 
Universities,  81.  General  Meeting  of  the  Dante  Society 
of  Ireland,  104.  Annual  General  Meeting  of  the  Second- 
hand Booksellers'  Association,  l.'il.  George  Meredith's 
Eightieth  Birthday,  196.  Annual  Meeting  r.f  the  News- 
vendors'  Institution,  230.  Booksellers'  Provident  Institu- 
tion, 292,  673,  7SO.  Scottish  Kecord  Society, 325.  Seventy- 
Fifth  Anniversary  of  Chambers't  Journal,  545.  Sir  J.  Eldon 
Gorst's  Report  on  Egypt  and  the  Sudan,  641.  Biblio- 
theque  Nationale  of  Paris  i  Acquisitions,  673.  Annual 
Festival  of  the  Printers'  Pension  Corporation,  764.  Uni- 
versity of  Paris,  Report  for  1907.  791. 


SCIENCE. 

Reviews. 

Africa,  Map  of,  1 :  250,000,  Sheets  68  and  128.    '  \ 
Allegheny   Observatory   of  the  Western   University   of 

Pennsylvania,  Publications,  165,  676 
American  Ephemeris  and  Nautical  Almanac,  264 
American  Journal  of  Science,  390 
American  Philosophical  Society,  Proceedings,  233 
Anecdota  Carto^raphica  Septentrionalis,  515 
Annalen  der  Physik,  674 

Annuairedu  Bureau  de3  Longitudes  for  1908,  132 
Anthropological  Institute,  Journal,  454 
Arnold's  (E.  C.)  A  Bird  Collector's  Medley,  17 
Astronomi8che  Nachrichten,  423,  515,  580,  794 
Astronomischer  Jahresbericht.  Vol.  IX.,  703 
Astrophysical  Observatory  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 

at  Washington,  Annals,  643 
Bahr's  (P.  H.)  The  Home-Life  of  some  Marsh-Birds,  326 
Batson's  (Mrs.  S.)  The  Summer  Garden  of  Pleasure,  765 
Bauer's  (Dr.  H.)  A  History  of  Chemistry,  tr.  Stanford.  40 
Bee  People,  The,  231 

Berliner  Astronomischei  Jahrbuch  for  1910,  703 
Borchardt's  (W.  G.)  Elementary  Statics,  389 
Bose's  (J.  C.)  Comparative  Electro-Physiology,  357 
Bower's  (F.  O.)  The  Origin  of  a  Land  Flora.  608 
Brown's  (H.  H.)  By  Meadow.  Grove,  and  Stream,  293 
Butler's  (A.   G.)  Birds   of   Great  Britain  and  Ireland, 

Vol.  I.,  732 
Cain's  (J.  C.)  Chemistry  of  the  Diazo-Compounds,  766 
Cambrian  Natural  Observer,  The,  264 
Cambridge  Philosophical  Society.  Proceedings,  793 
Campbell's  (N.  R.)  Modern  Electrical  Theory,  163 
Casson's  (H.  N.)  The  Romance  of  Steel,  3S7 
Cohen's  (J.  D.)  Organic  Chemistry  for  Advanced  Stu- 
dents, 388 
Companion  to  the  Observatory  for  1908,  132 
Comptes  Rendus,  105,  261,  390,  514, 674,  675 
Confessio  Medici,  293 
Cunningham's  (Lieut. -Col.  D.  D.)  Plagues  and  Pleasure* 

of  Life  in  Bengal,  231 
Darwin's  (Sir  G.  H.)  Scientific  Papers.  Vol.  I.,  386 
E.  V.  B.'s  The  Peacock's  Pleasaunce,  765 
Elkington's  (J.  S.  C.)  Health  in  the  School,  81 
Endecott's  (F.  C.)  A  School  Course  on  Physics,  389 
Farrer's  (R.)  My  Rock-Garden,  197 
Flammarion's  Annuaire  astronomique  et  meteorologique- 

pour  1908,  132 
Fleming's  (Prof.  J.  A.)  The  Principles  of  Electric  Wave 

Telegraphy,  386,  546,  57S,  641 
Folk-lore,  105,  454 

Forel's  (A.)  The  Senses  of  Insects,  tr.  Yearsley,  792 
Gazette  des  Beaux-Arts,  105 

Gomme's  (G.  L.)  Folk-lore  as  an  Historical  Science.  61! 
Gordon's  (S.  P.)  Birds  of  the  Loch  and  Mountain,  326 
Gotch's  (F.)  Two  Oxford  Physiologists,  357 
Harvard  College  Observatory  Circulars,  199.  233 
Hickman's    (A.    L.)    Geographical-Statistic    Universal 

Pocket  Atlas,  578 
Holleman's    (Dr.    A.    F.)    A    Textbook    of    Organic 

Chemistry,  tr.  Walker  and  Mott,  388 
Hutchinson's  (H.  G.)  Nature's  Moods  and  Tenses,  293 
India,   Report  for  1906   of  the   Government  Sanitary 

Commissioner,  703 
International  Geography,  by  Seventy  Authors,  ed.  Mill. 

577 
Jeans's  (J.  H.)   An  Elementary  Treatise  on  Theoretical 

Mechanics,  482 
Kellogg's  (Prof.  V.  L.)  Darwinism  To-day,  388 
Kodaikanal  and  Madras  Observatories,  Report  for  1907, 

680 
Lang's  (W.  H.)  Australia,  641 
L' Anthropologic,  546,  794 
Le   Bon's   (Dr.   G.)  L'Evolution  des  Forces  —  English 

Translation,  701,  766 


SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHENAEUM  with  No.  4212,  July  18,  1908] 


January  to  June  1908 


INDEX    OF    CONTENTS 


vir 


Lewis's  (E.  I.)  Inorganic  Chemistry,  46 

Lick  Observatory,  Bulletin,  514 

Lodge's  (Sir  O.)   Modem   Views  of  Electricity,  Third 

Edition,  163 
Loeffler  (F.)  and  Others'  The  Bacteriology  of  Diphtheria, 

ed.  Nuttall  and  Graham-Smith,  421 
Lower,  Richard,  1631-91,  by  Gotch,  357 
Mclntyre's  (M.  A.)  The  Cave  Boy  of  the  Age  of  Stone, 

578 
Maclaurin's  (R.  C.)  The  Theory  of  Light,  Part  I.,  482 
Man,  19,  262,  357,  546,  794 
Mayow,  John,  1643-79,  by  Gotch,  357 
Memorie  della  Societa  degli  Spettroscopisti  Italiani,  132, 

199,  360,  643,  795 
Moore's  (N.)  The  History  of  the  Study  of  Medicine  in 

the  British  Isles,  421 
Murray's  (A.  T.)  The  Law  of  Hospitals,  792 
Nautical  Almanac  for  1911,  360 

Natal  Observatory,  Report  of  the  Government  Astro- 
nomer for  1907,  611 
Oliver's  (T.)  Diseases  of  Occupation,  421 
Pearson's  (R.  H.)  The  Book  of  Garden  Pests,  765 
Pemberton's  (Rev.  J.  H.)  Roses,  765 
Percival's  (A.  S.)  Practical  Integration,  482 
Philosophical  Magazine,  104,  261,  390,  674,  793 
Physikalische  Zeitschrift,  261 
Pike's  (O.  G.)  Adventures  in  Bird-land,  732 
Price's  (T.  S.)  Course  of  Practical  Organic  Chemistry, 46 
Radium,  Le,  514 

Ravenhill's  (A.)  Lessons  in  Practical  Hygiene,  81 
Revue  Generate  des  Sciences,  105,  261/.391,  514,  675,  793 
Revue  Scientifique,  514 

Rich's  (W.  H.)  Feathered  Game  of  New  England,  608 
Rivers's   (W.    H.    R.)    The  Influence  of  Alcohol  and 

other  Drugs  on  Fatigue,  792 
Robinson's  (W.)  The  Garden  Beautiful,  765 
Roscoe's  (H.  E.)  A  Treatise  on  Chemistry,  Vol.  II., 

Fourth  Edition,  766 
Royal  Society,  Proceedings,  261,  674 
Saleeby's  (C.  W.)  The  Conquest  of  Cancer,  231 
Salter's  (M.)  A  New  System  of  Geology,  293 
Schofield's  (A.  T.)  Functional  Nerve  Diseases,  421 
Schorlemmer's  (C.)  A  Treatise  on  Chemistry,  Vol.  II., 

Fourth  Edition,  766 
South 's  (R.)  The  Moths  of  the  British  Isles,  First  Series, 

293 
Stonham's    (C.)    The    Birds    of   the    British    Islands, 

Part  VIII.,  326 
Symons's  Meteorological  Magazine,  132 
Tait's  (P.  G.)  Properties  of  Matter,  Fifth  Edition,  ed. 

Peddie,  163 
Thomas's  (N.  W.)  Bibliography  of  Anthropology  and 

Folk-lore  for  1906,  105 
Thomsen's  (J.)  Thermochemistry,  tr.  Burke,  766 
Tonge's  (J.)  Coal,  231 
Turner's  (E.  L.)  The  Home-Life  of  some  Marsh-Birds, 

326 
Twiss's  (D.  F.)  A  Course  of  Practical  Organic  Chemis- 
try, 46 
Walker's  (C.  E.)  The  Essentials  of  Cytology,  231 
Wallace's  (A.  R.)  Is  Mars  Habitable''  132 
Ward's  (J.  J.)  Some  Nature  Biographies  :  Plant,  Insect, 

Marine,  Mineral,  197 
Waterfield's  (M.)  Flower  Grouping  in  English,  Scotch, 

and  Irish  Gardens,  765 
Webber's  (W.  H.  Y.)  Town  Gas  and  its  Uses,  293 
Westell's  (W.  P.)  The  Story  of  Insect  Life,  197 
Wiles's(J.  P.)  The  World's  Calendar  for  all  Nations  and 

for  all  Time,  608 
Wright's  (M.  O.)  Gray  Lady  and  the  Birds,  327 
Zeuner's  (Dr.  G.)  Technical  Thermodynamics,  tr.  Klein, 

388 

Original  Papers. 

Anthropological  Notes,  19,  105,  261,  357,  454,  546,  794 

Attis  and  Christ.  19 

Electric  Wave  Telegraphy,  546,  578,  641 

'  Evolution  of  Forces,  The,'  766 

Pitt  Rivers  Museum  at  Oxford,  105 

Research  Notes,  104,  261,  390,  514,  674,  734,  793 

Royal  Institution,  734 

Royal  Observatory,  Greenwich,  703,  733 

Royal  Society  Conversazione,  609 

Societies. 

Anthropological I  Inst it "'e— Annual  Meeting,  164;  Dr. 
A.  C.  Haddons  '  Additional  Note  on  New  Guinea 
Games,'  232;  Miss  M.  E.  Durham  on  'Montenegrin 
Manners  and  Customs,'  294;  Elections,  232,  422,  610. 
Also  369 

Aristotelian— Dr.  A.  Caldecott  on  the  'Psychology  of 
the  Emotions,'  198  ;  Dr.  S.  H.  Hodgson  on  '  The 
Idea  of  Totality,'  294  ;  Elections,  294,  734.  Also 
47,  483,  702 

Asiatic  Mr.  E.  II.  C.Walsh  on  'The  Coinage  of  Nepal,' 
106  ;  Dr.  Grierson  on  '  The  Modern  Hindu  Doctrine 
of  Works,'  358 

Astronomical— 81,  858,  51  ■>,  766 

British  Academy — Prof.  P.  Gardner  on  'The  Early 
Coinage  of  Asia,  and  the  General  History  and  Economy 
of  the  Lydian  and  Persian  Kings.'  Dr.  Murray  on 
'Newly  Discovered  Fragments  of  a  MS.  of  Pelagius, ' 
164;  Rev.  Prof.  S.  R.  Driver's  Schweich  Lectures, 
454;  Mr.  A.  Lang  on  'The  Origin  of  Terms  of 
Human  Relationship,'  702 


British  Archa'ological  Association — 107 

British  JVumiwiatic— Elections,   133,   294,  547,    675. 

Also  422 
Challenger — 165,  579 
Entomological— Annual  Meeting,  107;   Elections,  232, 

358,  422,  483.    Also  642,  794 
Faraday— 20,  294,  580,  676,  767 
Oeological— Elections,  20,  106,  232,  293,  358,  391.  482, 

642  ;  Annual  Meeting — Award  of  Medals  and  Funds, 

262.  Also  164,  579,  702,  767 

Hellenic — Mr.  L.  Dyer  on  '  The  Olympian  "Theatron  " 
and  the  Battle  of  Olympia,' 263  ;  Miss  G.  L.  Bell  on 
'The  Early  Christian  Architecture  of  the  Karadagh,' 
359 ;  Prof.  E.  Gardner  on  '  The  Trentham  Statue,'  610 

Historical— Elections,  107,  263,  391,  579,  675 ;  Annual 
Meeting,  263.    Also  794 

Institution  of  Civil  Engineers— -Elections,  107, 198,  328 
483,  515;  Annual  Meeting,  579.  Also  133,  232,  263, 
294  422  456 

Linnean— Elections,  20, 133, 198, 358,  422,  483,  547, 642, 
767 ;  Annual  Meeting,  702.     Also  294 

Mathematical— Elections,  359,  767.  Also  81,  232,  579, 
643 

Meteorological — Annual  Meeting,  107;  Mr.  C.  Browett 
on  '  Snow  Rollers,'  263.    Also  359,  515,  675,  794 

Microscopical — Annual  Meeting,  133.  Also  47,  327, 
422,  579,  702 

Numismatic— Elections,  294,  391,  675.     Also  132,  547 

Philological— -Dr.  W.  A.  Craigie  on  R  Words  in  the 
Oxford  English  Dictionary.  133;  Mr.  T.  C.  Hodg- 
son's '  Gleanings  from  an  Ethnological  Notebook,'  198; 
Dr.  H.  N.  MacCracken  on  '  The  Lydgate  Canon,'  327; 
Dr.  Bradley  on  M  Words  in  the  Oxford  English 
Dictionary,  455 ;  Annual  Meeting,  Dr.  Murray  on  the 
Society's  Oxford  English  Dictionary,  610.    Also  767 

Physical — Elections,  165,  391,  547;   Annual  Meeting, 

263.  Also  328,  483,  643,  735 

Royal  Institution— Elections,  164,  294,  456,  579,  702  ; 
Annual  Meeting,  579 

Royal  Society  of  Literature— Prof.  J.  B.  Mayor  on 
'Tolstoy  as  Shakespearean  Critic,'  106;  Dr.  W.  E.  A. 
Axon  on  the  Authoress  of  '  Christobel,'  262 ;  Prof. 
J.  W.  Mackail  on  Sir  Richard  Fanshawe,  391.  Also 
579,  702 

Society  of  Antiquaries — Mr.  T.  S.  Bush  on  '  Explorations 
at  Lansdown,'  106  ;  Sir  J.  Evans  on  '  Some  Vessels 
formed  of  Steatite  from  Egypt,'  Prof.  O.  Montelius  on 
'  Chronology  of  the  British  Bronze  Age,'  262 ;  Report 
of  the  Red  Hills  Exploration  Committee,  391 ;  Elec- 
tions, 327,  734 ;  Annual  Meeting,  609.  Also  164,  358, 
483,  675 

Society  of  Biblical  A  rchceology— Annual  Meeting,  107  ; 
Mr.  A.  J.  Pilcher  on  '  A  Coin  of  Gaza  and  a  Vision  of 
Ezekiel,'  232 ;  Rev.  F.  A.  Jones  on  '  The  Ancient  Year 
and  the  Sothic  Cycle,'  359.     Also  642 

Society  of  Engineers — Presentation  of  Premiums,  165. 
Also  294  456  579  702 

Zoological— 133,  232,  263, 327,  422,  515,  610,  642,  734 

Obituaries. 
Albrecht,  Prof.  E.,  794.  Allen,  R.  H.,  199.  Anderson, 
Sir  T.  M'Call,  134.  Braunmiiller,  Prof,  von,  359- 
Chamberland,  C.  E.,  580.  Cornil,  A.  V.,  515.  Eliot, 
Sir  J.,  392.  Ellery,  R.  L.  J.,  107.  Esmarch,  Prof, 
von,  263.  Fison,  Rev.  L.,  46.  Hall,  Prof.  Asaph,  47. 
Hasse,  Prof.,  107.  Hoffa,  Prof.  A.,  47.  Howitt,  Dr. 
A.  W.,  357.  Howlett,  Rev.  F.,  165.  Kellerman, 
Prof.  W.  A.,  392.  Koldewey,  C,  676.  Lancaster,  A., 
199.  Lapparent,  A.  de,  580.  Leydig,  Prof.  F.  von, 
548.  Mobius,  Prof.,  580.  Morgan,  Rev.  J.  H.,  233. 
Paroisse,  G.,  794.  Pettigrew,  Dr.  J.  B.,  165.  Regnault, 
F.,  794.  Schmarda,  Prof.  L.,  483.  Schriitter,  Prof. 
L.,  515.  Seeliger,Dr.  O.,  676.  Snellen,  Dr.  H.,  295. 
Sorby,  Dr.  H.  C,  328.  Strachey,  Lieut. -Gen.  Sir  R., 
198.  Thomson,  Capt.,  233.  Wilson,  Dr.  W.  E.,  456. 
Young,  C.  A.,  165,  198 

Gossip. 

Award  of  the  Geological  Society's  Medals  and  Funds,  47. 
Parliamentary  Papers,  82,  1.34,  198,  295,  423,  515,  548,  64,3, 
70.3,  794.  Award  of  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal  Astro- 
nomical Society  to  Sir  D.  Gill,  107.  Institution  of  Civil 
Engineers,  Award  of  Medals  and  Premiums,  5S0.  Award 
of  the  Fotbergillian  Medal  to  Sir  A.  Wright,  611.  Conver- 
sazione of  the  Entomological  Society,  64.3.  Daylight 
Saving  Bill,  676.  Award  of  the  Mackinnon  Studentships, 
794.  

FINE  ARTS. 

Review*. 

Anderson's  (W.  J.)  The  Architecture  of  Greece  and 
Rome,  Second  Edition,  736 

Arnott's  (J.  A.)  The  Petit  Trianon,  Versailles,  Part  II., 
265 

Artists  of  the  Italian  Renaissance,  tr.  Seeley,  516 

Arundel  Club,  Fourth  Portfolio,  1907,  265 

Athens,  The  Annual  of  the  British  School  at,  No.  XII., 
Session  1905-6,  21 

Berenson's  (B.)  North  Italian  Painters  of  the  Renais- 
sance, 167 

Brown's  ((J.  B.)  Rembrandt  :  a  Study  of  his  Life  and 
Work,  200 

Builder,  The,  22 

Burlington  Art  Miniatures,  Third  Series,  186 

Burlington  Magazine,  22,  50,  110,  266,  394,  518,  678, 
798 


Burrows's  (R.  M.)  The  Discoveries  in  Crete,  423 

Bussy's  (D.)  Eugene  Delacroix,  20 

Carpaccio,  Vittorio,  Life  and  Works,  by  Molmenti   andS 

Ludwig,  tr.  Cust,  134 
Cortissoz's  (R.)  Augustus  Saint-Gaudens,  233 
Cram's  (R.  A.)  The  Gothic  Quest,  167 
Cuming's  (E.  D.)  George  Morland  :  his  Life  and  Works, 

295 
Dechelette's  (J.)  Manuel  d'Archeologie  prehistorique, 

celtique  et  gallo-romaine,  Vol.  I.,  735 
Delacroix,  Eugene,  by  Bussy,  20 
Duchesne's    (G.)   La    Place    de   l'Etoile    et   l'Arc    de- 

Triomphe,  736 
Elder-Duncan's  (J.  H.)  The  House  Beautiful  and  Use- 
ful, 265 
Elgood's  (G.  S.)  Italian  Gardens,  768 
Eve's  (G.  W.)  Heraldry  as  Art,  295 
Eyck,  Hubert  and  John  van  :  their  Life  and  Work,  bj 

Weale,  484 
French    Art  from  Watteau    to   Prud'hon,   ed.  Foster, 

Vol.  III.,  165,  235 
Garstang's  (J.)  The  Burial  Customs  of  Ancient  Egypt, 

360 
Gasquet's  (Abbot)  The  Greater  Abbeys  of  England,  767" 
Gilbey's  (Sir  W.)  George  Morland  :  his  Life  and  Works, 

295 
Green's  (E.  T.)  Towers  and  Spires,  233 
Holland's  (C.)  Design  for  Schools,  167 
Huish's  (M.    B.)   The    American    Pilgrim's    Way    iw 

England,  illust.  Chettle,  20 
Index  to  Archaeological  Papers,  1665-1890,  ed.  Gomme, 

200,  235 
Jennings's  (O.)  Early  Woodcut  Initials,  264 
Joly's  (H.  L.)  Legend  in  Japanese  Art,  168 
Law's  (C.  O.)  House  Decoration  and  Repairs,  167 
Lawton's  (F.)  Francois- Auguste  Rodin,  135 
Layard's  (G.  S.)  Suppressed  Plates,  135,  169 
Lehrs's  (M.)  Karl  Stauffer-Bern,  392 
Ludwig's  (G.)  The  Life  and  Works  of  Vittorio  Carpac- 
cio, tr.  Cust,  134 
Mackinder's  (H.J.)  The  Rhine  :  its  Valley  and  History, 

456 
Marriage's  (M.  G.)  Pillow  Lace  :  a  Practical  Handbook, 

199 
Mawson's  (T.  H.)  The  Art  and  Craft  of  Garden  Making, 

Third  Edition,  768 
Medallic  Illustrations  of  the  History  of  Great  Britain 

and  Ireland,  Plates  LXI.— LXX.,  769 
Meredith,   George,  The  Nature  Poems  of,  illust.  Hyde; 

20 
MincofTs  (E.)  Pillow  Lace  :  a  Practical  Handbook,  199 
Morland,    George :    his   Life    and   Work,    by   Sir  W. 

Gilbey  and  E.  D.  Cuming.  295 
Molmenti's    (P.)    The    Life    and    Works   of   Vittoria 

Carpaccio,  tr.  Cust,  134 
Moore's  (N.  H.)  The  Collector's  Manual.  21 
Moss's  (F.)   The  Fourth  Book  of    Pilgrimages  to  Old 

Homes,  457 
Reliquary,  The,  ed.  Rev.  Dr.  Cox,  136 
Rembrandt :  a  Study  of  his  Life  and  Work,  by  Brown, 

200 
Rodin,  Francois-Auguste,  by  Lawton,  135 
Ruskin,  The  Works  of,  ed.  Cook  and  Wedderburn,  423 
Saint-Gaudens,  Auguscus,  by  Cortissoz,  233 
Slade,  The  :    a  Collection  of  Drawings  by  Students  of 

the  London  Slade  School,  264 
Solon's  (M.  L.)  A  History  and  Description  of  Italian 

Majolica,  108 
Spiers's  (R.  P.)  The  Architecture  of  Greece  and  Rome, 

Second  Edition,  736 
Stauffer-Bern,  Karl,  by  Lehrs,  392 
Turner,  Charles,  by  Whitman,  392 
Vasari  on  Technique,  tr.  MacLehose,  ed.  Brown,  265 
Vita  d'Arte,  No.  I.,  50 
Wallis'8  (H.)  Byzantine  Ceramic  Art,  423 
Weale's  (W.  H.  J.)  Hubert  and  John  van  Eyck:  their 

Life  and  Work,  484 
Whitman's  (A.)  Charles  Turner,  392 
Wilson's  (J.)  The  Petit  Trianon,  Versailles,  Part    II. 

265 
Windsor,   painted  by    Henton,    described   by    Holmes- 

423 
Winchester    Charts  of  Italian    Painters :     Schools    of 

Florence,  Umbria,  and  Siena,  516 
Wyllie's  (B.)  Sheffield  Plate,  135 
Year's  Art,  1908,  compiled  by  Carter,  424 

Original  Papers. 

Allied  Artists'  Association,  266,  330 

Athens,  The  British  School  at,  169.  201,  297 

British  Museum  :  Acquisitions.  518 

Bushman  Paintings  at  the  Anthropological  Institute,  703 

Carolan,  the  Irish  Bard,  Portrait  of,  705,  737 

County  Hall,  The.  200 

Ightham,  Kent,  Proposed  Vandalism  at.  613,  677,  798 

Liverpool  Art,  Historical  Exhibition  of.  468 

National  Gallery,  Annual  Report,  486 

Paris,  Notes  from,  49 

'  Pompeii  as  an  Art  City,'  137.  202.  286 

Rome,  The  Aurelian  Wall  at,  48,  137  ;  The  British  School 

at,  168,  296,  486,612;  Seventeenth -Century  MS.  Plan 

of,  202 
Sales,    110,  169,  202,  235,  266.  297.  880,  862,884,895, 

424,  468,  486,  618,  645,  677,  705,  770,  798 


Till 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


(SUPPLEMENT  to  the  ATHlSil'JJ  with  Ho.  sJU,  July  It,  l*& 

January  to  Junk  190s 


Exhibitions. 

Agnew's  (.Meftars.)  (Jalleri.  -, 

Bagutelle,  Portrait*  nt,  7'.'7 

Baillie  Gallery,  234  398 

Carfax  Gallery.  (68,  704.  787 

Connell  k  Sons'  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  960 

Don-  Gallery,  880 

Dublin  Municipal  Gallery  of  Modern  Art. 

Powdeuwell'i  (Messrs.)  Galleries,  517 

"  Kair  Women  "  at  the  New  Gallery,  296,  394 

Fine-Art  Society's  Galleries   393,  517,  704,797 

Franco- British  Exhibition,  French  Pictures  at  the,  736 

French  Gallery,  581 

Goupil  Gallery,  284,  888,  704 

Grafton  Galleries,  457,  704 

Gutekunst's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  362 

Illuminated  Manuscripts,  846 

International  Society  of  Painters,  Sculptors,  and  Gravers, 

BS,  109 
Landscape  Painters'  Exhibition,  21 
Leicester  Gallery,  136,  234,  458,  582,  704 
McLean's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  394,  737 
Modern  Gallery,  424 
Modern  Society  of  Portrait  Painters,  201 
New  Association  of  Artists,  201 
New  English  Art  Club,  676 
New  Gallery,  548 
Obach's  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  797 
Old  Masters  at  the  Academy,  47 
Pastel  Society,  796 
Paterson's  (Mr.)  Gallery,  424,  704 
Pewter  Exhibition,  612 

Photographs  by  the  late  A.  Horsley  Hinton,  517 
Ridley  Art  Club  at  the  New  Gallery,  457 
Royal  Academy,  Summer  Exhibition,  580,  611,  643,  769 
Royal  Hibernian  Academy,  298 
Royal  Society  of  British  Artists,  517 
Royal  Society  of  Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers,  265 
Salons  de  Paris,  795 

Shepherd  Brothers'  (Messrs.)  Gallery,  393 
Society  of  Twelve,  136 
Velasquez,  Copies  of,  136 

Whitechapel  Art  Gallery :  Spring  Exhibition,  361 
Wisselingh's  (Mr.  van)  Galleries,  458,  612 
Women  Artists,  Works  by,  136 

Obituaries. 
Brun,  C,  267.  Busch,  W..  83.  Busson,  C,  459.  Calle- 
bert,  F.,  266.  Callow,  W.,  266.  Dalrymple,  J.  D.  G., 
202,  235.  Evans,  Sir  J..  704.  Fulleylove,  J.,  678. 
Gebhart,  £.,  518,  541.  Grego,  J.,  137.  Groult,  C, 
83.  Hermann-Leon,  C,  22.  Hottenroth,  Prof.  E., 
330.  Janssen,  P.,  267-  Jourdan,  T.,  83.  Karageorge- 
vich,  Prince  B.,  459.  Lambeaux,  J.,  770.  Lessing, 
Prof.  J.,  362.  Ligny,  J.  Le  Pan  de,  425.  Mareee, 
Capt.  W.  von,  330.  Neide,  E.,  614.  Paget,  S.  E.,  169. 
Placecanton,  P.,  425.  Rico,  M.,  519.  Roger-Ballu, 
M.,  646.  Sain,  P.,  330.  Steinheil,  A.  C.  E.,  705. 
Thumann,  P.,  267.  Vidal,  E.,  50.  Werner,  Prof.  F., 
549 

Gossip. 
National  Gallery:  Acquisitions,  22,  110,  297,  330,  424,  770. 
Exhibition  of  Students'  Works  at  the  Metropolitan  School 
of  Art,  Dublin,  22.  National  Gallery  of  Ireland :  Acquisi- 
tions, 50.  Opening  of  the  Dublin  Municipal  Gallery  of 
Modern  Art— Copyright  in  Paintings  in  the  United  States, 
110.  Royal  Academy:  Elections,  137.  Royal  Society  of 
Painter-Etchers  and  Engravers :  Elections,  202.  Dublin 
School  of  Art,  Distribution  of  Prizes,  298.  Scottish 
National  Gallery:  Acquisitions,  330.  Award  of  the 
Lemaire  Prizes  to  M.  Barbeerin,  M.  Bourget,  and  M. 
Lejeune,  362.  Award  of  the  Taylor  Art  Scholarships  and 
Prizes,  394.  Royal  Society  of  British  Artists :  Elections, 
424.  Dublin  Gallery  of  Modern  Art :  Acquisitions,  518. 
Annual  Meet  ing  of  the  National  Art-Collections  Fund,  582. 
Society  of  Twenty-Five  Painters  :  Elections— Award  of  the 
Prix  National  and  the  Bourses  de  Voyage,  798. 


MUSIC. 


Reviews. 

Baughan's  (E.  A.)  Ignaz  Jan  Paderewski,  203 

Beethoven's  Elf  Wiener  Tilnze,  111 

Bennett,  William  Sterndale,  The  Life  of,  by  his  Son,  138 

Bridgetower,  G.  P.,  Musical  Times  on,  583 

Cox's  (H.  B.  and  C.  L.  E.)  Leaves  from  the  Journals  of 

Sir  George  Smart,  138 
Ellis's  (W.  A.)  Life  of  Richard  Wagner,  Vol.  VI.,  614 
Garcia  the  Centenarianand  his  Times,  by  Mackinlay,  459 
Hughes-Hughes's  (A.)  Catalogue  of  Manuscript  Music 

in  the  British  Museum,  298 
International  Musical  Society,  Quarterly  Magazine,  647 
L'Arte  Musicale   in  Italia  (XIV.   Secolo  al  XVIII.), 

Vols.  VI.  and  VII.  Secolo  XVII.,  331 
Mackinlay's   (M.  S.)  Garcia  the   Centenarian  and  his 

Times,  459 
Mozart :  the  Story  of  his  Life  as  Man  and  Artist,  by 

Wilder,  tr.  Liebich,  487 
Musio,  Manuscript,  in  the  British  Museum,  Catalogue, 

by  A.  Hughes-Hughes,  298 
Newman's  (E.)  Hugo  Wolf,  267 
Oldmeadow's  (E.)  Great  Musicians,  395 
Paderewski,  Ignaz  Jan,  by  Baughan,  203 
Paine's  (J.  K.)  The  History  of  Music  to  the  Death  of 

Schubert,  549 
Racster's  (O.)  Chats  on  Violoncellos,  425 
Rolland's  (R.)  Musiciens  d'nujourd'hui,  737 


Huntley's  (Sir  C.)  The  Art  of  Singing,  771 

Schumann,  Robert,  The  Letters  of,  selected  and  edited 

by  Dr.  Storck,  tr.  Bryant,  108 
Smart,  Sir  George,  Leaves  from  the  Journals  of,  by  Cox, 

138 
Tiersot's  (J.)   Les  F<*tea  et  lei  Chant*  de  la   Revolution 

frani-aise,  737 
Wagner,  Richard,  Life  of,  by  Ellis,  Vol.  VI.,  614 
Walker's  (K.)  A  History  of  Music  in  England,  202 
Wallace's  (W.)  The  Threshold  of  Music,  169 
Wilder's  (B.)   Mozart :    the  Story  of  his  Life  as  Man 

and  Artist,  tr.  Liebich,  487 
Wolf,  Hugo,  by  Newman.  267 

Operas,  Concerts,  Ac. 

Alma  Mater  Male  Choir,  Concert,  170 

Bach  Choir :  Concert,  362 ;  '  The  Passion  of  our  Lord, 
'  The  Resurrection,'  64G 

Backhaus's  (Mr.  W.)  Pianoforte  Recital ,  706 

Ballad  Concert,  83 

Bantock's  (Mr.  G.)  '  Omar  Khayyam,'  678 

Beecham's  (Mr.  T.)  Orchestral  Concerts,  267,  425,  519, 
771 

Beel's  (Mr.  S.)  Violin  Recital,  583 

Broadwood  Concerts,  267,  331,  395 

Busoni  (Signor)  and  Serato's  (Signor  A.)  Pianoforte  and 
Violin  Recital,  299 

Covent  Garden — Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company  :  '  Tann- 
hauser,'  * II  Trovatore,'  'Carmen,'  '  Cavalleria  Rusti- 
cana,'  '  Pagliacci,'  Mozart's  '  Marriage  of  Figaro,'  22 ; 
*  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,'  Thomas's '  Esmeralda,' 
50 

Crystal  Palace:  Good  Friday  Concert,  519;  Sullivan's 
'  Golden  Legend,'  799 

Dublin  Philharmonic  Society,  Concert,  138 

Elman's  (Mischa)  Concert,  425 

Eisner's  (Miss  P.)  Chamber- Music  Concerts,  646 

Empire  Concert,  679 

Fagge's  (Mr.  A.)  Concert,  203 

Gipser's  (Fraulein  E.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  50 

Godowskv's  (M.)  Pianoforte  Recitals,  550,  583 

Graingers  (Mr.  P.)  Concert,  771 

Greene's  (Mr.  Plunket)  Vocal  Recital,  459 

Hambourg's  (Mr.  J.)  Violin  Recital,  706 

Hegedii8's  (Herr  F.)  Concert,  395 

Holbrooke's  (Mr.)  Illuminated  Dramatic  Symphony  with 
Choral  Epilogue,  110 

Joachim  in  Memoriam  Concert,  138 

Koenen'8  (Miss  T.)  Vocal  Recital,  646 

Kolner  Manner  Gesang  Verein  Concert,  706 

Kussewitzky's  (M.  S.)  Orchestral  Concert,  678 

Lerner's  (Miss  T.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  614 

Lorraine's  (Miss  A.)  Recital  of  Royal  Compositions,  738 

Menter's  (Madame  S. )  Pianoforte  Recital,  771 

Moszkowski's  (Herr  M.)  Concert,  235 

Paderewski's  (M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  798 

Philharmonic  Concerts,  138,  298,  425,  646,  706 

Powell's  (Mr.  J.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  583 

Royal  Opera,  Covent  Garden  :  The  '  Ring  '  in  English 
137, 170  ;   '  La  Traviata,'  582,  614 ;    '  Lucia  di  Lam 
mermoor,'  '  Die  Walkure,'  'Gotterdammerung,'  582 
'  Tristan  und   Isolde,'    '  La   Boheme,'  '  Die   Meister 
singer,'   646 ;     '  Aida,'     679 :    '  Madama     Butterfly, 
'The  Flying  Dutchman,'  706;    '  Armide,'  738;  'II 
Barbiere,'  770;    'Pecheurs  de  Perles,'  'Manon   Les- 
caut,'  798 

Saint-Saens's  (Dr.  C.)  Concert,  771 

Sapellnikoffs  (M.  B.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  459 

Sauer's  (M.  E.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  235 

Savoy  Theatre  :  'The  Mikado,'  550 

Smyth's  (Miss  E.)  '  Der  Wald,' 583 ;  'The  Wreckers,' 
706 

Societe  de  Concerts  d'Instruments  Anciens,  395,  425,  459 

Strings  Club  Concert,  395 

Symphony  Concerts,  111,  170,298,  362,  425,  487 

Szigeti's  (M.  J.)  Violin  Recital,  771 

Warwood's  (Miss  M.)  Pianoforte  Recital,  583 

Ysaye  and  Pugno's  (Messrs.)  Recitals,  614,  679 

Zimbalist's  (M.  E.)  Concert,  111 

Obituaries. 

Armes,  Dr.  P.,  203.  Blumenthal,  J.,  647.  Castrone,  S. 
(Marquis  de  la  RajataX  267.  Lucca,  Madame  P.,  299. 
Lucher,  J.,  487-  MacDowell,  E.  A.,  138.  Maquet,  M., 
50.  Novello,  Clara  A.  (Countess  Gigliucci),  362. 
O'Sullivan,  D.,  170.  Slaughter,  W.,  299.  Wilhelmj, 
Prof.,  138. 

Gossip. 

Conference  of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians  at 
Harrogate— Recital  by  "The  Irish  Quartette"  at.  the 
Leinster  Hall,  Dublin,  23.  Discovery  of  Beethoven 
Documents,  50.  University  of  Dublin  Choral  Society,  425. 
Opening  of  the  New  St.  James's  Hall,  549.  The  Twelfth 
Feia  Ceoil,  706.  Madame  Melba's  Twentieth  Anniversary 
at  Covent  Garden— Report  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress, 
799. 


DRAMA. 

Reviews. 

Barker's  (H.  G.)  A  National  Theatre.  488 

Borsa's  (M.)  The  English  Stage  of  To-day,  tr.  and  ed. 

Brinton,  204 
Brooke's  Romeus  and  Juliet,  ed.  Munro,  488 
Fitzgerald's    (P.)    Shakespearian    Representation  :     its 

Principles  and  Limits,  70S 


Iftllllf'l  (II.  H.)  A    New  Variorum  Edition  of  Shake- 

»peare  :  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
Gosse's  (E.j  Ibsen,  363 

M*l    Pandoeto,     or     Dorastus     and     Fawnis,    «-!. 

Thomas,  616 
Grillparzer,  Franz,  and  the  Austrian  Drama,  by  Pollak, 

170 
Hankin'i  (St.  J.)  Three  Playi  with  Happy  Endings,  172 
Hardy's  (T.)  The  Dynasts,  Part  III.,  KLB 
Ibsen,  Henrik,  Collected  Works  of— Life  of,  by  Goiae, 

868 
Moliere  :  The   Plays   of,  English   rendering  by   Waller, 

84  ;  Life,  by  Rigal,  707 
New  Editions,  Reprints,  &c,  488 
Norwood's  (G.)  The  Riddle  of  the  '  Bacch;*-,'  740 
Pollak's  (G.)  Franz  Grillparzer  and  the  Austrian  Drama, 

170 
Rigal 'b  (E.)  Moli.-re,  707 
Seneca,  The  Tragedies  of,  tr.  Miller,  661 
Shakapeare  :   A  New  Variorum   Edition  :    Antony  and 

Cleopatra,  by  Furness,  299  ;  Old  Spelling  Series,  708 
Sutherland's  (A.  C.)  Dramatic  Elocution  and  Action,  488 
Tudor  Facsimile  Texts.  Vols.  I.- VIII.,  ed.  Farmer,  331, 

364,  584,  772 
Vaughan'8  (C.  E.)  Types  of  Tragic  Drama,  738 
Walkley's  (A.  B.)  Drama  and  Life,  140 

Original  Papers. 
'  Edward  III.,'  On  a  Passage  in,  708 
Kyd's  '  Spanish  Tragedy' :  a  Note,  616 
Shakspeare  :    Stratford  Memorial    Performances,    520, 

661,  584 ;  The  Date  of  '  King  Lear,'  648 
Tudor  Facsimile  Texts,  364 

Theatres. 

Abbey  Theatre,  Dublin— Casey's  'The  Man  who  missed 
the  Tide,'  Council's  'The  Piper,"  236;  Count  Markie- 
vicz's  'Seymour's  Redemption,'  332 ;  Sudermann's 
'Teja,'  tr.  Lady  Gregory,  Fitzmaurice's  'The  Pie- 
dish,"  Yeats's  'The  Golden  Helmet,'  396;  Lady  Gre- 
gory's '  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin, '  460;  Lady  Gregory's 
'Workhouse  Ward,'  520;  Harding's  'Leaders  of  the 
People,'  Mayne's  '  The  Drone,'  552 

Adelphi—'  Aladdin,'  23  ;  Ade's  *  The  College  Widow, 
519 

Aldwych— Parker's  '  Way  Down  East,'  550 ;  Stayton's 
'  The  Two  Pins,'  739 

Argonauts — Thornton's  '  The  Sensible  Constanza,'  647 

Comedy — Carton's  '  Lady  Barbarity,"  300  ;  Maugham's 
'Mrs.  Dot,' 550 

Court — Gloriel's  '  The  House,'  51 ;  Kendall's  '  Mrs. 
Bill,'  331 

Drury  Lane — 'The  Babes  in  the  Wood,"  23 

Duke  of  York's — Barrie's  '  The  Admirable  Crichton/ 
300 

Garrick — Pemberton  and  Fleming's  '  The  Woman  of 
Kronstadt,'  203;  Pinero's  'The  Gay  Lord  Quex,' 
583  ;  Grundy's  '  A  Pair  of  Spectacles,'  772 

Haymarket  —  Morton's  'Her  Father,"  adapted  from 
Guinon  and  Bouchinet's  '  Son  Pere,'  139 ;  Grundy's 
'  A  Fearful  Joy,'  519;  Shaw's  '  Getting  Married,'  647 ; 
Masefield's  'Nan,'  Paston's  'Feed  the  Brute,'  707; 
Housman's  'The  Chinese  Lantern,'  800 

His  Majesty's — Carr's  '  The  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood,' 
50  ;  Locke's  '  The  Beloved  Vagabond,"  171 ;  '  The 
Merchant  of  Venice,' 459;  Sardou's  'L'Affaire  des 
Poisons,'  771 

Kinysicay —  Hamilton's  'Diana  of  Dobson's,'  236; 
Parry's  'Charlotte  on  Bigamy,'  Mrs.  Clifford's  'The 
Latch,'  Wharton's  'A  Nocturne,' Anstruther's  'The 
Whirligig.'  679 

Lyceum — 'Robinson  Crusoe,' 23 ;  'Romeo  and  Juliet,' 
'363;  Howard's  'The  Prince  and  the  Beggar-Maid,* 
740 

Lyric— Royle's  'A  White  Man,'  83;  Maugham's  'The 
Explorer,' 799 

N(  "■— Dix  and  Sutherland's  'Matt  of  Merry  mount,' 268 

Playhouse— Esmond's  'The  O'Grindles,'  111;  '  Fido,' 
268;  Mason's  'Marjory  Strode,'  395;  Hamilton's  'Pro 
Tem.,'  583 ;  Drurv  and  Trevor's  '  The  Flag  Lieutenant,' 
799 

Queen's — Hornung's  'Stingaree,'  171 

Itoyalty — Albanesi's  '  Susannah — and  some  Others,' 
139  ; '  Baring's  '  The  Grey  Stocking,'  707 

St.  James's— Pinero's  '  The  Thunderbolt,'  615 

Savoy — Shaw's  '  Arms  and  the  Man. 

Shaftesbury— The  Sicilian  Players,  267  :  The  Grand 
Guignol  Company.  396 ;  French  Plays,  648,  679 

Stage  Socidy — Bennett's  'Cupid  and  Commonsense, 
139;  Garnett's  'The  Breaking- Point,'  487 

Terry's— Widnell's  '  The  Orange  Blossom,'  140;  Ibsen's 
'  Rosmersholm,'  203  ;  Hueffer's  '  The  Lord  of  Latimer 
Street,'  299;  Ward  and  Mayo's  'The  Marriage  of 
William  Ashe,' 550;  Crothers's  'The  Three  of  Us,' 772 
Vaudeville—'  Dear  Old  Charlie,'  adapted  from  the 
French  by  Brookfield,  51 ;  Maugham's  'Jack  Straw,' 
426 

Obituaries. 

Drachmann,  H..  84,  104.  Gott,  E.,  552.  Hanbury, 
Miss  L.  (Mrs.  Herbert  Guedalla),  332.  Hedberg,  F., 
800.     L'  Arronge,  A.,  6S0. 

Goaslp. 

Second  Part  of  'Faust 'at  the  Hamburg  Schauspielhaus, 
520.     National  Theatre  as  a  Memorial  to  Shakspeare,  M8. 


V" 


THE  ATHENAEUM 

Imtrtral  0f  (Snglisb  antr  Jf0mgtt  Iterator*,  ^mnt^  ilj*  jfitt*  ^rts,  iltisir  atttt  tlj*  JBrama* 


No.  4184. 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  4, 


1908. 


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TOHN    HOPPNER,    R.A. —Messrs.    P.    &   D. 

*J  COLNAGHI  &  CO.  hope  to  publish  within  the  next  few  months 
the  exhaustive  and  fully  illustrated  Monograph  on  JOHN  HOPPNER, 
R.A.,  which  Messrs.  W.  McKAY  and  W.  ROBERTS  have  had  in 
preiaratiou  for  some  time. 

Messrs.  COLNAGHI  will  be  glad  to  receive  particulars  of  any 
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/CRYSTAL    PALACE    COMPANY'S    SCHOOL 

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M 


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WOMEN 


BEDFORD        COLLEGE       FOR 
(UNIVERSITY    OF    LONDON), 
YORK   PLACE,    BAKER   STREET,   W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  BOTANY, 
who  will  be  Head  of  the  Department.    The  appointment  is  open  to 
Men  ami  Women  equally,  and  will  take  effect  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Easter  Term.  ,  .  , 

Applications,  with  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  should  be 
sent  not  later  than  JANUARY  31,  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

ETHEL  T.  McKNIGHT,  Secretary. 

UNIVERSITY  COLLEGE  OF  SOUTH  WALES 
AND  MONMOUTHSHIRE,  CARDIFF. 
COLEG  PRIFATHROFAOL  DEHEUDIR  CYMRU  A 
MYNWY.  CAERDYDD. 
The  COUNCIL  of  the  COLLEGE  invites  applications  for  the  post 
of  ASSISTANT  LECTURER  in  GREEK.  . 

Further  particulars  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned,  to 
whom  Applications,  with  Testimonials  (which  need  not  be  printed), 
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J.  AUSTIN  JENKINS,  B.A.,  Registrar. 
December  31, 1907.  

COUNTY  COUNCIL  OF  THE  WEST  RIDING 
OF  YORKSHIRE. 
EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT. 
KNOTTINGLEY    SECONDARY    SCHOOL. 
The  WEST  RIDING  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  will  require,  in 
,1  4NUARY.  1908.  the  services  of  an  ASSISTANT  MISTRESS  at  the 
KNOTTINGLEY   SECONDARY   SCHOOL  to  teach  FRENCH   and 
HISTORY.    Some  knowledge  of  the  Teaching  of  Needlework  will  be 
an  advantage.    Commencing  Salary  llOi.  per  annum.  .... 

Applications  for  this  post  must  be  made  on  a  Form,  to  he  obtained 
from  the  Education  Department  (Secondary  Branch),  County  Hall, 
Wakefield,  where  they  must  be  returned  not  later  than  9  A.M.  on 
JANUARY  is.  liins. 

Copies  of  not  more  than  three  recent  Testimonials  must  be  sent 
with  the  Application. 
Canvassing  will  be  a  disqualification. 


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gituations  tiEantctr. 

SECRETARY   (LADY)  requires  RE-ENGAGE- 

(O  MENT  Ten  years'  continuous  experience  in  Philanthropic, 
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SECRETARY  DESIRES  TOST  with  Literary 
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Cambridge.  Two  years  Paris  and  Berlin.  Committee  Work,  Busi- 
ness Accounts.  Skilled  .Correspondent. -Box  1394,  Atlieiia-um  Tress, 
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^tiscfUanrous. 

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TO  AUTHORS  and  publishers. — INDEXING, 
Technical    Scientific   and   General,   carefully  undertaken   by 

Miss  1AMES  ami  Miss  P.  REALES- Excellent  refer.  noes-Care  of 
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NORTHERN  NEWSPAPER  SYNDICATE, 
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T  II  i:     AT  II  K\  .K  l'  M 


No.  U84,  .Ian.  L  L908 


AUTHORS'  U86.  READ  and  REPORTED  on. 
RarWoni  l  odertaksn  an. I  Publication  arranged     Tnuul  itloni 
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M. 


BARNARD,      M.  A. 


(Formerly  Classical  and  Theological  Scholar  of 
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10,  DUDLEY  ROAD  (opposite  the  Opera  House), 
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CATALOGUE    19,    JUST    ISSUED,    contains:— 

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J    4  J.  LEIGHTON. 
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■  i  tii..  ii.st  li-oks  at  ir ■toMn 

Pi  Largest  ai        est  HI  .f  Kr.  ond  hand  an. I  »>•  *  Kein 

Ho.,k»  iii  the  World,     Writs  <■■<  oui   JANDABi    CATALOG 
u    II    SMITH  4. si  i.N.  Library  DeparUm  ut,  IBS,  BtraDd,  London,  W.O. 


CATALOGUE  No.   48.-  Drawings  of  tba  Bui] 
I'.ngllsli  School— Turner's  Ulx-i  siudioruin  an. I  otln-i  Engravings 
after  rTorner— Etchings  by  Tomer,  H.   Palmer.   Whistler— Japanese 

Colour  Print!     Kim  Art    Hooks  — Works  by   Buskin.       Po«t  free.  Six 
peine.— WM.  WARD.  2,  Church  Terrace,  Richmond.  Surrey. 


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No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE     A  T  H  E  N  JE  U  M 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  4,  1908. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

The  Statutes  of  the  Scottish  Church         ..       ..5 

Father  and  Son 6 

A  Book  of  Greek  Verse     7 

Dyott's  Diary 8 

New  Novels  (The  Explorer ;  Children's  Children ; 
The  Love  Story  of  Giraldus ;  Phantom  Figures  ; 
The  Heart's  Banishment ;  The  Progress  of  Hugh 

Rendal ;  The  Master  Beast)         9—10 

Social  Problems 10 

Our  library  Table  (Lord  Wantage ;  Shakspeare's 
Sonnets  ;  Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris  ;  The  Literary  Man's 
Bible  ;  Sir  Gawain  and  the  Lady  of  Lys  ;  British 
Freewomen  ;  The  National  Edition  of  Dickens  ; 
The  Eversley  Tennyson  ;  The  Blackmailers  ;  The 
Liberal  Year-Book  ;  Manor  Court  Rolls  in  Private 
Hands  ;  The  Pocket  Ruskin  ;  Almanach  Hachette  ; 

The  Greyfriar) 11—13 

Notes  from  Paris  ;  The  Book  Sales  of  1907..  13 

List  of  New  Books 15 

Literary  Gossip 16 

Science— A  Bird  Collector's  Medley  ;  Anthro- 
pological Notes;  Attis  and  Christ;  Socie- 
ties ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip  . .  17—20 
Fine  Arts—  Eugene  Delacroix;  The  Nature 
Poems  of  George  Meredith  ;  The  American 
Pilgrim's  Way  in  England  ;  Thf,  Collector's 
Manual,  ;  The  Annual  of  the  British  School 
at  Athens  ;  The  Landscape  Painters'  Exhibi- 
tion; Gossip  ;  Exhibitions      20—22 

Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week  ..     22—23 
Drama— Arms  and  the  Man  ;  The  Babes  in  the 

Wood  ;  Aladdin  ;  Robinson  Crusoe          ..  23 

Index  to  Advertisers         ..       24 


LITERATURE 


The  Statutes  of  the  Scottish  Church.  With 
Introduction  and  Notes  by  David 
Patrick,  LL.D.  (Edinburgh,  Scottish 
History  Society.) 

The  '  Concilia  Scotise '  (1225-59)  were 
edited  for  the  Bannatyne  Club  (1866) 
by  Joseph  Robertson,  with  his  wonted 
learning  and  acuteness.  The  book  is  not 
easy  to  procure,  nor  is  the  Latin  always 
lucid.  Dr.  Patrick  has  therefore  done 
good  service  in  translating  the  text,  and 
adding  an  interesting  Introduction  with 
learned  notes. 

In  1225  the  Church  in  Scotland  had 
no  Metropolitan,  but  was  permitted  by  a 
papal  Bull  to  meet,  without  the  presence 
of  a  Legate,  yet  under  apostolical  autho- 
rity. This  Bull  of  Honorius  III.,  Dr. 
Patrick  argues,  completed  the  reforming 
out  of  the  world  of  the  Church  of  Celtic 
Scotia,  as  distinct  from  the  Church  in 
anglicized  Lothian.  St.  Margaret  began 
the  reformation  of  the  Celtic  Church, 
which  was  now  accomplished,  while  Scot- 
land, thanks  to  "  the  discreet  but  per- 
sistent Scottish  nationalism  maintained 
at  Rome  by  a  succession  of  Scottish 
kings,  barons,  and  bishops,"  received 
recognition  as  an  independent  nation. 
We  entirely  agree  with  this  view.  The 
strenuous  fight  for  independence,  as  against 
the  claims  either  of  York  or  Canterbury, 
which  the  Scottish  Catholic  clergy  main- 
tained, was  an  essential  factor  in  the 
triumph  of  Robert  Bruce.  The  bishops 
and  preaching  friars  were  his  best  backers 
when  he  was  an  excommunicated  and 
sacrilegious  homicide.  The  Protestant 
historians  of  Scotland  are  apt  to  overlook 
the  debt  of  their  country  to  her  English- 


speaking    Catholic    clerics.     Dr.    Patrick 
shows   that   the    "  Cession    of   Lothian " 
to  the  early  Scottish  kings,  or  their  pos- 
session of  it,  whether  formally  ceded  or 
not,  did  not  involve  the  transference    of 
the  Church  in  Lothian  to  the  Celtic  see 
of  Alban  at  St.  Andrews.     Well  into  the 
twelfth   century,    Durham   was    virtually 
"  the    spiritual    metropolis   of    Lothian." 
St.    Margaret    was    "  a    German-trained 
theologian,"  with  a  director  from  Durham  ; 
but    her   sons    "  linked   monasteries   and 
churches  in  Lothian  indissolubly  to  Dur- 
ham, St.  Andrews  being  totally  ignored." 
In  later  times  "  patriotic  piety  "  invented 
myths  tracing  Church   as  well   as   State 
to  the  Dalriadic  Irish  invaders  of  Argyle, 
by  way  of  gaining  the  prestige  of  vast 
antiquity.     The  Privy  Council  in  Scotland 
of  Charles  II.   told   him  that  the  Scots 
had   been   loyal    to    his   family   for    two 
thousand     years !     But     when     Scotland 
had  her  Council,   in   1225   and   onwards, 
she  borrowed    her    statutes    bodily  from 
the  enactments  of  the  national  and  pro- 
vincial   synods    of    the    English    Church. 
With   some   anticipation  of    Presbyterian 
"  parity  of  ministers,"   though  the  Council 
was    no    analogue    of    the    Presbyterian 
General   Assembly,   the   Scottish   Church 
took   care   to   guard   against   even    "  the 
quasi-metropolitan  pre-eminence  "   of  St. 
Andrews  ;    and  though   Bishop  Graham, 
about   1470,   got  himself  made  an  arch- 
bishop, Glasgow  followed  suit,  and  Knox 
revels  in  a  scuffle  for  precedency  between 
the    Archbishops    of     St.    Andrews    and 
Glasgow.     Meanwhile    the    Estates    kept 
a  firm  hand  over  the  ecclesiastical  Council, 
and  James  I.,  at  the  time  of  his  murder, 
was  in  trouble  at  Rome  for  his  Erastian 
proceedings. 

Dr.  Patrick  remarks  that  "  some  of  the 
more  unlovely  aspects  of  Presbyterian 
church  life  were  at  least  as  conspicuous 
during  the  ages  of  faith."  Certainly 
the  Statutes  prove  that  churches  were 
apt  to  be  as  squalid  before  as  after  the 
Reformation.  Like  "  the  minister's  coo," 
that  of  the  priest  browsed  in  the  kirkyard  ; 
but  in  that  enclosure  Presbyterians  did 
not  sin  by  "  promiscuous  dancing."  In 
the  reign  of  James  VI.  there  was  a  good 
deal  of  free  pistol-shooting  and  stabbing 
in  St.  Giles's,  but  "what  for  no?" 
Bruce  and  his  gang  slew  the  Comyns  in 
church  at  Dumfries.  National  character, 
rather  than  one  or  other  creed,  accounts 
for  these  awkward  incidents.  We  are  not 
surprised  to  learn  that  priests  and  churches 
were  as  dirty  in  Italy  as  in  Scotland.  If 
Catholic  Statutes  protested  against  the 
daggers  and  gay  costume  of  clerics,  so 
did  the  General  Assembly  under  James  VI. 
and  a  minister  dirked  a  young  man  under 
Charles  I. 

Dr.    Patrick's    chap.    viii.    deals    with 
the  crying   sin   of   "  warying."     What   is 


warying 


The    Columban     Church 


had  "  the  excommunicatory  fever,"  as 
Erastus  calls  it,  and,  as  Mr.  Pecksniff  says, 
it  was  "  chronic."  Later  Bishop  Kennedy 
cursed  the  tiger  Earl  of  Crawford  every 
day  for  a  year,  when  the  curso  succeeded, 
and  the  Earl  was  slain — "  got  the  redder's 
straik  "  when  trying  to  keep  the  peace  in 


a  brawl.  In  1525  the  Archbishop  of 
Glasgow  curses  the  Border  reivers  in  the 
vernacular.  But  when  Dr.  Patrick  says 
that,  in  'The  Three  Priests  of  Peebles,' 
the  clergy  are  rebuked  for  "  warying  "  or 
excommunicating  too  freely  (Knox  laughs 
at  "  the  penny  curse,"  "  the  cheapest 
article  in  the  trade  "),  is  he  sure  that  "  to 
wary  "  means  "  to  curse  "1  '  The  Three 
Priests  '  has 

And  quhairfoir  now  in  your  time  ye  warie  ; 
As  thai  did  then  quhairfoir  sa  may  not  ye  ? 

In  all  times  priests  and  preachers  dealt 
in  curses  and  excommunications.  Does 
not  'The  Three  Priests'  mean  "  Why  do  ye 
vary  "  from  the  good  ways  of  an  older 
generation?  "As  they  did  then,  wherefore 
so  may  not  ye?"  Jamieson,  under  "  varie," 
gives  the  sense  of  behaving  deliriously. 
"Warying"  was  a  Scots  word  for  "curs- 
ing." We  are  not  sure  that  "  warie  "  has 
this  sense  in  the  passage  cited. 

The  later  Statutes  prove  that  the  mass 
of  the  clergy  were  profligate,  unlearned, 
Latinless  :  all  unlike  good  Ninian  Winzett, 
that  sore  thorn  in  the  flesh  of  John  Knox. 
The  testimony  to  this  effect  is  as  copious 
and  direct  in  Catholic   as  in  Protestant 
evidence.     The  Council  of  1549  attributed 
to     St.    Bernard    a    tag    from     Persius 
(Satire  ii.  69),   which   the   saint   was  for 
ever    quoting.     Does   Dr.    Patrick    think 
that  the  majority  of  the  members  of  the 
General  Assembly  are  capable  of  recogniz- 
ing   this   line   from  Persius  ?     But  if  the 
sapphics    of   the   old   Church   were   bad, 
three    false    quantities   in   three    stanzas, 
we  should  like  to  compare  sapphics  by  the 
General  Assembly,  and  George  Buchanan 
wallowed  in  false  quantities  :     according 
to  Prof.   Lindsay,   he  made  many   more 
than   "  a  false  quantity  or  two,"  which 
Dr.  Patrick  credits  his  verse  with.     The 
Scot   has    always   shone   more   in   Greek 
than  in  Latin  verse  composition.     Among 
Scottish     patrons     of     learning     Bishop 
Kennedy    ought    not     to    be     omitted : 
he  was  the  most  munificent  of  all,  except 
Mr.  Andrew  Carnegie,  who  to  Kennedy's 
College  has  added  a  cricket  field  and  other 
good  works. 

Nobody  says  that  laws  against  witch- 
craft were  "  a  Presbyterian  novelty " 
in  Scotland.  We  do  not  know  one  case, 
however,  of  witch-burning  in  Scotland 
before  the  Reformation,  except  the  in- 
stance quoted  by  Dr.  Patrick  from  an 
anonymous  fragmentary  chronicle  of  the 
reign  of  James  III.,  a  political  case.  Dr. 
Patrick  speaks  of  "  the  comparatively 
small  number  of  cases  "  of  witch-burning 
between  1563  and  1722.  Sir  George 
Mackenzie  says  that  there  Were  "  thou- 
sands"  of  cases.  Wo  have  no  exact 
statistics,  but  we  have  numerous  and 
loathsome  examples  of  the  incredible 
tortures  inflicted  during  the  time  of 
"  the  bloody  and  barbarous  inconveniences 
of  Presbyterian  government."  The 
Catholic  and  Anglican  Churches  were  as 
guilty  as  the  Presbyterian,  abroad  and 
in  England  ;  not  so,  as  far  as  evidence 
goes,  was  the  Catholic  Church  in  Scotland. 
As  to  the  quarrel  of  Graham  and  Schevez, 
Archbishop  of  St.  Andrews,  Dr.  Patrick 
will  understand  the  case— wholly  perverted 


6 


T  II  E     Arril  KNyEUM 


So.  4184,  .Ian.  4,  1908 


by  Buchanan  and  his  followers — when  the 
St.  Andrews  manuscripts,  now  being 
edited,  have  been  published.  Meanwhile 
we  have  to  thank  Dr.  Patrick  for  a  most 
interesting  work,  illustrating  social  as  well 
as  ecclesiastical  antiquities. 


Father  and  Son.     (Heinemann.) 

It  is  idle  to  pretend  ignorance  of  the 
identity  of  the  distinguished  author.  So 
much  has  been  said  already  by  the 
"  rapid "  reviews  that  no  apology  is 
needed  for  noticing  this  book  in  the  light 
of  Mr.  Gosse's  other  works,  which  are 
sufficiently  known  to  the  literary  public, 
though  indeed  that  public  is  less  wide 
than  reviewers  are  apt  to  imagine. 
Premising  thus  much,  one  may  say 
that  if  the  writer  should  achieve  any- 
thing like  lasting  remembrance,  it  will 
be  due  to  this  work  rather  than  to  any 
of  the  studies,  essays,  or  verse  in  which 
his  learning  and  versatility  have  won 
praise.  This  book  is  unique.  It  is  at 
once  a  profound  and  illuminating  study 
in  the  concrete  of  the  development  of  a 
child's  mind,  and  also  an  historical  docu- 
ment of  great  value.  At  least  its  value 
will  be  great  for  the  age,  not  so  far 
distant,  to  which  Puritanism,  Plymouth 
Brethren,  and  pre-Darwinian  science  will 
seem  as  prehistoric  as  the  "  fossils " 
which  men  like  "  Mr.  G."  believed  to 
have  been  stuck  in  the  rocks  in  order  to 
try  men's  faith. 

In  spite  of  what  has  been  said  on  the 
question  of  taste,  we  cannot  see  that  the 
writer  is  to  be  blamed  for  this  account  of 
his  father ;  it  seems  to  us  neither  dis- 
respectful nor  untender,  but  eminently 
delicate  and  fair  ;  nor  do  any  of  the  jokes 
seem  to  us  ungenerous.  It  is,  of  course, 
possible  that  the  writer's  literary  skill 
has  embellished  some  of  the  incidents, 
and  that  his  feelings  at  the  moment  were 
not  always  of  that  elaborately  self-con- 
scious character  which  he  now  believes 
them  to  have  been.  But  we  must 
remember  that  an  event  includes  its  con- 
sequences in  the  mind  ;  that  what  we 
think  of  it  in  memory  is  as  much  a  part 
of  it  as  what  we  feel  at  the  moment. 
This  is  at  once  the  justification  of  many 
physical  evils — 

Forsan  et  h.tc  olim  meminisse  juvabit — 
and  the  condemnation  of  those  attempts 
to  crush  the  soul-life  which  a  book  like 
this  displays.  Further,  it  is  our  own 
experience  that  the  thoughts  of  youth  are 
"  long,  long  thoughts,"  and  that  the 
child- mind  is  far  more  self-conscious  and 
analytic  of  those  thoughts  which  interest 
it  than  elders,  busied  with  affairs  and 
occupied  with  action,  are  apt  to  imagine. 
It  is  the  hustling  manhood  of  the  Western 
world  that  is  truly  irresponsible  ;  child- 
hood, like  old  age,  is  "the  age  of  reflection." 

The  home  described  is  probably 
familiar  to  some  of  us.  As  the  author 
says,  what  is  unique  is  his  father's  position 
as  a  man  of  science,  not  his  opinions. 
Those  opinions  are  simply  the  narrowest 
form  of  individualist  Protestantism,  which 


makes  of  religion  outwardly  the  barest 
and  least  human  of  any  creed  that  has 
ever  had  practical  effect ;  is  opposed  to 
culture,  to  art,  to  poetry  ;  regards 
Shakspeare  as  a  devil  to  be  shunned  ;  is 
blind  to  the  beauty  and  the  joy  of  earth, 
but  has  for  its  rare  and  elect  spirits  a  foun- 
tain of  joy  and  peace  which  is  none  the 
less  real  for  the  hideous  form  in  which 
it  is  commonly  expressed. 

'  Father  and  Son '  shows  all  this  in 
a  concrete  instance,  portrayed  with  ex- 
traordinary accuracy,  skill,  and  humour. 
The  present  writer  recalls  in  his  own  ex- 
perience people  of  a  similar  type,  though 
not,  indeed,  so  extreme.  In  one  case  a 
pious  lady,  objecting  to  church  decoration 
— not  because  it  was  ugly,  which  was 
true,  but  because  it  was  an  attempt  to 
be  beautiful — declared  that  nothing  could 
be  too  plain  for  the  house  of  God.  In 
another  a  retired  officer  of  "  parts,"  a 
really  fine  mathematician,  refused  to 
allow  his  daughters  to  go  to  some  lectures 
on  Shakespeare.  In  another  we  heard 
it  said,  "In  the  county  of  Roscommon 
no  Protestant  would  ever  shake  hands 
with  a  Roman  Catholic."  We  need  not 
multiply  instances.  They  are  perfectly 
well  known,  in  forms  more  or  less  extreme, 
to  many  people  who  are  past  middle 
life  ;  and  tc  those  who  do  not  know  them 
books  like  this,  or  '  Mark  Rutherford,' 
or  '  Robert  Falconer,'  or  '  The  Fairchild 
Family,'  will  supply  aspects  of  an  ideal 
which  remains  substantially  the  same, 
though  it  is  seen  at  its  purest  in  "  Ply- 
mouth Brethrenism,"  which  is  entirely 
free  from  any  taint  of  ecclesiasticism, 
and  is  in  most  places  purely  individual, 
unmistakably  devout,  and  full  of  a  kind 
of  austere  rapture. 

The  two  facts  which  stand  cut  from  this 
book  are  the  incapacity  of  Puritanism 
to  deal  with  children,  and  its  affinity  to 
the  scientific  rather  than  the  romantic 
temperament.  In  the  first  place,  Puritan- 
ism never  has  known,  and  never  will 
know,  how  to  deal  with  children  except 
by  making  them  prigs.  We  yield  to  none 
in  admiration  for  the  grandeur  of  Puritan 
faith  at  its  best,  its  magnificent  vision, 
its  splendour  of  strength,  and  its  unsur- 
passable appeal  to  the  lonely  conscience. 
But  at  one  point  it  breaks  down — the 
child.  Puritanism  has  in  fact  very  little 
sense  of  religion  as  a  process,  a  life  ;  it 
is  always  the  miracle,  the  instantaneous, 
the  conversion,  at  which  it  aims  ;  it  can 
only  reach  its  aim  by  treating  the  child 
as  an  adult.  The  tragedy  of  this  book 
lies  not  in  its  attempt  to  make  the 
bey  a  religious  boy,  but  to  make  him  a 
mature  saint  at  the  age  of  ten.  That 
great  event  is  symbolized  here  by  his 
baptism.  (He  tells  us  that  afterwards 
he  put  out  his  tongue  at  other  boys 
to  show  his  superiority  as  a  saint.)  After 
that  he  is  on  a  level  with  his  elders, 
and  though  his  education  must  go  on,  he  is 
really  no  longer  a  child.  Before  it  he  is 
not  a  child,  he  is  merely  an  animal.  In 
both  ways  Puritanism  misconceives  child- 
life.  It  is  a  faith  for  adults,  and  adults 
only,  and  in  this  it  is  like  every  other 
creed    or     religion    which    occupies    the 


educated  world,  with  the  exception  of 
the  system  of  the  Church.  We  fancy 
a  good  deal  of  the  education  con- 
troversy really  hinges  on  the  fact  that  it 
is  not  so  much  two  opposing  views  of 
religion,  as  on  the  one  hand  two  views  of 
the  State,  and  on  the  other  two  views  of 
the  child,  which  are  in  internecine  and 
irreconcilable  conflict.  A  glance  at  the 
writings  of  Richard  Baxter,  or  at  the  work 
of  John  Wesley  and  Ins  amazing  attempt 
to  govern  children  with  no  recreation  at 
all  at  Kingswood,  will  illustrate  our 
meaning  further. 

Secondly  (and  we  learn  tins  from 
'  Father  and  Son'),  the  Puritan  scho- 
lasticism, like  all  scholasticism,  is,  as  we 
have  said,  far  more  akin  to  the  scientific 
than  the  artistic  temperament.  It  was  not 
only  because  one  man  was  orthodox  and 
rigid,  and  the  other  irresistibly  modern, 
that  the  two  temperaments  clashed  ;  but 
also  because  one  had  the  artistic,  the  other 
the  scientific  temperament.  It  is  not  the 
theology  of  the  Vatican,  but  the  apologetic 
of  Father  Tyrrell,  of  Newman,  of  Westcott, 
of  Dr.  Illingworth,  that  is  the  true  answer 
within  Christendom  to  the  tortured  literal- 
ism and  barren  logomachy  of  the  older 
Puritanism,  as  of  many  similar  creeds  not 
dubbed  Puritan.  We  could  mention  many 
persons  of  the  opposite  school  who  suffer 
from  just  the  same  fundamental  defects 
as  the  "Mr.  G."  of  this  book,  although 
their  general  outlook  is  a  little  broader 
and  more  humane.  Any  one  who  reads 
or  knows  anything  of  the  hard  logical 
system  of  the  "  Atonement,"  or  still  more 
the  amazing  ingenuity  applied  to  the 
Apocalypse  to  discover  "  the  signs  of 
His  appearing,"  will  see  exactly  what  we 
mean.  It  is  not,  as  is  often  alleged  by  its 
adversaries,  the  irrationality  of  these 
systems  that  is  at  fault.  In  one  sense 
they  are  not  unreasonable  enough  ;  they 
fail  to  grasp  human  fife  in  its  entirety — 
fail  in  humour,  sympathy,  and  delicacy, 
just  as  Herbert  Spencer's  '  Autobiography  ' 
shows  us  he  failed.  The  ludicrous  judg- 
ments of  Plato  and  Homer  in  that  book 
are  precisely  akin  to  the  judgment  of 
Shakspeare  or  Marlowe  exposed  to  us 
here.  In  both  cases  it  is  not  the  appre- 
ciation of  a  mystery  in  human  life  that 
is  the  error.  Both  the  agnostic  and  the 
Puritan,  in  words  at  least,  admit  this.  It 
is  the  familiarity  with  the  Chinese  treat- 
ment of  culture,  the  '  harshness,  the 
certitude  in  regard  both  to  this  world 
and  the  next — in  a  word,  the  prose  of  the 
rationalistic  spirit  —  that  is  to  blame. 
That  was  the  father's  religious  experi- 
ence. The  son  was  emphatically  a  poet, 
an  artist,  an  impressionist,  sensitive  to 
every  breath  of  beauty  and  aspect 
of  delight ;  and  hence  their  opposition 
was,  as  he  says,  irreconcilable  and  (when 
realized)  final.  It  is  the  clash  not  of  two 
creeds  only,  not  even  of  two  temperaments, 
but  of  two  whole  universes  of  thought  and 
feeling,  which  is  presented  in  this  work, 
and  will  make  it  deeply  illuminating  long 
after  the  echoes  of  its  controversies  and 
the  forms  of  its  expression,  and  even  the 
names  of  the  combatants,  are  as  silent 
and  forgotten  as  are  at  this  moment  the 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE     ATHEN^UM 


scientific  apology  of  the  "  Father,"  or  the 
pietistic  tracts  of  the  mother. 
Oh,  East  is  East,  and  West  is  West,  and  never  the 
twain  shall  meet. 

And  it  is  the  spirit  of  the  East  (we  fancy 
we  have  read  a  poem  called  '  Firdausi  in 
Exile ')  which  is  shown  in  this  single 
concrete  case  in  one  of  the  phases  of  the 
age-long  struggle  that  will,  we  suppose, 
go  '  on  "as  long  as  the  sun  and  moon 
endureth."  Religion  is  only  one  of  its 
many  phases,  though  it  is  probably  the 
most  important,  because  it  is  the  most 
comprehensive.  That  is  why  the  book  is 
so  interesting.  Its  nominal  material  is 
detailed,  particular,  local.  Its  real  subject 
is  a  difference  as  great  as  that  between 
light  and  darkness,  a  conflict  no  less  pro- 
found and  eternal  than  that  typified  in 
Oriental  dualism  as  existing  from  the 
dawn  of  things. 


Greek    Verse. 
(Cambridge, 


By    Walter 

University 


A    Book    of 
Headlam. 
Press.) 

The  ambiguous  title  of  this  volume  is 
justified  by  its  contents,  which  include 
translations  from  Greek  into  English, 
as  well  as  from  English  and  other  lan- 
guages into  Greek.  We  are  not  sure 
that  it  was  a  good  plan  to  intermix  the 
two  kinds,  although  the  author  has  been 
able  in  this  way  to  illustrate  vividly 
some  curious  literary  affinities  —  for 
example,  between  Callimachus  and  Heine 
— and  to  supply  his  readers  with  models 
of  the  different  Greek  metres  which 
he  has  used.  Since  the  Greek  originals 
are  placed  in  chronological  order,  it 
seems  a  pity  that  their  sequence  should 
be  disturbed  by  anything  except  the 
English  versions  accompanying  them. 
The  pieces  chosen  for  translation  cover 
the  whole  range  of  Greek  literature  from 
Alcman  to  Paulus  Silentiarius,  and,  though 
comparatively  few,  are  representative 
enough.  We  do  not  regret  the  omission 
of  Homer  and  Hesiod ;  and  Euripides 
is  wisely  abandoned  to  Mr.  Gilbert 
Murray.  Perhaps  no  excuse  is  needed 
for  the  absence  of  comedy,  but  we  should 
have  liked  to  see  a  specimen  of  Aris- 
tophanes in  his  lyrical  vein.  iEschylus 
and  Sophocles  receive  ample  justice, 
the  former  being  represented  by  three 
choruses  from  the  '  Suppliants '  and 
one  from  the  '  Eumenides.'  Sappho  has 
several  pages  to  herself ;  Pindar  and 
Bacchylides  one  each.  The  '  Greek  An- 
thology '  yields  more  than  twenty  epi- 
grams ;  while  the  '  Pharmaceutrise  '  and 
'  Thalysia '  of  Theocritus  are  translated 
entire.  There  are  also  three  Latin  pieces 
— Catullus's  hymn  to  Diana  and  the 
lines  to  his  yacht,  and  Horace's  "  Donee 
gratus  cram  tibi." 

In  the  Preface  Dr.  Headlam  makes 
some  interesting  and  profitable  remarks 
upon  translating  from  the  Greek.  He 
sees,  of  course,  that  native  English  metres 
must  be  employed,  and  rightly  attaches 
great  importance  to  the  choice  of  an  appro- 
priate metre — a  point  in  which  translators 
commonly    go   astray.     One    cannot   lay 


down  definite  rules  where  taste  and  judg- 
ment are  concerned,  but  it  ought  to  be 
obvious  how  much  depends  on  the  selection 
of  the  form  which  will  best  convey  the 
spirit  and  mood  of  the  original  poem. 
It  may  be  hazardous,  however,  to  borrow 
a  metrical  form  peculiarly  associated 
with  a  single  masterpiece,  like  Fitz- 
Gerald's  quatrain  (which  occurs,  by  the 
way,  in  the  works  of  Sir  Philip  Sidney) 
or  the  stanza  of  the  '  Hymn  on  the 
Nativity,'  which  Dr.  Headlam  has  imi- 
tated. To  turn  Greek  verse  into  English 
metre  is  child's  play  for  any  scholar, 
but  how  few  are  capable  of  moulding 
an  English  poem  out  of  a  Greek  one  ! 
At  first  sight,  indeed,  the  difficulties 
appear  less  than  they  are.  Thus  in  a 
certain  Semitic  language  famous  for  its 
poetry  the  ideas  and  images  are  frequently 
so  far  removed  from  our  comprehension 
as  to  be  unintelligible  if  translated  literally, 
and  so  unpoetic  at  times,  according  to 
European  canons  of  taste,  that  it  would 
be  madness  to  put  them  into  verse  before 
they  have  undergone  a  process  of  alchemy 
in  the  writer's  mind.  Greek  seldom 
requires  such  transmutation.  Here  the 
obstacles  are  of  another  sort — subtle, 
impalpable,  not  to  be  evaded.  The 
drawing  looks  so  easy,  yet  every  fine  is 
a  circle.  Dr.  Headlam  dislikes  the  term 
"  untranslatable,"  which  he  thinks  is 
too  readily  applied  : — 

"  Translation  with  success  is  always 
possible  when  in  the  translator's  language 
there  exists  a  native  form  and  manner 
corresponding  :  when  there  exists  no  such 
model,  then,  but  only  then,  translation 
may  perhaps  be  sometimes  called  impos- 
sible." 

We  doubt  the  adequacy  of  this  pro- 
position, even  with  the  corollary  that 
"  a  man  may  write  what  is  as  good,  or  even 
better  than  the  original,  but  from  the  nature 
of  the  case  it  cannot  ever  be  precisely  the 
same  thing." 

Take  a  well-known  stanza  of  Sappho  : — 
ko.1  yap  cu  favyti,  radios  Si<u£ei, 
ai  81  8(opa  firj  8(K€t\  aAAa  Suxrei, 
at  St  fx.rj  <f>ik(i,  ra^fws  <pt\r}<rei 
kwvk  (QeXoLcra. 

Dr.  Headlam  renders  : — 

The  pursued  shall  soon  be  the  pursuer  ! 

Gifts,  though  now  refusing,  yet  shall  bring, 
Love  the  lover  yet,  and  woo  the  wooer, 

Though  heart  it  wring  ! 

Melodious  verses,  but  are  they  "  as  good, 
or  even  better  than  the  original  "  ?  and 
do  they  catch  its  essential  qualities  ? 
Surely  the  English  is  complex,  elaborate, 
exaggerated,  in  comparison  with  the 
lovely  artlessness  and  divine  simplicity 
of  the  Greek. 

If  Dr.  Headlam  has  failed  in  this  in- 
stance, where  most  people  will  allow  that 
failure  was  inevitable,  he  has  generally 
acquitted  himself  in  a  manner  worthy 
of  warm  praise  and  congratulation.  Many 
of  his  renderings  approach  perfection  in 
diction  and  rhythm,  and  are  inspired 
by  a  feeling  for  poetry  which  is  as  rare 
as  it  is  delightful.  By  disclosing  beauties 
over  which  ordinary  translators  cast  a 
thick  veil,  his  book  will  help  readers 
ignorant    of    Greek    to    understand    and 


share  the  enthusiasm  which  that  literature 
excites  in  its  votaries.  But,  naturally, 
these  translations  appeal  most  strongly 
to  the  initiated.  They  set  before  the 
young  student  who  can  recognize  their 
excellence  a  standard  which  he  may 
hope  some  day  to  reach,  while  the  mature 
scholar  will  derive  from  them  a  keen 
sesthetic  pleasure  and  an  increased  appre- 
ciation of  the  poetic  value  of  familiar 
passages  and  phrases.  Of  the  longer 
versions  the  '  Magic  Wheel '  and  '  Harvest 
Home '  of  Theocritus  will  be  justly 
admired  for  the  skill  with  which  the 
atmosphere  and  colouring  of  each  piece 
have  been  reproduced  ;  but  connoisseurs 
may  prefer  the  renderings  of  several 
tragic  choruses,  which  are  more  purely 
Greek,  and  afford  a  supreme  test  of  the 
author's  powers. 

Here  are  the  fines  from  the  '  Antigone ' 

beginning  "Eows  aviKare.  p-d^av  : — 

0  Warrior  Love  unquelled, 

Thou  Spoiler,  armed  for  the  raid, 
Whose  vigil  at  night  is  held 

On  the  damask  cheeks  of  a  maid  ; 
Thy  path  goes  over  the  flowing  sea, 

Thy  presence  dwells  in  the  woodland  field  ; 
Be  it  god  or  mortal  that  fain  would  flee, 

There  is  none  may  fly  thee,  but  all  must  yield 
To  the  madness  gotten  of  thee  ! 

And  here'  is  a  celebrated  passage  from 
the  same  play,  done  into  a  measure  of 
Mr.  Swinburne's  invention  : — 

There  are  marvellous  wonders  many 

Where'er  this  world  we  scan, 
Yet  among  them  nowhere  any 

So  great  a  marvel  as  Man. 
To  the  white  sea's  uttermost  verges 

Afloat  this  miracle  goes, 
Forging  through  thundering  surges 

When  the  wintry  south-wind  blows  : — 
And  the  Earth,  Heaven's  Mother,  divinest-born, 
The  eternal,  deathless,  unoutworn, 
Still  plied  with  an  endless  to-and-fro 
As  the  yearly  ploughshares  furrowing  go, 
By  Man  is  fretted  and  torn. 
We    quote    these    specimens    of    Dr. 
Headlam's  work  in  order  to  show  what 
he  can  do  at  the  highest  level  of  difficulty, 
not  because  we  consider  them  equal  to 
the  best  things  in  the  volume.     Regarded 
merely   as   English   verse,    they   are,    we 
think,  inferior  to  a  number  of  others  which 
owe  their   fuller    perfection,  in    part   at 
any  rate,  to  the  fortunate  tractability  of 
the  original  ore.     Many  will  be   inclined 
to  rank  first  of  all  this  charming  version 
of  a  fragment  of  Bacchylides  : — 

Peace  upon  earth 
Brings  wealth  and  blossom  of  dulcet  song  to  birth ; 
To  the  Gods  on  carven  altars  makes  thighs  of  oxen 

burn, 
And  sheep  in  the  yellow  flame, 
And  bids  the  young  men's  thoughts  to  the  wrest- 
ling-game 
And  revel  and  hautboy  turn. 
Webs  of  the  spider  brown  in  the  iron  shield  are 

made, 
And  rust  grows  over  the  edge  of  the  sword  and 

the  lance's  blade  ; 
The  sound  of  the  brazen  trumpet  is  not  heard, 
Nor  the  still  air  stirred 
And  the  sweet  of  slumber  torn 
From  the  eyelid  heavy  at  morn  : 
Banquet  and  blithe  carousal  throng  the  ways. 
And  the  amorous  hymn  like  fire  in  the  air  breaks 
forth  in  praise. 

Nearly  as  good  as  this  are  the  transla- 
tions of  Pindar's  description  of  Paradise 
and  the  '  Danae '  of  Simonides.  Some 
of  the  epigrams  are  excellently  rendered  ; 
some  have  baffled  the  attempt  to  trans- 


8 


T  If  E     AT  II  KXJ;  I    M 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


plant  them.  Dr.  Hcndlaiii  finds  fault 
with 

They  told  me(  Eereolitu,  they  told  me  yon  were 
deed  ; 

hut  admitting  the  force  of  what  he  says, 
we  venture  to  prophesy  that  the  new 
\  anion  will  never  become  such  a  favourite 
as  the  old.  One  or  two  blemishes  may 
be  noticed,  trivial  in  themselves,  but 
conspicuous  in  a  book  of  high  aim  and 
achievement.  The  worst  line  in  it  is 
certainly 

Immune  from  time's  disease, 
where    the  Greek  has  oVeo  ovx*    sreo-ciTai 
(p.  146).     Rhyme  is  responsible  for  this, 
and  also  (the  italics  are  ours)  for 

The}-  miss  her  when  they  spin, — the  cheer, 
The  sweet  voice  rippling  (p.  217), 

and 

trash  ill  thy  regard 
Was  parent's  love  (p.  267). 

The  Greek  versions  we  have  no  space 
to  review  in  detail,  and  can  only  record 
our  belief  that  they  are  not  surpassed, 
if  indeed  they  are  equalled,  by  any 
existing  productions  of  the  same  kind. 
Beside  them,  even  Jebb's,  with  all  their 
brilliancy,  seem  just  a  trifle  academic  : 
these  are  freer,  more  flexible,  perhaps, 
more  like  what  a  Greek  might  have 
written.  It  should,  however,  be  pointed 
out  that  Dr.  Headlam  has  given  himself 
a  great  advantage  by  refusing  to  translate 
pieces  which  do  not  "  really  bear  the 
stamp  of  Greek  in  style  and  sentiment." 
The  versions  of  Shakspeare  in  iambics, 
of  Shelley's  'Ode  to  the  Skylark'  in 
sapphics,  and  of  the  Wisdom  of  Solomon 
in  hexameters,  furnish  abundant  proof 
of  his  mastery ;  but  the  following,  of 
Landor's  "  Proud  word  you  never  spoke," 
is  enough  for  the  discerning  : — 
'Ecrcrt  jiXv  ov  o-ofiaprj  TiS"  Ijtos  S'  eri  fiifikov 
evowra 

TTjvSe  iroTC  <j>0ey£r)  xal  <rv  ti  irov  croftapov. 
Xilpl  yaP  ovk  aSiavrov  kpfixrafiivn  crv  irapetrjv 

"  ovtos  ip.ov  "  <f)rj<Tei<s  "  rjpaTO,"  K&SoSbvtT. 

Some  fifty  pages  of  notes,  full  of  eru- 
dition and  fine  criticism,  complete  the 
volume,  which  appears  at  an  opportune 
moment  to  defend  the  cause  of  classical 
education,  and  encourage  those  advocates 
of  reform  who  desire  that  Latin  and 
Greek  should  be  taught,  not  as  dead 
languages,  but  as  living  literature. 


Dyott's  Diary,  1781-1845.  Edited  by 
Reginald  W.  Jeffery.  2  vols.  (Con- 
stable &  Co.) 

We  wonder  how  many  times  in  the  course 
of  his  long  life  General  Dyott  exclaimed, 
"  The  country  is  going  to  the  devil,  sir  !  " 
Not  a  few ;  that  much  is  certain.  He 
belonged  to  the  Eldonian  or  pigtail  type 
of  Tory,  which  dated  the  decline  of  the 
British  Empire  from  the  passing  of  the 
Catholic  Emancipation  Act,  and  its  fall 
from  the  Act  of  Reform.  He  was  spared 
from  realizing  that  Ins  neighbour  Sir 
Robert  Peel  had  committed  what  he  would 
have  regarded  as  a  second  apostasy  in 
abolishing  the  Corn  Laws,  since  after  a 
stroke  of  paralysis  in  April,  1845,  when 
he  was  eighty-four,  the  old  man  seems 


to  ha\e  lost  all  interest  in  public  affairs. 
Hut  the  journal  which  he  kept  for  some 
sixty-four  years  preserves  a  truly  astonish- 
ing record  of  mental  immutability  as 
regards  the  State  in  general  and  the  army 
in  particular.  It  is  only  fair  to  add  that 
General  Dyott's  prejudices  did  not  pre- 
vent him  from  being  the  best  of  fathers, 
a  steadfast  friend,  a  considerate  officer  to 
his  soldiers,  and  a  benevolent  landlord  to 
the  farmers  and  labourers  on  his  estate. 

Dyott's  great  days  were  in  1787  and  1788, 
when,  being  quartered  at  Halifax,  Nova 
Scotia,  he  had  the  honour  of  associating 
with  Prince  William  Henry,  afterwards 
Duke  of  Clarence  and  King  William  IV. 
From  the  first  it  was  "  Dyott,  fill  your 
glass,"  and  "  Dyott,  your  health  and 
family."  The  Prince,  whose  tipple  was 
Madeira,  had  a  hard  head,  though  on 
one  occasion,  his  admirer  chronicles,  "  I 
never  saw  a  man  get  so  completely 
drunk."  After  a  dinner  at  which  twenty 
persons  accounted  for  sixty-three  bottles 
of  wine,  there  occurred  this  sequel : — 

"  When  he  went  out  he  called  me  and  told 
me  he  would  go  to  my  room  and  have  some 
tea.  The  General,  Col.  Brownlow,  and 
myself  were  at  tea.  The  General  and 
Colonel  as  drunk  as  two  drummers.  I 
was  tolerably  well  myself  and  knew  what 
I  was  about  perfectly.  He  laughed  at  them 
very  much.  After  tea  we  left  them  in  my 
room  and  went  on  a  cruise,  as  he  calls  it, 
till  eleven,  when  he  went  on  board.  I  don't 
recollect  ever  to  have  spent  so  pleasant  a 
day.  His  Royal  Highness,  whenever  any 
person  did  not  fill  a  bumper,  always  called 
out,  '  I  see  some  of  God  Almighty's  day- 
light in  that  glass,  Sir  ;  banish  it.'  " 

After  Prince  William  Henry  had  sailed, 
Dyott  encountered  in  Major  RawTdon 
"  the  most  determined  fellow  at  a  bottle 
of  claret "  he  ever  knew,  and  kept  up 
the  Prince  of  Wales's  birthday  at  Govern- 
ment House  till  four  o'clock  in  the  morn- 
ing. 

The  military  experiences  recorded  in 
the  diary  do  not  maintain  this  Olympian 
level  throughout.  A  spirited  account  is 
given  of  the  operations  during  the  West 
Indian  rebellion  of  1796,  when  two  negro 
prisoners  were  driven  into  a  low  passage 
and  shot  by  men  of  the  29th  Regiment : — 

"  I  ran  to  see  what  the  firing  was,  but 
before  I  got  to  the  place  they  had  fired  a 
second  round.  On  reaching  the  spot  I 
made  a  negro  draw  out  these  miserable 
victims  of  enraged  brutality.  One  of  them 
was  mangled  in  a  horrid  manner.  The 
other  was  shot  through  the  hip,  the  bodj\ 
and  one  thigh,  and  notwithstanding  all,  he 
was  able  to  sit  up  and  to  answer  a  number 
of  questions  that  were  asked  him  respecting 
the  enemy.  The  poor  wretch  held  his  hand 
on  the  wound  in  his  thigh,  as  if  that  only 
was  the  place  he  suffered  from.  The  thigh 
bone  must  have  been  shattered  to  pieces, 
as  his  leg  and  foot  were  turned  under  him. 
The  miserable  being  was  not  suffered  to 
continue  long  in  his  wretchedness,  as  one  of 
his  own  colour  came  up  and  blew  lus  brains 
out  sans  ceremonie." 

Dyott's  adventures  were  not  particu- 
larly noteworthy.  He  reached  Egypt  not 
long  before  the  capitulation  of  Menou  ; 
he  was  too  late  to  reinforce  Sir  John 
Moore  in  the  Peninsula ;  he  has  not 
much    that    is    fresh    to    say    about    the 


Wsloheren  expedition,  though  he  seta 
down  his  indignation  at  the  disgraceful 
condition  of  the  British  hospitals.  As  a 
traveller  he  is  appallingly  commonplace, 
and  he  sometimes  affects  an  abbreviated 
style  which  is  irritating.     Thus  : — 

"  Entrance  to  Paris  very  poor  ;  got  to  tin- 
Hotel  de  Vendorne  ;  devilish  dear  ;  four 
louis  d'or  a  week  ;  went  to  the  Opera 
Comique  ;  neat  house  but  small  ;  men 
vulgar  and  women  more." 

Dyott  was  an  aide-de-camp  to  George 
III.,  but  we  gather  little  more  than  that 
the  King  was  gracious,  and  that  he 
frequently  had  the  honour  of  playing 
cards  at  their  Majesties'  table.  "  There 
never  was  a  more  virtuous,  religious, 
moral  man  existed  from  true  principle 
and  sincere  worth,"  was  Dyott's  feeling, 
if  involved,  tribute  when  George  III.  died. 
Of  his  successor  he  guardedly  opined 
that,  though  a  most  accomplished  gentle- 
man, he  was  "  perhaps  too  eager  after 
self-gratifications  to  allow  thought  for 
the  affairs  of  a  great  nation  "  ;  and  this 
is  the  comment  when  William  rV.  was 
no  more  : — 

"  His  Majesty  was  a  merry  Prince  in  his 
youthful  days,  and  at  that  day,  he  could 
promise,  if  ever  in  power,  to  serve  a  young, 
giddy,  foolish  friend.  Thank  God,  I  have 
travelled  on  without  obligation  to  the  man 
or  the  Monarch,  which  was  not  the  case  with 
the  Prince  to  the  then  jolly  Lieutenant." 

The  royal  remark  at  a  drawing-room  that 
"  you  and  I  have  been  acquainted  for 
half  a  century  "  was  all  very  well  in  its 
way,  only  it  did  not  go  very  far.  The 
General  ungallantly  noted  down  that 
Queen  Adelaide  had  "  a  white,  unmeaning 
German  face  "  ;  and  the  Court  of  Queen 
Victoria  was  not  to  his  liking,  chiefly 
because  he  objected  to  the  daily  driving 
in  the  Park  and  mixing  with  the  com- 
monalty. 

After  Dyott  had  settled  down  at 
Freeford,  his  estate  in  Staffordshire,  his 
journal  becomes  uncommonly  interesting. 
We  do  not  know  where  a  more  complete 
picture  can  be  found  of  the  old  Tory 
squirearchy,  with  its  visitings  and  f east- 
ings, its  shooting,  its  farming,  its  attend- 
ances on  the  bench  and  at  assizes.  The 
General  made  frequent  visits  to  town  to 
push  the  fortunes  of  his  son  Dick,  and 
we  get  a  vivid  idea  of  how  the  wires  were 
pulled  under  the  purchase  system,  though 
Lord  Hill  at  the  Horse  Guards  was  not 
easily  moved.  Dyott  was  a  prominent 
figure  in  local  politics,  and  in  that  capacity 
he  was  frequently  consulted  by  Peel, 
though  as  to  the  affairs  of  the  nation 
probably  not  to  the  extent  that  he  seems 
to  have  imagined.  But  it  was  a  long  time 
before  he  pretended  to  regard  the  cotton- 
spinner's  son  as  other  than  an  upstart. 
Here  is  an  entry  dated  January,  1831: — 

"  The  31st  I  dined  at  Sir  Robert  Peel's  ; 
a  man  party  of  his  neighbours  (the  Squire- 
archy). The  Baronet  made  himself  very 
agreeable,  quite  a  country  gentleman,  but 
interlarded  his  conversation  with  entertain- 
ing anecdotes  from  the  Secretary  of  State's 
office." 

Whiggish  proclivities  met  with  Ins 
unsparing  sarcasm.  He  poured  contempt 
on  Littleton's  claims  for  the  Speakership 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


!) 


— not  altogether  without  cause — and  re- 
garded Lord  Anglesey's  political  vagaries 
with  comical  indignation  : — 

"  I  remember  the  day  when  he  used  to 
damn  the  Whigs  and  all  their  measures. 
Time,  they  say,  works  wonders.  Vanity 
and  circumstance  prevail  over  self,  and  too 
frequently  make  self  forget  self,  and  commit 
all  sorts  of  inconsistency  to  serve  self." 

Dyott  objected  to  all  innovations,  no 
matter  whether  they  were  improvements 
or  not.  He  objected  to  railways, 
mechanics'  institutes,  and  popular  educa- 
tion ;  and  when  Mrs.  Fry  visited  Stafford 
Gaol,  he  devised  eight  new  cells  for  solitary 
confinement :  "  It  is  my  intention  to 
make  them  as  irksome  and  lonely  to  the 
individual  as  possible,  in  order  to  obtain 
the  desired  effect."     What  an  old  Tory  ! 

Mr.  Jeffery's  Introduction  is  well  done, 
and  his  notes  are  fairly  adequate,  though 
they  sometimes  err  on  the  side  of  meagre- 
ness.  George  Rose's  estate  was  called 
Cuffnells,  not  Cuttnells ;  the  owner  of 
Dropmore  was  not  Lord  Granville,  but 
Lord  Grenville  ;  and  the  "  Matthews  " 
whose  "  at  home "  diverted  Dyott  in 
1834  was  clearly  not  Thomas  Matthews 
(1805-89),  but  Charles  Mathews,  the  elder. 


NEW    NOVELS. 


The  Explorer.     By  William  S.  Maugham- 
(Heinemann.) 

The  author  of  '  'Liza  cf  Lambeth  '  here 
proves  himself  capable  of  producing  a 
highly  intelligent  study  of  social  life 
without  touching  upon  the  slums.  We 
meet  only  people  who  frequent  fashion- 
able restaurants  and  large  country  houses  ; 
indeed,  their  weakness  for  restaurants 
and  entertainments  is  rather  surprising, 
in  view  of  the  other  more  refined  tastes 
which  most  of  them  possess.  The  story 
has  not  much  distinction ;  it  is  of  a 
familiar  type ;  but  it  is  remarkably 
interesting,  and  grows  upon  one.  The 
opening  chapters  drag  a  little,  and  the 
concluding  chapter  is  not  so  convincing 
as  it  should  be.  But  the  book  is  nowhere 
tiresome  ;  it  is  logical  and  shapely  ;  its 
characterization  draws  one  on.  Two  of 
the  leading  personages,  brother  and  sister, 
are  the  children  of  a  plausible  rascal, 
who  falls  from  the  position  of  a  wealthy 
country  gentleman  to  that  of  a  convicted 
felon.  The  daughter's  ambition  in  life 
centres  upon  her  brother's  career,  which 
she  hopes  will  wipe  out  the  stain  left  on 
their  name  by  the  father.  To  this  end 
she  induces  a  really  strong  man  to  take 
the  boy  in  hand,  and  give  him  a  share  in 
certain  stirring,  empire-building  work 
which  this  "  Explorer  "  of  the  title  is  doing 
in  Africa.  It  is  on  account  of  his  love 
for  the  sister  that  the  strong  man  en- 
deavours to  make  a  career  for  the  brother. 
His  attempt,  and  the  cruel  self-sacrifice 
it  involves,  give  the  tale  its  considerable 
dramatic  interest,  and  make  it  a  creditable 
novel  of  modern  life.  The  hero  repre- 
sents what  is,  perhaps,  the  finest  type  of 
man  that  these  islands  produce. 


Children's  Children.     By  Gertrude  Bone. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) 

Mrs.  Bone's  tale  of  peasant  life  is  marked 
by  a  fine  quality  of  restraint  and  a 
remarkable  simplicity  which  make  the 
realism  of  its  tragedy  intensely  impressive  ; 
while  there  is  no  jarring  note  to  disturb 
the  effect.  That  it  is  an  unusual  piece  of 
work  is  due  also  to  her  sympathetic  use 
of  background.  The  pastoral  landscape 
with  its  trees  and  hedgerows,  and  the  land 
from  which  old  Jacob  Pyrah  extracts  a 
bare  living,  but  one  which  is  made  to 
serve  also  for  his  daughter  Tamar  and 
her  little  boys  when  they  come  back 
to  him,  seem  to  be  in  complete  harmony 
with,  and  to  be,  indeed,  a  part  of,  the 
very  lives  of  the  actors  in  this  humble 
and  most  moving  drama.  Old  Jacob's 
grief  when  the  little  grandsons  who  have 
securely  wound  themselves  about  his 
heart  are  drowned  is  as  essentially  true 
as  it  is  pathetic  : — 

"  Slower  than  Tamar  to  feel  the  anguish, 
the  old  man  grew  in  its  knowledge  each 
day.  It  was  not  the  untimely  end  of  a 
child — which  old  age  views  always  with 
slow  compassionate  tears,  as  of  one  to  whom 
toil  and  struggle  have  been  spared — but 
the  late  blossoming  of  hope  and  love  in  a 
scantily  blooming  life  now  barren  for  ever, 
that  Jacob  mourned." 

The  mother's  silent  despair  gives  way, 
before  she  soon  follows  her  children, 
to  the  natural  rebound  of  youth  ;  but, 
long  after,  the  grandfather  is  found 
weeping  silently  in  a  corner  of  his  field 
over  the  broken  eggs  in  a  shattered  bird's- 
nest.  The  minor  characters  cf  the  village 
life,  with  their  tragedies  and  comedies, 
are  also  drawn  with  fidelity.  The  same 
impression  of  truth  which  finds  its  inter- 
pretation in  a  dignified  simplicity  is 
equally  characteristic  of  Mr.  Bone' 4  draw- 
ings with  which  the  book  is  illustrated. 


The    Love   Story   of   Giraldus.     By    Alice 

Cunninghame.  (Francis  Griffiths.) 
The  author  has  selected  one  of  the  most 
interesting  women  in  English  history  as 
the  centre  round  which  her  story  should 
revolve  ;  and  if  she  has  not  plumbed  to 
the  utmost  the  depths  and  recesses  of 
the  character  of  Eleanor  of  Poitou,  wife 
of  Henry  II.,  it  is  because  her  story  plays 
rather  round  Giraldus  Cambrensis  — 
Gerald  the  Welshman — who  enters  the 
Church  when  he  has  lost  his  love,  as  he 
thinks,  for  ever.  We  have  in  the  course 
of  the  tale  a  series  of  vivid  pictures  of 
life  at  the  French  Court,  the  University 
of  Paris,  and  on  the  Welsh  Borders, 
the  details  being  carefully  studied  from 
contemporary  authorities.  If  the  work 
is,  as  we  believe,  a  first  novel,  it  is  a 
most  promising  volume,  with  a  sufficient 
degree  of  performance. 


Phantom     Figures.      By     F.     Dickberry. 

(F.  V.  White  &  Co.) 
This    account   of    an  attachment   which 
we    appear    to    be    expected    to    regard 
as    ideal    and    raised    above    the    reach 
of     mundane      passions     is     unusual    in 


structure.  The  young  and  lovely  vic- 
tim of  circumstances  which  postpone 
her  happiness  to  the  end  of  the  story  is  a 
subordinate  character,  the  part  of  leading 
lady  falling  to  her  mother,  a  fascinating 
widow,  old  enough  to  know  better  than 
to  jeopardize  her  daughter's  happiness 
and  forfeit  her  loving  confidence.  The 
only  character  worthy  to  be  styled  the 
hero  fills  the  subordinate  part  of  the 
widow's  unappreciated  lover.  A  sense 
of  honour  and  right  feeling,  apart  from 
any  code  of  laws  or  theory  of  morals, 
should  have  restrained  the  widow  and  the 
married  man  she  prefers  from  a  mundane 
intrigue  in  the  peculiar  circumstances. 
Thus  the  author's  efforts  to  make  them 
interesting  are  ineffective,  and  the  story 
is  in  proportion  unsatisfactory. 


The  Heart's  Banishment.     By  Ella  Mac- 
Mahon.     (Chapman  &  Hall.) 

A  negative  rather  than  a  positive 
impression  is  produced  by  this  story.  It 
is  not  well  written  nor  very  lively,  nor 
does  it  make  much  demand  on  one's 
imagination  or  intellect.  In  short,  it 
shows  little  to  compel  attention  or 
reflection.  Love,  religion,  and  the  stage 
are  not  in  themselves  uninteresting  topics  ; 
but  they  are  not  here  treated  with  the 
necessary  force  and  vitality  to  revive 
the  dead  bones. 


The  Progress  of  Hugh  Bendal.     By  Lionel 
Portman.     (Heinemann.) 

The  writer  of  'Varsity  stories  must  either 
be  content  to  range  within  the  narrow 
and  usually  uninspiring  field  of  under- 
graduate life,  into  which  love  enters  only 
in  the  form  of  canoe-courtship  or  in 
sordid  shape,  or,  if  he  admits  the  duel 
of  sex,  must  run  the  risk  of  destroying 
the  unity  of  his  work  and  misrepresent- 
ing boys  as  men.  Mr.  Dickinson  in 
'  Keddy,'  which  recently  achieved  such  a 
striking  success,  chose  the  former  of  these 
embarrasing  alternatives  ;  Mr.  Portman 
has  taken  the  latter,  and  has  on  the  whole 
surmounted  its  inherent  difficulties.  Hugh 
Rendal  himself,  whose  acquaintance 
readers  of  the  book  bearing  his  name 
have  made  already  at  school,  is  a  tho- 
roughly adequate  portrait  of  a  type 
which  is  fortunately  not  uncommon. 
Healthy,  humorous,  strong-willed,  sound 
in  instinct  no  less  than  in  wind  and  limb, 
his  development  from  "fresher"  to 
Indian  civilian  is  always  interesting.  The 
heroine,  who  finds  the  woman's  ambition 
to  play  a  serious  part  in  the  great  world 
more  easily  attainable  than  the  gill's 
ambition  to  row,  but  unsatisfying  in  the 
long  run,  belongs,  no  doubt,  to  a  less 
common  type,  but  is  equally  true  to  life. 
Rowing,  naturally,  occupies  no  Bmall 
part  of  the  book,  and  the  description  of 
the  'Varsity  race  from  the  point  of  view 

of  one  of  (he  Oxford  eight,  written  with 
the  authority  of  an  Old  Blue,  is  ex- 
tremely effective. 

9 


10 


t  ii  E    at  ii  E  x  -i:  r  m 


No.  U84,  Jan.  1.  1908 


The  Master  Beast,  1888  2020.     By  Horace 

\V.  C  Newte.    (Rebman.) 
In  this  orade and  violent  aovel  Mr.  Newte 
imagines    England    to    become,    through 

defects     in     the     policy     of     the     present 

Government,  a  prey  to  "base  Germany, 

blatant    in    guile,"   and   to   resume    its 

independence  under  Socialism.  Here  and 
there,  as  in  the  canonization  of  Mr.  Bernard 
Shaw,  a  flash  of  true  humour  brightens 
the  work  ;  and  here  and  there,  as  in  the 
poignant  description  of  the  wrongs  suffered 
by  literary  geniuses  under  Socialistic 
tyranny,  there  is  matter  deserving  the 
notice  of  thoughtful  Socialists.  For  the 
rest,  the  story  is  intensely  pessimistic. 
Englishmen  become  as  ferocious  as  Malays. 
Women  go  mad  at  the  appropriation  of 
their  babes  by  the  State  ;  lust  is  rampant, 
and  the  Father  of  the  People  is  a  villain. 
Mr.  Newte  forgets  the  vastness  of  the 
population  which  he  manipulates.  In 
the  year  2020  the  aristocracy  of  the 
intellect  should  be  sufficiently  numerous 
to  engraft  on  Socialism  the  principles  of 
intelligent  altruism.  It  may  be  that  the 
heaven  on  earth  depicted  by  William 
Morris  in  '  News  from  Nowhere  '  is  not 
realizable  by  carrying  out  his  own  Social- 
istic prescription  ;  but  if  Socialists  should 
continue  to  desire  heaven  to  be  on  earth 
they  would  discard  any  prescription  which 
resulted  in  disaster  or  disgrace. 


SOCIAL    PROBLEMS. 

The  Housing  Problem  in  England.  By 
Ernest  Ritson  Dewsnup.  (Manchester,  Uni- 
versity Press.) — The  writer  of  this  well- 
planned  treatise  on  the  housing  question, 
though  beholds  a  professorship  of  economics 
in  the  University  of  Chicago,  is  an  English- 
man by  birth,  and  has  enjoyed  peculiar 
opportunities  of  observing  the  problem  with 
which  he  deals  and  diagnosing  its  attend- 
ant evils.  His  experience  has  taught  him 
that  as  in  the  past  the  poorest  classes  of  the 
community — those  who  live  by  casual  or, 
at  best,  by  irregular  labour — have  clung  to 
the  central  areas  of  our  cities,  so  will  they, 
constrained  by  economic  necessity,  continue 
to  do  in  the  future.  Such  persons  cannot 
afford  to  reside  at  any  distance  from  their 
possible  work,  for  the  reason  that  they  have 
to  be  continually  on  the  watch  for  employ- 
ment, ready  to  stalk  it  down  as  soon  as  it 
shows  itself  on  their  limited  horizon.  Tins 
consideration  gives  point  to  the  writer's 
condemnation  of  any  and  every  dishousing 

J>olicy  which  does  not  include  full  provision 
or  rehousing.  Mr.  Dewsnup  traces  much 
overcrowding  in  the  larger  cities  to  the  past 
action  of  railway  companies,  which  until 
1885  made  no  serious  attempt  to  rehouse  the 
people  they  displaced,  and  in  some  cases, 
after  that  date,  sought  to  evade  responsi- 
bilities incurred  by  them  under  the  Model 
Clause. 

The  effects  of  overcrowding  upon  the 
infantile  death-rate  and  the  death-rate  from 
phthisis  are  well  shown  by  means  of  tables 
drawn  up  for  the  Administrative  County 
of  London.  In  many  urban  districts  of  the 
North  where  the  married  women  do  not, 
as  a  rule,  go  out  to  work  in  factories,  and  the 
infantile  mortality  rate  is,  nevertheless, 
only  a  little  below  that  obtaining  in  the 
textile  towns  of  Lancashire,  the  high  figures 
are  probably  due  to  excessive  overcrowd ing. 
It  is  not  in  the  largest  provincial  cities  that 
such    overcrowding    is    at    its    worst.      The 


highest  percentages  arc  reached,  not  by 
Liverpool,  Blanehester,  or  Birmingham,  but 
by  Gateshead,  South  Shields,  and  Tyne- 
mouth,  (We  note  thai  Mr,  Dewsnup  lias 
sr-estimated  the  number  of  pen  ons  in- 
habiting cellar-dwellings  in  Liverpool  at 
the  present  time,  giving  it  us  "more  than 

10,000."  According  to  the  most  recent 
information,  the  figures  should  he  (K.'J.'JT. ) 
It  is  satisfactory  to  learn  from  the  tables 
given  that  in  the  matter  of  overcrowding 
there  lias  been  steady,  if  not  rapid  improve- 
ment during  the  ten  years  between  1891 
and  1901. 

A  chapter  is  devoted   to  overhousing,  as 
distinct   from  overcrowding.     In  the  sketch 
of  the  development  of  the  problem,  attention 
is  drawn  to  the  varying  standards  set  up  for 
working-class   dwellings   by   different   muni- 
cipalities, and  particularly  to  the  action  of 
Leeds  in  encouraging  the  building  of  back- 
to-back    houses.     With    this    policy    might 
have    been    contrasted   that    of   other    town 
councils  in  the  North  and  North  Midlands. 
In  Bolton,  for  instance,  not  a  single  house 
of  this  type,  we  believe,  now  exists.     Mr. 
Dewsnup  is  not  in  favour  of  municipal  house 
ownership,  nor,  except  in  case  of  absolute 
necessity  or  for  the  purposes  of  an  object- 
lesson,  of  house-building  by  the  local  autho- 
rity ;    but  he  would  like  municipalities  to 
"  use ....  their    power    of    securing    capital 
cheaply  for  the  benefit  of  organizations  and 
individuals  desirous  of  erecting  "   dwellings 
for  working  people,  and  quotes  Mr.  Horsfall 
in    support    of    his  view.     In  discouraging 
municipal  purchase  of  vacant  sites  he  omits 
to   state   the   strongest   argument   for   such 
purchase — the    bringing    into    the    building 
market    of    land    which,    even    in    face    of 
housing  need,  might  be  "  held  for  the  rise." 
There    are    some    interesting    pages    on 
"  town-planning  "    as    practised    under    the 
general  building  law  of  Saxony  and  other 
German  States  ;   and  on  rural  overcrowding, 
for  which  Mr.  Dewsnup  would  find  a  remedy 
in  active  supervision  of  houses  by  the  County 
Council,  and  the  appointment  of  travelling 
inspectors  of  health.     The  value  of  the  book, 
which    is    considerable,    would    have    been 
much  increased  by  an  orderly  and  complete 
analysis  of  the  Housing  Act  of  1890.     Fami- 
liarity with   the  provisions   of  that   Act  is 
not  so  common  as  Mr.  Dewsnup  appears  to 
suppose. 

The  Licensed  Trade.     By  Edwin  A.  Pratt. 
(John  Murray.) — The  author  of  '  Licensing 
and  Temperance   in   Sweden,   Norway,   and 
Denmark  '    has    here    stated    the    case    for 
"  the  trade  "  with  ability  and  moderation. 
He   has,   moreover,    written   a   book   which 
may  be  read  with  interest  by  persons  who 
espouse   neither   the   causo   of   the   brewers 
nor  of  the  United  Kingdom  Alliance.     His 
short  history  of  intoxicants  from  the  earliest 
times   is   well   done,    though   a   good   many 
people  will  cavil  at  its  classification  of  tea 
and  coffee  with  beer  and  spirits.     But  Mr. 
Pratt    writes   frankly  as   an   advocate,   and 
does  not  invariably  overcome  the  temptation 
to  strain  a  point  which  makes  for  his  cause 
or  to  evade  one  likely  to  create  a  hitch  in 
the    flow   of   his   argument.     Thus   it  is  no 
answer  to  those  who  show  that,  under  the 
Samlag    system,    the    average    number    of 
arrests   for   drunkenness   in   Christiania   has 
declined  from   111   per   1,000  in   1897  to  43 
in   1905,  to  retort   that   43  per   1,000  repre- 
sents  an   average   far   higher   than   that   in 
London,  Liverpool,  Manchester,  or  Glasgow  : 
the  fact  remains  that  a  remarkable  decrease 
has  been  effected  in  Christiania.     Again,  it 
is  doubtful  whether  the  mineral-water  trade 
is  "  mainly,"  or  even  largely,  "  indebted  to 
the    teetotal    campaign  "    for    its    growing 
prosperity  ;     fashion,    medical    and    social, 
and   a   certain    unexplained    change   of   our 


national    taste    in     ben  havi 

powerful     factor-,     in     fTfWtinfl     its     pn 

position.  And  why  does  Mr.  1'ratt  write 
that  "  if  the  holder  of  the  lioeoOO  I-  Convicted 

of  breaking  the  law,  it  may  be  only  right 

that  Ii'-  should  he  pum  bed  !  Why 
Suggest  that  the  licence-holder  has  some 
undefined     right     to    stand     on     a    different 

footing  from  the  ordinary  law-breaker  1 
These  reflections  wfl]  certainly  occur  to  any 
unprejudiced  reader  of  Mr.  Pratt's  book. 
Such  a  reader  will,  however,  probably 
approve  his  fundamental  position,  and  agiee 
with  him  in  refusing  to  regard  temperance 
as  synonymous  with  total  abstinence. 

The  chapter  on  licensing  legislation — a 
body  of  laws  exhibiting  at  its  worst  the 
British  habit  of  proceeding  by  piecemeal 
enactment  to  confusion — and  that  on  com- 
pensation and  the  time-limit,  are  clearly 
written  and  may  be  easily  read  ;  the  latter 
is,  necessarily,  highly  controversial  in  tone. 
In  dealing  with  the  failure  of  prohibition  in 
America — where  the  number  of  Prohibition 
States  has  now  fallen  from  seventeen  to 
three — Mr.  Pratt  has  diawn  upon  the  report 
of  Mr.  Lindsay,  Secretary  to  the  British 
Embassy  at  Washington,  on  '  Liquor- 
Traffic  Legislation  in  the  United  States,' 
and  on  a  recent  account  of  '  A  Temperance 
Town '  by  Mr.  E.  N.  Bennett,  M.P.  We 
have  not  been  able  to  find  anjr  reference  to 
the  proved  increase  of  drinking  to  excess 
among  women,  nor  yet  to  the  question  of 
excluding  children  under  a  certain  age  from 
public-houses.  It  would  have  been  interest- 
ing to  know  the  author's  views  on  these 
points. 

In   the   field    of   State   interference    with 
employment  most  of  the  nations  have  now 
effected   by   legislation   all   that   is   obvious 
to    their    students    and    generally    accepted 
by  their  public.     The  most  difficult  problems 
remain,   and   among  them   those   connected 
with    poverty    and    under-payment    of    the 
less-skilled  workers.      It  is  easy  to  ridicule 
the   universal   wish   to    ascertain  the   exact 
facts  by  repeated  and  minute  inquiry,  for 
such  inquiry  may  be  held  to  waste  valuable 
time ;     it    leads    to    no    definite    proposals, 
and  may  be  thought  by  ardent  reformers 
to  be  the  official  means  of  obstruction  of  the 
changes  which  they  desire.     On  the  other 
hand,   the  reformers  are  apt  to  make  use 
of  examples   which   are   exceptional   rather 
than  normal,  and  of  figures  not  based  upon 
statistical  science.     Thus  the  sweating  pro- 
blem is  held  b\r  the  great  officials  who  advise 
the  Governments  of  Austria  and  of  Germany 
not  to  be  susceptible  of  scientific  treatment 
by    the    law.     They    shrink    from    effective 
legislation  in  which  they  themselves  do  not 
believe.     In  Paris  a  prolonged  research  has 
produced  three  great  volumes  in  which  all 
the    facts    with    regard    to    outwork    and 
homework  in  the  capital  of  France  are  set 
forth  :     the   first   appears   this   week.     The 
department  concerned  looks  forward  to  the 
possibility     of     meeting     the     demand     for 
legislation   likely   to   follow'   the   appearance 
of  the  report,   of  necessity  sensational,   by 
the  passing  of  a  law  to  require  returns  of  the 
addresses    of    all    to    whom    homework    is 
given    by    employers.     What    is    to    follow 
the   returns   is   as   obscure   in   France   as   it 
still   is   in   most   countries   except   Australia 
and  New  Zealand.     The  inquiries  for  which 
opinion   calls  are  as  a  rule  well   executed. 
As   we  praised   the  work   of  Mr.    Rowntree 
at  York  and  of  Miss  Mona  Wilson  at  Dundee, 
so   we   welcome   for   its  accuracy   and   com- 
pleteness   the   volume    entitled    West    Ham, 
compiled  by  Mr.  Edward  G.  Howarth  and 
Miss    Wilson,    and    published    by    Messrs. 
Dent  &  Co. 

York  was  shown  by  Mr.  Rowntree  to  be 
typical    of    a    large    class    of    towns.     West 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


11 


Ham,  on  the  contrary,  affords  an  extreme 
example  of  difficulties  to  be  met  with  in 
many  industrial  districts,  but  hardly  any- 
where with  such  circumstances  of  aggrava- 
tion of  evils  easily  understood.  Where 
growth  of  population  is  rapid,  and  all  are 
poor,  certain  public  services  are  the  only 
services  existing,  for  they  are  not  supple- 
mented by  similar  institutions,  maintained 
out  of  private  funds.  Neither  in  these 
cases  are  there  old  endowments.  Taking 
the  education  problem,  for  example,  all  the 
children  attend  the  Board  schools,  now 
managed  directly  in  West  Ham  by  the 
borough.  The  repayment  of  capital  and 
interest  upon  buildings  for  school  purposes 
as  well  as  upon  destruction  of  insanitary 
property  with  rehousing,  upon  streets, 
and  upon  Poor  Law  buildings,  forms  a 
terrific  burden  upon  the  young  and  desti- 
tute community.  The  local  authorises 
incur  unpopularity,  in  part,  at  least,  un- 
deserved ;  and  local  government  is  apt  to 
fall  into  a  confusion  which  promotes  corrup- 
tion and  increases  every  evil.  It  may  almost 
be  said  that  on  two  occasions  a  special  law 
has  been  passed  to  meet  the  West  Ham  case, 
so  greatly  did  each  of  two  Acts  of  Parliament 
benefit  West  Ham  as  compared  with  the 
advantage  given  to  other  places.  Never- 
theless, the  difficulties,  in  part  dealt  with, 
continue  to  bo  greater  than  those  existing 
in  any  other  portion  of  the  land.  The 
authors  of  the  volume  before  us  are  within 
the  mark  in  their  explanation  that  the 
enormous  rates  of  West  Ham  are  chiefly  to 
be  accounted  for  by  matters  as  wholly 
outside  the  control  of  the  authorities  as  is 
the  high  percentage  of  children  of  school 
age  and  the  enormous  percentage  of  these 
who  resort  to  public  elementary  schools. 
If  it  was  useful  to  have  a  book  on  the 
average  case  of  York,  it  is  still  more  advan- 
tageous to  the  legislator  to  possess  an 
equally  careful  volume  upon  the  extreme 
case  presented  by  West  Ham.  Fluctuations 
of  employment  are  specially  great  in  a  town 
not  distant  from  the  docks.  West  Ham 
is  in  a  high  degree  a  town  of  casual  labour, 
and,  for  a  working-class  community,  in  a 
small  degree  inhabited  by  the  highly  paid 
skilled  artisan.  The  authors  are  not  wedded 
to  the  views  of  the  economists  or  to  those 
of  the  officials,  but,  nevertheless,  point  out 
the  harm  that  has  been  done  in  the  past, 
and  will  bo  done  in  the  future,  by  palliatives 
for  distress,  such  as  work  provided  by  the 
labour  yard,  and  help  given  by  the  Church 
Army  and  similar  organizations. 

There  are  matters  dealt  with  in  this 
book  which  lie  outside  the  statistics  that 
form  its  main  contents.  Many  will  turn 
to  its  pages  dealing  with  the  religious  com- 
munities represented  in  this  district  of 
the  working  class  closely  adjoining  London. 
The  Roman  Catholic  population  is  smaller 
than  might  be  expected  ;  the  Nonconformist 
Protestant  population  far  larger  than  we 
should  have  looked  for  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  London.  The  Church  of  England 
appears  to  be  distanced  by  the  other  bodies, 
although  tables  based  on  church  attendance 
cannot,  of  course,  bo  trusted  to  produce  an 
accurate  statistical  result.  The  enormous 
number  of  Baptist  and  Methodist  chapels  is 
to  a  certain  extent  to  be  explained  by  the 
smallness  of  some  of  the  places  of  worship 
included  in  the  tables  ;  but  it  is  striking, 
and  shows  far  more  activity  in  Protestant 
Nonconformity  in  the  home  counties  than 
is  commonly  admitted. 

We  are  not  sure  what  the  authors  mean 
when  they  describe  emigration  as  being 
"  one  of  the  most  popular "  "  among 
remedies  for  unemployment."  "  Popular," 
we  would  ask,  with  whom  ?     Not,  certainly, 


with  the  authorized  representatives  of  the 
working-class  population. 

The  Triumph  of  Woman  (Ambrose  Com- 
pany) is  the  first  of  four  essays  by  George 
Barlow  which  bear  with  more  or  less  rele- 
vancy on  an  engrossing  phase  of  the  evolution 
of  our  period.  It  attempts  to  fathom  the 
significance  of  the  feminine  element  in  poetry 
and  to  illustrate  the  "  central  truth  "  pro- 
claimed by  Mr.  Swinburne  in  his  article 
on  '  Tennyson  and  Musset,'  that  great  poets 
are  bi-sexual.  The  second  essay  '  The 
Divineness  of  the  Human,'  emphasizes 
the  importance  of  recognizing  the  essential 
divineness  of  womanhood,  and  foreshadows 
an  increasing  apprehension  of  the  link  be- 
tween the  Christ  and  the  feminine  element 
in  the  universe.  In  '  The  Fall  of  Woman,' 
which  has  already  appeared  in  The  Con- 
temporary Review,  the  author  is  found  side 
by  side  with  certain  theologians  in  the 
belief  that  the  fall  of  woman  poetically 
described  in  the  Book  of  Genesis  may  be  no 
mere  legend,  but  the  most  significant  fact 
of  all  history.  An  essay  on  anti-vivisection, 
also  a  reprint,  concludes  a  book  of  which 
the  value  must  not  be  judged  by  its  size, 
and  which  should  be  approached  with  due 
sympathy  and  understanding. 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Messrs.  Smith,  Elder  &  Co.  publish 
Lord  Wantage,  V.C.,  by  his  wife — a  record 
of  a  blameless  and  useful,  but  not  very 
interesting  life.  Col.  Loyd-Lindsay  was  a 
strong  Conservative,  though  his  acceptance 
of  Free  Trade  and  rejection  of  taxation 
upon  grain  aie  well  set  forth  on  p.  277. 
In  one  matter  alone  did  he  show  much 
statesmanship  and  foresight.  It  was  pointed 
out  during  the  Boer  War  that  Loyd-Lind- 
say had  seen  from  an  early  date  in  the 
Volunteer  movement,  of  which  he  was  the 
sanest  leader,  that  it  was  impossible  to 
justify  the  popular  belief  that  the  Volunteers 
were  intended  for  home  defence.  At  a  time 
when  most  critics  of  the  War  Office  aimed 
at  providing  the  Volunteers  with  an  organiza- 
tion suitable  for  operations  in  England, 
Loyd-Lindsay  repeatedly  showed  the  in- 
expediency of  restricting  "  so  vast  a  body 
of  armed  men  to  the  possible  single  emer- 
gency of  invasion."  "He  advised  the 
utilization  of  the  force  as  a  feeder  to  "  the 
regular  army.  On  the  other  hand,  he  ^rew 
from  the  Boer  War  the  same  deductions, 
universally  thought  to  be  erroneous  by 
continental  masters  of  the  art  of  war, 
which  better-known  British  soldiers  put 
before  the  country.  The  rejection  of  the 
importance  of  individual  skill  in  marksman- 
ship, universal  in  continental  armies,  is, 
however,  in  part  founded  upon  consideration 
of  the  kind  of  war  in  which  continental 
armies  engage,  as  contrasted  with  our  small 
wars,  hitherto  almost  peculiar  to  ourselves. 
Another  comparison  of  wars  is  suggested 
by  the  account  given  of  the  unwillingness 
of  the  allied  commanders  in  the  Crimea 
to  attempt  an  attack  on  the  north  side 
of  Sebastopol.  Loyd-Lindsay  describes  the 
position,  and  ends  his  account  of  it.  by 
noting,  in  his  letter  written  afer  the 
conclusion  of  peace,  how  "  we  found  Lord 
Rokeby  sitting  and  evidently  reflecting 
upon  the  amount  of  nonsense  he  had  talked 
for  the  last  six  months,  for  he  was  the  great 
advocate  for  storming  the  heights."  That 
the  destruction  of  the  fortification  on  the 
north  side  might  have  been  useless  can 
hardly  be  pleaded  by  any  except  thoae  who 
think  the  whole  invasion  of  the  Crimea  a 
mistake.  The  modern  view  of  the  best 
military    historians    is,   perhaps,    that    the 


allies  would  have  done  well  to  make  peace 
after  the  success  of  their  policy  obtained 
by  the  withdrawal  of  the  Russians  from 
European  Turkey.  When  it  was  decided 
to  continue  the  war,  the  case  was  strong 
for  carrying  it  to  an  end  more  successful 
than  had  been  reached  at  the  time  of  the 
signature  of  the  treaty  of  1856.  The  case 
for  the  other  side  is  that  the  French  had 
made  friends  with  Russia  and  would  not 
go  on.  But  this  is  a  political,  and  not  a 
military  case,  whereas  the  arguments  of 
Lord  Wantage  aie  based  in  part  on  strategy, 
but  principally  on  tactics.  The  passage 
reads  as  though  he  thought  that  a  British 
army  could  not  be  expected  to  execute  an 
operation  far  less  dangerous  than  that 
cheerfully  undertaken  by  the  Japanese 
on  several  separate  occasions  at  Port 
Arthur.  Sir  William  Russell's  diaries,  con- 
taining the  things  which  he  could  not  say 
at  the  moment  in  his  letters  to  The  Times, 
show  that  a  large  portion  of  the  long-service 
troops  who  fought  in  the  Crimea  were  far 
from  displaying  the  courage  of  their  prede- 
cessors of  the  Peninsula  campaign.  Loyd- 
Lindsay's  letters  confirm  this  later  impres- 
sion ;  and  it  is  clear  that  the  advance  up 
the  slope  at  the  Alma  was  unnecessary, 
and  also  far  from  brilliant.  The  line 
battalion  to  which  was  accorded  the  highest 
credit  at  the  time  "  broke "  or  bolted, 
and  Loyd-Lindsay's  own  Victoria  Cross 
represents  a  gallantry  on  the  part  of  the 
officers  and  sergeants  of  the  Guards  not 
conspicuous  in  the  case  of  the  men  of  one 
of  the  battalions. 

Allied  operations  are  always  unsatisfac- 
tory. The  French,  protected  by  the  guns 
of  their  fleet,  were  as  certain  to  cause  the 
withdrawal  of  the  Russian  army  from  their 
position  above  the  Alma  as  were  the  Japanese 
to  defeat  the  Russians  at  the  Yalu.  The 
British  army  claimed  its  share,  and  at 
the  Alma,  as  afterwards  at  the  Redan, 
the  French  enjoyed  a  triumph  which  they 
hardly  felt  that  the  British  deserved  to  share. 
At  Balaclava  the  cavalry,  and  at  Inkermann 
the  Guards,  fought  well  ;  but  in  both  cases 
we  were  ultimately  indebted  to  the  French 
for  our  security.  There  is  this  to  be  said — 
that  the  numbers  of  the  British  troops  in 
the  Crimean  expedition  were  always  insuffi- 
cient for  their  task. 

In  later  years  Loyd-Lindsay  played  a 
great  part  in  hospital  organization  for  war, 
but  his  letters  illustrate  the  plain  truth 
that  volunteer  Red  Cross  efforts  wero 
always  apt  to  be  too  late  or  to  be  directed 
to  the  wrong  places.  We  find,  for  example, 
in  the  report  of  Capt.  Douglas  Galton  on 
the  war  of  1870  that  "  all  the  field  hos- 
pitals, &c,  round  Nancy  and  that  district 
are  beautifully  organized,  but  not  a  single 
wounded  soldier  in  them."  Loyd-Lindsay's 
prejudices  appear  somewhat  amusingly  from 
time  to  time  in  the  pages  of  this  volume. 
When  he  crossed  France  to  Versailles  during 
the  siege  of  Paris  he  complains  that  "the 
Francs-Tircurs  interfere  most  abominably 
— they  stopped  twentj'  of  the  horses  last 
night."  The  demands  of  war  were  as 
urgent  on  the  Prussian  as  on  the  French 
side,  and  the  Geneva  Convention  frequently 
went  by  the  board.  It  was  not  always, 
moreover,  used  with  care.  Bismarck  dis- 
liked allowing  Loyd  -  Lindsay  to  go  into 
Paris,  and  told  him  that  there  was  this 
objection  to  increasing  the  number  of  flags 
of  truee,  already  made  too  great  by  the 
insistence  of  the  American  Ministei  in  Paris, 
Mr.  Washburn,  on  his  daily  mail,  namely. 
"  that  a  trumpeter  was  generally  used  up 
on     each      occasion."      Bismarck     was     not 

wrong  in  his  apprehensions,  for  Loyd- 
Lindsay  records  how  he  "  brought  home  a 
large  portmanteau  full  of  letters—  hundreds 


12 


T  II  E     ATH  KX.KUM 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4.  1908 


of  (hem,  which  I  posted  at  onee  private 
letters,  ( Government  despatches,"  >\e. 

Shah  stent's    Sonnets,    and    A     Lover's 
Complaint.     With    introduction  by  W.   H.  | 
Hadow.     (Oxford,    Clarendon    Press.) — Tho 

Sonnets    can     seldom     have     worn     a     more 

oomely  dress  than  in  this  admirable  reprint 
of  the  original  quarto  in  which  thoy  were 
first  given  to  the  world  in  1G09.  The  volume, 
which  belongs  to  "  The  Tudor  and  Stunrt 
Library,"  calls  forth  tho  admiration  of  tho 
booklover  by  its  excellent  paper,  fair  old 
type,  and  elegantly  simple  binding  no  less 
than  the  gratitude  of  the  student  for  its 
text.  -Mr.  W.  II.  Hadow  contributes  an 
eloquent  and  sympathetic  Introduction, 
wisely  directing  his  criticism  for  the  most 
part  to  the  more  general  aspect  of  the 
poems.  We  gather  that  he  inclines  to  the 
William  Herbert  and  Mary  Fitton  theory, 
and  would  date  the  Sonnets  between  1597 
and  1599  ;  but  while  he  regards  them  as 
biographical,  ho  strongly  deprecates  any 
literal  acceptation  of  their  contents.  "  That 
the  events  took  place  as  they  are  here 
depicted,"  he  asserts  with  perhaps  excessive 
emphasis,  "  is  not  a  matter  of  possible 
belief  "  ;  and  he  prefers  the  more  modest 
supposition  that  Shakspeare  "  at  some  time 
of  his  life  saw  friendship  and  passion  on  either 
side  of  him,  and  allowed  his  imagination 
to  trace  each  to  its  furthest  conceivable 
point."  The  basis  of  reality  may  be  rather 
more  substantial  than  is  implied  in  such  a 
remark  ;  but  Mr.  Hadow  is,  in  the  present 
reviewer's  opinion,  right  in  insisting  "  that 
the  Sonnets,  though  lyric,  have  a  dramatic 
basis,  and  that  Shakespeare's  true  self  is 
revealed  not  in  the  story  which  they  narrate, 
but  in  the  judgments  on  life  and  love  which 
they  contain." 

Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris.  By  J.  G.  Frazer. 
Second  Edition.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) — We 
congratulate  the  learned  author  on  reaching 
a  second  edition  of  this  book  so  quickly, 
and  also  on  the  diligence  with;which  he  has 
revised  and  enlarged  it.  Two  new  sources 
of  information  are  utilized  :  Kubary's 
curious  book  on  the  manners  of  the  Pelew 
Islanders,  and  Major  Gordon  on  the  Khasis 
of  Assam.  Both  peoples  are  only  primitive 
savagos,  and  have  not  only  the  well-known 
Mutterrecht,  but  also  the  wholly  different 
importance  of  women  in  society,  for  which 
Dr.  Frazer  gives  many  ingenious  reasons. 
We  will  not  repeat  what  we  said  in  our 
notice  of  his  first  edition,  but  think  he  might 
spend  a  page  in  defending  or  illustrating 
the  curious  position  that  "  while  the  higher 
forms  of  religious  faith  pass  away  like  clouds, 
the  lower  stand  firm  and  indestructible  like 
rocks." 

The  Literary  Man's  Bible.  By  W.  L. 
Courtney.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — Mr.  Court- 
ney tells  us  that  what  he  should  like  to  do 
is  "  to  give  back  the  Bible  to  thoughtful  men, 
who,  owing  to  a  variety  of  circumstances, 
are  not  able  to  appreciate,  or  have  ceased 
to  appreciate,  its  unparalleled  value "  ; 
and  he  adds  that  "  this  book  is  not  intended 
to  appeal  to  accomplished  Biblical  students, 
but  rather  to  the  man  of  literary  tastes 
and  sympathies,  who  desires  to  know  some 
reasons  why  ho  should  respect  and  admire 
tho  sacrod  Books  of  Israel."  In  treating 
the  Old  Testament  as  literature  Mr.  Courtney 
follows  in  the  steps  of  such  writers  as  Dr. 
R.  G.  Moulton,  but  in  printing  tho  numerous 
passages  he  has  selected  ho  walks  by  himself. 
Whatever  may  be  said  of  the  idea  of  selec- 
tions, and  also  of  tho  need  for  tho  inclusion 
of  cortain  passages  or  verses  omitted, 
this  may  be  granted,  that  it  is  valuable 
to  havo  tho  Old  Testament  edited  for 
literary    purposes    by    a    man    of    cultured 


taste.  Elusion  acknowledged  his  debt  to 
tho  stylo  of  the  Authorized  Version,  and 
enumerated    certain    chapters    in    the    Old 

and    New    Testaments    Wnich    had    specially 

influenced  him.  Mr.  Courtney's  book  is 
not  a  small  one,  and  it  ;  very  size  is  proof, 
according  to  his  judgments,  QOl  only  of 
tho  excellence  of  tho  style  of  the  translate 
but  also  of  tho  literary  art  of  the  authors. 
Tho  historical,  prophetical,  poetical,  and 
"wisdom"  writings  of  the  Old  Tostamont 
aro  given  in  selections,  and  these  writings 
illustrate  the  high  standard  of  excellence 
to  which  the  men  of  Israel  had  attained. 
Short  introductory  essays  are  furnished 
by  Mr.  Courtney  on  such  subjects  as  '  The 
Composite  Structure  of  the  Bible,'  '  The 
Origins  of  Hebraic  Culture  in  Babylon,' 
and  '  Wisdom  Literature  and  tho  Hellenic 
Spirit  '  ;  and  these  are,  of  course,  intended 
to  help  tho  man  of  literary  tastes  to  an 
understanding  of  the  composition  of  the 
books.  It  may  be  asked,  however,  why 
Mr.  Courtney  places  the  reign  of  King 
Hammurabi  in  the  year  2500  B.C.  Experts 
are  not  able  to  specify  a  definite  date  for 
the  beginning  of  that  reign  ;  but  there  is,  we 
think,  no  evidence  for  any  year  before  2250. 

Sir  Oawain  and  the  Lady  of  Lys.  Trans- 
lated by  Jessie  L.  Weston.  Illustrated  by 
M.  M.  Williams.  (Nutt.)— Miss  Weston 
gives  us  here  two  more  Gawain  stories  from 
the  manuscripts.  They  are  a  fuller  version 
of  the  Middle  English  '  Gawayne  and 
Golagros.'  The  style  of  the  translation 
is  perhaps  a  little  too  near  the  original  to 
be  very  popular,  but  the  stories  are  good  ; 
the  fighting  is  authentic,  described  by  men 
who  had  seen  the  "  real  thing  "  ;  and  the 
books  are  very  pretty.  We  can  recommend 
them  to  those  seeking  to  satisfy  their  own 
consciences  while  giving  an  interesting 
present.  A  little  patience  will  be  amply 
repaid.  Perhaps,  as  in  Mr.  Joseph  Jacobs's 
fairy-tale  books,  the  prefaces  should  be 
put  at  tho  end.  The  character  of  Kay  is 
rather  late  for  the  stage  of  development 
at  which  Miss  Weston  would  put  this 
Gawain  story. 

British  Freeicomcn  :  their  Historical  Privi- 
lege. By  Charlotte  Carmichael  Stopes. 
Third  Edition.  (Sonnenschein.) — This  book 
covers  a  wide  period,  reaching  from  the  days 
of  Cartismandua  and  Boadicea  to  the  passing 
in  August  last,  of  the  Acts  for  qualifying 
women  for  election  to  County  and  Borough 
Councils.  It  deals  with  the  legal,  and 
sometimes  also  the  social,  position  of 
the  queen  regnant  on  the  tlirone,  the 
queen  consort  in  the  palace,  the  peeress 
in  the  castle,  the  county  lady  in  the  manor 
house,  the  trading  woman  in  the  shop,  the 
craftswoman  in  the  gild,  the  girl  in  the 
factory,  and  the  working  woman  in 
the  home.  The  book  is  noteworthy  for 
the  wide  range  of  its  sources.  Mrs.  Stopes 
has  vkited  the  British  Museum  and  the 
Record  Office,  and  she  offers  sound 
evidence  for  her  discoveries.  Here  the 
reader  has  access  to  books,  ancient  rolls, 
charters,  and  MSS.,  which  few  have  the 
patience  to  read,  or  the  knowledge  to  under- 
stand. It  is  from  such  stores  of  knowledge 
that  Mrs.  Stopes  shows  us  how  English- 
women have  been  queens  regnant,  queens 
consort,  queens  regent,  peeresses  in  their 
own  right,  and  the  bestowers  of  peerages  on 
their  husbands  ;  how  some  of  them  have 
been  knights,  and  one  of  them  a  baronet. 
Mrs.  Stopes  tells,  too,  how  noblo  English 
ladies  have  held  the  offices  of  High  Sheriff, 
Earl  Marshal,  High  Constable,  and  many 
another  ;  and  how  Englishwomen  of  humbler 
rank  have  been  overseers  of  the  poor, 
sextons,  churchwardens,  and  one  at  least 
a  parish  clerk.     We  are  told  that  women  sat 


in  the  Saxon  witenagemotK,  and  in  a  council 
of  the  realm  which  was  summoned  by  King 
Edward  I.  in  1306  to  impose  a  tax  ;  also 
bow  they  voted  by  their  attorneys  in  tho 
election  of  knights  of  the  shire  for  Yorkshire 
in  1411  and  1411.  The  author  pursues  thk 
part  of  her  subject  through  the  famous 
old  cases  of  Dame  Dorothy  Paekington  and 
the  borough  of  Aylesbury,  and  Dame 
Elizabeth  Copley  and  the  borough  of 
Gatton,  down  to  tho  case  of  Chorlton  v. 
Lingfl  and  the  other  case.-,  decided  by  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas  in  18G8.  To  the 
last  cases  Mrs.  Stopes  devotes  six  pages, 
which  will  be  of  great  value  to  those  who 
have  not  access  to  the  law  reports.  Not- 
withstanding that  Mrs.  Stores  is  herself 
a  Scotchwoman,  she  tells  us  very  little  of 
the  women  of  Scotland,  or  of  Wales,  Ireland, 
and  the  Isle  of  Man. 

The  parts  of  the  book  which  bear  on  the 
history  of  our  laws  and  constitution  are 
among  the  most  interesting,  and  it  would 
have  been  a  pleasure  to  discuss  some  of  them, 
but  want  of  space  forbids.  In  conclusion, 
we  must  add  that  this  new  edition  contains 
much  fresh  matter,  including  a  chapter  on 
the  changes  which  have  taken  place  since 
the  former  editions  of  1894  ;  an  index, 
the  want  of  which  has  been  greatly  felt  ; 
and  fuller  references  to  authorities.  There- 
fore even  those  who  possess  a  copy  of  a 
previous  edition  will  do  well  to  get  this  new 
one.  In  view  of  another  edition,  we  may 
note  that  on  p.  11,  1.  2  from  the  bottom,  for 
"  Comiti "  we  should  read  Canuti  ;  and  on 
p.  15,  1.  10,  "  Episcopus  "  should  be  Epis- 
copis. 

In  the  luxurious  "  National  Edition  " 
of  Dickens  Vols.  XXVI.  and  XXVII.  are 
occupied  by  Christmas  Stories,  Vol.  XXVIII. 
by  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  and  Vol.  XXIX. 
by  Great  Expectations.  The  '  Christmas 
Stories  '  from  Household  Words  and  All  the 
Year  Round  are  of  varying  quality,  seldom 
showing  Dickens  at  his  best,  and  they  did 
not  inspire  the  artists  who  illustrated  them 
to  any  great  efforts.  Marcus  Stone  is  the 
artist  in  '  Great  Expectations,'  and  con- 
tributes one  picture  (of  Lucy  Manette  and 
her  father  in  prison)  to  '  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities.'  Though  in  no  way  clumsy,  Mr. 
Stone's  pictures  have  never  impressed  us 
as  memorable.  The  frontispiece,  which 
shows  a  heavily  bearded  i'  Pip  '  "  With 
Estella  after  all,"  emphasizes  Dickens's 
yielding  to  popular  sentiment  in  joining 
a  couple  who/were  not  really  meant  to  come 
together.  An  artist  has  not  appreciated  his 
opportunities  who  has  missed  out  Jaggers, 
Wemmick,  and  Pumblechook.  In  '  A  Tale 
of  Two  Cities  '  Phiz  revels  in  the  queer 
characters,  and  is  good  in  the  scenes  crowded 
with  figures. 

Thr  first  volume  has  just  appeared  of 
The  Works  of  Tennyson,  "  annotated  by 
Alfred,  Lord  Tennyson,  fdited  by  Hallam, 
Lord  Tennyson."  This  issue  is  the  latest 
addition  to  "  The  Eversley  Series "  (Mac- 
millan), which  adds  for  us  a  new  charm 
evon  to  familiar  classics.  Lord  Tennyson 
here  gives  us  a  first  instalment  of  the 
early  poems.  The  frontispiece  is  an 
admirable  sketch  in  red  of  Tennyson 
by  G.  F.  Watts.  TI16  Appendix  contains 
'  Timbuctoo  '  ;  some  suppressed  poems  ; 
Tennyson's  own  notes,  which  are  usually 
brief,  pungent,  and  to  the  point ;  and 
a  few  others,  provided  by  the  present 
editor  or  friends.  Of  these  Edward  Fitz- 
Gerald's  are  the  most  interesting.  The 
ordinary  reader  of  Tennyson  will  be  grateful 
for  so  much  matter  of  undoubted  authen- 
ticity in  an  agreeable  form,  but  the  expert 
student  will  think  that  the  notes  might 
easily  havo  been  improved.     Pi  of.  Churton 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


VI 


Collins  and  other  scholars  have  elucidated 
many  points.  Wo  see  no  harm  at  this  date 
in  dotting  a  few  of  the  "*'&."  Thus  the 
original  of  '  A  Character  '  is  described  by 
FitzGerald  in  the  note  appended  as  "  a  very 
plausible,  parliament-like,  and  self-satisfied 
speaker  at  the  Union  Debating  Society  " 
(at  Cambridge).  We  might  add  Grant 
Duff's  comment : — 

"Sunderland  sat  for  this  '  character '—a  most 
extraordinary  and  brilliant  person,  who  lost  his 
reason,  and  ended,  I  have  been  told,  in  believing 
himself  to  be  the  Almighty." 
Thackeray  wrote  ('  Pendennis,'  "  Biogra- 
phical Edition,'  p.  xxiv)  : — 

•'  The  hero  of  the  Union  retired  with  a  diminished 
head  before  Cookesley.  His  name  is  Sunderland, 
and  he  is  certainly  a  most  delightful  speaker,  but 
he  is  too  fond  of  treating  us  with  draughts  of  Tom 
Paine." 

In  '  A  Dirge  '  the  "  long  purples  of  the  dale  " 
are  given  as  Vicia  cracca,  the  purple  vetch. 
This  differentiates  them  from  the  "  long 
purples"  of  'Hamlet,'  which  have  been  the 
subject  of  dispute  in  our  columns,  but  are 
not  considered  by  any  critic,  botanical  or 
other,  so  far  as  we  know,  to  be  vetches. 

Old  memories  of  Gaboriau  are  pleasantly 
recalled  by  an  adequate  and  neatly  pro- 
duced translation,  The  Blackmailers  ( '  Dossier 
No.  113'),  in  Messrs.  Greening's  "Lotus 
Library."  The  story  is  a  good  example 
of  the  author's  ingenuity,  and  fails  only 
in  the  length  of  the  explanations  given 
of  the  reason  for  the  bank  robbery. 
M.  Lecoq  figures  in  his  best  style. 

The  Liberal  Y ear-Book  for  1908,  being  the 
fourth  year  of  issue,  roached  us  early  in 
December  from  the  Liberal  Publication 
Department.  A  prolonged  examination  re- 
vealed many  improvements,  but  no  mistakes, 
and  the  delay  in  our  notice  is  only  flattering 
to  the  editors.  As  an  example  of  the  trouble 
taken  in  this  compilation,  we  would  note 
the  fact  that  the  extraordinary  complication 
of  the  Parliamentary  and  other  franchises 
of  the  United  Kingdom  has  not  prevented 
the  statement  in  a  single  page  of  all  the 
Scottish  Pailiamentary  franchises  :  indeed 
a  feat  accomplished.  Tha'  the  page  con- 
tains no  error  we  should  be  hardy  to  affirm, 
but  we  know  no  other  account  so  brief  ; 
and  though  the  complexity  of  the  law 
prevents  its  being  clear,  it  would  take  a 
Scottish  registration  lawyer  to  find  a  blunder 
if  there  were  one.  The  editors  have  not,  we 
believe,  thought  it  necessary  to  give  a 
similar  page  to  Ireland,  in  which  they  are 
wise.  The  book  is  primarily  intended  for 
Liberal  politicians,  and  these  as  a  rule 
leave  Ireland  to  the  Nationalists  and  the 
Tories,  neither  of  whom  even  profess  to 
understand  the  franchises  by  which  they 
are  elected.  Specialists  in  registration  law, 
such  as  one  or  two  Government  draftsmen, 
have  beon  known  to  differ  as  to  some  of  the 
Irish  franchises,  and  their  difference  has 
never,  we  believe,  been  cleared  up. 

The  Manorial  Society  has  issued  its 
first  publication,  Lists  of  Manor  Court  Bolls 
in  Private  Hands,  Part  I.,  edited  by  Mr. 
Alfred  L.  Hardy.  This  section  includes 
records  in  the  possession  of  private  persons, 
stowards  of  the  manors,  or  corporate  bodies, 
as  distinguished  from  those  Court  Rolls 
which  are  in  the  Public  Record  Office,  the 
British  Museum,  or  other  public  collections. 
No  fewer  than  twenty-one  counties  are 
included  ;  the  information  is  supplied  by 
the  actual  custodians  of  the  rolls,  and  care- 
fully tabulated  with  place  and  date.  The 
convenience  of  such  a  list  for  research  is 
obvious.  It  takes  us  to  the  very  core  of 
English  life  and  history,  of  which  there  is 
sometimes    a    steady    record    for    centuries, 


as  in  the  case  of  Itton  Manor  in  the  parish 
of  South  Tawton,  where  the  Court  Rolls 
extend  from  1509  to  1823.  The  '  List  '  is 
admirably  clear,  and  constitutes  an  excellent 
start  in  the  Society's  work,  since  no  complete 
return  of  manorial  estates  or  systematic  cata- 
logue of  Court  Rolls  has  been  as  yet  com- 
piled. The  valuable  Introduction,  which 
is  written  by  Mr.  Charles  Greenwood,  gives 
a  clue  to  the  scattered  information  available 
in  books  touching  the  subject,  and  points 
out  that  the  earliest  Manor  Roll  at  present 
known  is  dated  1246,  and  was  found  by  the 
late  Prof.  Maitland.  Earlier  ones,  however, 
probably  exist.  The  extant  manors  in 
England  and  Wales  at  the  present  day 
number  many  thousands,  and  we  con- 
gratulate the  Society  on  occupying  so  largely 
unworked  and  useful  a  field  of  research.  It 
is  clear  that  it  possesses  workers  of  vigour, 
and  we  expect  results  of  interest  not  only  to 
the  antiquary,  but  also  to  every  cultivated 
man.  The  landed  families  of  England 
should  justify  their  position  by  extending 
their  knowledge  of  rights  and  privileges, 
compared  with  which  the  records  of  the 
peerage  are  often  things  of  yesterday  ; 
while  the  average  person  might  well  develope 
a  little  taste  for  the  local  pride  and  patriot- 
ism which,  strangely  enough,  are  now  more 
conspicuous  in  new  countries  than  in  Eng- 
land. We  commend  the  Society  to  our 
readers,  and  mention  once  again  that  its 
address  is  1,  Mitre  Couit  Buildings,  Temple, 
E.C. 

Val  d'Arno  and  Ariadne  Florentina  have 
appeared  in  the  "  Pocket  Edition  "  of  the 
works  of  Ruskin  (George  Allen).  These 
little  volumes  are  charming  in  print  and 
bindinc  ;  they  are  issued  by  Ruskin's 
accredited  publishers,  with  his  latest  altera- 
tions and  notes  ;  and,  thanks  to  their 
convenient  form,  may  be  preferred  by  some 
even  to  the  monumental  edition  issued  by 
the  same  firm,  which  is  a  perfect  storehouse 
of  notes  and  illustrations  by  Ruskin  and 
by  those  who  are  complete  masters  of  all 
details  concerning  him. 

MM.  Hachette  &  Cie.  publish  the 
Almanack  Hachette  and  Almanack  du  Dra- 
pcau,  books  of  reference  which  combine 
a  large  amount  of  useful  information  with 
a  liveliness  which  is  novel  on  this  side  of 
the  Channel. 

The  December  number  of  The  Grc.yfriar 
shows  the  high  level  of  text  and  illustrations 
which  happily  pievails  in  the  school  of 
Thackeray  and  John  Leech.  The  '  Struan 
Robeitson  Prize  Drawing  and  Holiday 
Work  '  makes  an  interesting  paper. 


NOTES    FROM    PARIS. 

The  appearance  of  a  new  book  by  M. 
Anatole  France  is  a  feast  for  the  literary 
world  of  France,  and  also  for  foreign  nations. 
We  French  are  aware  that  in  England  he 
is  an  author  one  can  read  without  missing 
the  subtle  charm  of  style.  We  Parisians 
are  happy  to  be  able  to  tell  you  that  three 
new  works  by  him  are  to  appear  in  print 
at  the  end  of  January,  February,  and  March 
respectively  :  '  Jeanne  d'Arc,'  '  Pingouins,' 
and  '  The  Tales  of  Jacques  Tournebroche.' 

By  a  great  favour  M.  Anatole  France  has 
kindly  given  me  a  glimpse  of  the  subjects 
of  the  first  named  books,  the  piquancy  and 
boldness  of  which  innko  them,  in  my  belief, 
surpass  all  that  this  master  of  irony  has 
written  up  to  the  present  time.  On  '  Jeanne 
d'Arc  '  the  author  has  worked  for  three 
years,  after  having  let  it  ripen  for  ten.  It 
is,  many  of  us  think,  a  real  histoiical 
monument  whereby  he  seeks  to  destroy 
errors  swarming  in  the  accounts  of  that 
time.     In  particular  ho  counsels  the  English 


not  to  be  too  proud  of  having  held 
Normandy  in  spite  of  Jeanne  d'Arc. 
Charles  VII.,  and  vassals  on  the 
whole  intelligent  beyond  their  con- 
temporaries, set  to  work  to  retake  the 
towns  in  the  centre  of  France,  such  as 
Orleans  and  Bouiges,  because  they  were 
rich  and  essential  to  the  unity  of  France. 
But  Normandy  they  neglected,  though  only 
500  English  soldiers  were  placed  there  for 
its  defence.  They  could  have  recaptured 
it  by  a  sudden  attack,  but  this  piovince 
was  so  poor  that  it  was  not  worth  while. 
Another  error  corrected  is  the  idea  that 
Jeanne  d'Arc  was  a  brilliant  captain.  That 
she  took  three  English  bastilles  from  the 
town  held  by  her  for  France  was  due, 
he  thinks,  to  the  fact  that  the  defence  was 
so  badly  conducted  that  it  was  impossible  for 
her  not  to  be  victorious.  The  intelligent 
priests  of  that  time — and  that  there  were 
such  M.  Anatole  France  assures  us — did  not 
err  in  judgment  when  they  told  the  soldiers 
to  regard  "  La  Pucelle  "  as  a  creature  in- 
spired by  Heaven,  but  to  treat  her  military 
acts  and  commands  as  those  only  of  a  human 
being. 

By  extiacts  from  the  trial  at  Rouen 
published  in  the  Bevue  de  Paris  under  the 
title  of  '  La  Dame  des  Armoises,'  which 
made  a  sensation,  one  is  convinced  that  all 
is  original  in  the  version  of  M.  Anatole  France. 
He  admits  without  hesitation  the  divine  origin 
of  the  saintship  of  Joan,  which  none,  he 
thinks,  can  gainsay  or  disprove.  This  explains 
all.  A  saint,  according  to  him,  is  the  out- 
come of  a  certain  train  of  thought— a  fixed 
idea  in  religion,  of  the  same  nature  as  that 
which  in  the  world  of  science  has  created 
our  modern  sages.  The  question  whether 
religion  or  science  exists  or  not  has  little 
or  nothing  to  say  to  the  matter,  for  accord- 
ing to  the  need  of  the  times  saints  and 
sages  will  continue  to  appear.  This  point 
once  admitted,  then,  whether  Jeanne  d'Arc 
heard  or  thought  she  heard  "  the  voices  " 
matters  nought,  for  she  acted  none  the  less 
from  divine  motives.  Let  us  then  see  in 
her  but  a  simple  country  maid,  poor  in 
spirit,  weak  in  body,  as  is  common  to  every 
messenger  of  God.  For  God  chooses  the 
weakest  weapons  to  overthrow  the  strong. 
Thus  David  picked  three  little  "  pierres 
blanches  "  out  of  the  stream  to  fill  the  sling 
with  which  he  killed  Goliath. 

The  second  work  is  much  more  fantastic. 
Through  the  adventures  of  the  poor  "  Pin- 
gouins "  (anglice  penguins),  M.  Anatole 
France  tells  the  tale  of  the  history  of  the 
human  race,  from  its  zoological  origin  (after 
Darwin)  to  the  final  grand  crash  which 
awaits  future  social  organizations.  The 
most  startling  ideas,  together  with  the  finest 
irony,  are  scattered  in  piofusion  through 
this  charming  book,  about  which  I  hope 
to  write  more  later.  Then  I  hope  also 
to  describe  the  '  Contcs  de  Jacques  Tourne- 
broche,' a  third  part  of  Queen  Gooscfoot's 
cookshop,  of  which,  you  will  remember, 
Tournebroche  was  one  of  the  two  heroes. 

I  now  turn  to  the  interesting  doings  at 
the  Theatre  des  Arts,  whose  new  manager. 
M.  Robert  d'Humieres,  wishes  to  express 
sympathy  for  the  English,  and  also  addresses 
himself  to  authors  across  the  Channel. 
begging  them  to  consider  themselves  at- 
home     in     his     theatre.      On     Saturdays     he 

hopes  to  make  the  Parisian  public  acquainted 
with  the  beauties  of  English  literature. 

Picture  to  yourself  our  surprise  on  hearing 
that  one  news  J  a]  er  hafl  entirely  misunder- 
stood his  intention,  accusing  him  of  having 
bo  little  appreciation  of  English  literary  art 

as  to  wish  to  bring  before  the  public  certain 

pieces  as  chefs-d'eeuvn  that  are  not  at  all 

in  accordance  with  English  taste.  This  is 
premature,   to  say   the  least  of  it,    for   the 


It 


T  IT  E     AT  II  KN\K  U  M 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4.  1908 


"English    afternoons"    do    no!    begin    till 
after  the  middle  <>f  January,  and  are  no1 
yet  settled.     Aooording  to  M.   d'Humieres 
himself,    these    afternoons    will    not    only 
show  as    modern  works    such    as  '  Candida ' 
by  Bernard  Shaw,  and  'The  Notorious  Mrs. 
Ebbsmitb  '  and  '  Iris.'  by  Pinero,  hut  also 
revivals     of     older     pieces     like     Webster's 
'  Duchess  of  Malti,'  and  works  hy  Congreve, 
whoso  sparkling   dialogue   will   he   a   revela- 
tion to  the  French  public,  as  well  as  to  our 
literary  world.     M.    Robert    d'Humieres    is 
too  clever  on  artist  to  ignore  the  fact  that 
the    most    original    ideas    of    a    peo/Te    are 
seldom  those  which  are  most  easily  grasped 
by    another    rare.     For    him    it    is    difficult 
to  relapse  into  the  errors  of  his  predecessors, 
who  brought  before  us  dramas  which  were 
without    individuality,    lending    themselves 
as  best  they  could  to  French  taste.     Up  to 
the  present  time,  when  our  theatre  managers 
permitted  us  to  take  a  peep  abroad,  especi- 
ally at  England,  they  did  not  give  us  works 
of  originality  and  style,  but  merely  provided 
adaptations  in  which  the  personality  of  the 
translator  revealed  itself.     Played  by  French 
actors,  the  personages  are  no  longer  a  part 
of    the    author's    thought,    and    the    work 
loses  all  charactor  and  individual  expression. 
Thus  it  is  that  English  plays  are  still  pre- 
sented to  us,  and  we  are,  therefore,  forced 
to  ask  if  this  is  indeed  your  dramatic  art. 
'  Raffles,'  played  this  summer  at  Rejane's, 
and   '  Sherlock   Holmes,'  the   new   piece   of 
the    Theatre    Antoine,    have    both    had    an 
enormous  success  in  Paris  ;    but  it  was  not 
a  success  in  the  highest  sense  of  the  word. 
The  applause  of  the  public  took  sides  with 
the  tricks  of  the  trade,  and  by  such  inferior 
methods  the  popular    ta3te  is    spoilt,    and 
they  applaud  in  all  good  faith  what  they 
believe   to   be  works  of  real  English  value. 
To    belittle    foreign    talent    in    this   way   is 
by    no    means   to   enhance   French    genius. 
On    the    contrary,  the  systematic  desire    to 
ignore  the  different  points  of  view  taken  by 
other  nations  is  a  proof  of  weakness. 

M.  Robert  d'Humieres  does  not  appeal 
to  the  taste  of  the  impresarios  nor  to  the 
general  run  of  those  who  buy  the  right  of 
translation  from  foreign  authors — rights 
which  these  sell  too  willingly  at  the  beginning 
of  their  career,  only  to  rue  it  later  on. 
Bernard  Shaw's  plays  are  distorted  in  a 
French  version.  It  is  true  that  he  is 
pleased  to  have  as  his  translator  a  man  of 
whom  he  is  able  to  say  :  "  He  is  a  good 
Socialist."  We  French  deplore  the  modesty 
(or  is  it  irony  ?)  of  this  writer,  who  paints 
the  English  with  such  a  characteristic 
brush  ;  for  his  genius  is  thus  clouded  for 
us,  who  would  like  to  have  the  means  of 
understanding  his  works  as  well  as  we 
do  those  of  Rudyard  Kipling. 

M.  d'Humieres  is  far  from  offending  English 
taste  by  placing  too  free  an  interpietation 
on  English  dramatic  art.  On  the  contrary, 
the  new  manager  of  the  Theatre  des  Arts 
wishes  to  efface  the  bad  impression  caused 
in  France  by  the  commercial  undertakings 
of  our  impresarios.  He  wishes  to  see  your 
works  put  before  us  without  prejudice  as  to 
period  or  school.  At  the  same  time  ho 
makes  known  to  us  the  circumstances  that 
have  been  instrumental  in  producing  such 
and  such  a  book,  and  the  events  that  have 
brought  forth  this  or  that  play.  M. 
d'Humieres  intends  to  initiate  his  audience 
into  the  manners  and  customs  of  your  country 
by  a  means  almost  unknown  in  England — 
that  of  a  series  of  "  talks  "  upon  the 
subject.  tThe  representations  will  there- 
fore be  preceded  by  lectures  to  be  given, 
it  is  proposed,  in  French  by  such  men 
as  Henry  James,  Bernard  Shaw,  Rud- 
yard Kipling,  Claude  Phillips,  Edmund 
Gosse,   Wells,   &c. — writers  who,   we  hope, 


will  through  tin  •  lectun  bring  clearly 
l»  lore  as  the  inmost  life  of  England.       They 

will,  we  trust,  teach  us  the  evolution  of  your 
literature,  embracing  poetry,  works  of 
fiction,  dramatic  art,  music  from  Purcell 
and  Bird,  the  popular  ballads  of  Scotland 
and  Ire  land  and  modern  light  opera.  Wishing 
to  imitate  the  experiment  successful  in 
Paris  with  Ouse,  M.  Robert  d'Humieres 
intends  to  have  English  and  American 
authors  interpreted  in  the  original  by  your 
own  artists.  Most  of  these  are  already 
known  and  appreciated  in  France,  as,  for 
example,  those  who  are  going  to  take  part 
in  '  Candida,'  the  opening  play  of  the 
English  season  at  the  Theatre  des  Arts. 
It  is  in  this  same  theatre  that  Mrs.  Patrick 
Campbell  is  to  make  her  Paris  debut  in 
March  in  '  The  Moon  of  Yamato,'  a  Japanese 
play  by  M.  Robert  d'Humieres,  which  at 
present  she  is  acting  in  America.  From 
these  notes  you  will  see  that  the  programme 
of  English  afternoons,  planned  on  a  purely 
artistic  basis,  will  help  us  to  understand 
the  intellectual  life  of  England,  and  give 
the  French  an  opportunity  to  enlarge  their 
ideas  of  England  and  the  English.      C.  G. 


THE  BOOK  SALES  OF  1907. 
i. 
The  year  just  closed  has  been  remarkable 
in  a  literary  sense  for  the  unusual  number 
of  extiemely  important  manuscripts  and 
printed  books  which,  during  the  course  of  it, 
have  been  sold  by  auction  in  the  London 
rooms.  The  widspread  publicity  given  to 
the  sale  of  the  Shelley  Notebooks  in  Decem- 
ber, 1906,  and  especially  the  high  prices 
obtained  for  them  as  well  as  for  other 
relics  of  a  similar  character,  may  have 
directly  suggested  the  sale  of  other  manu- 
scripts of  great  importance,  unless,  indeed, 
it  be  that  a  disposition  to  part  with  them 
is  "in  the  air."  Whatever  the  truth  in  this 
respect,  there  is  no  doubt  that  literary 
rarities  of  the  first  rank  have,  during  the 
past  twelve  months,  been  far  more  in  evi- 
dence than  usual ;  the  prices  realized  for 
them  are  unqestionably  increasing  propor- 
tionately to  a  demand  which  is  now  very  great, 
and,  contrary  to  expectation,  the  supply 
has  increased  also.  Manuscripts  are  from 
their  nature  unique,  and,  compared  with 
piinted  books,  necessarily  limited  in  number. 
Nevertheless  they  come,  and  the  ordinary 
collector,  who  can  hardly  be  expected  to 
know  very  much  about  questions  of  owner- 
ship, naturally  wonders  from  what  source, 
imagining,  perhaps,  that  they  have  been 
hit  upon  by  some  lucky  chance,  just  as 
valuable  piinted  books  sometimes  are,  when 
least  expected.  That,  however,  is  a  mistake. 
We  have  only  to  analyze  the  results  of  last 
year's  sales  to  see  that  almost  every  one  of 
the  manuscripts  which  it  has  been  worth 
while  to  chronicle  has,  so  to  speak,  its  well- 
known  pedigree.  For  instance,  the  library 
of  Mr.  Stuart  Samuel,  sold  at  Sotheby's 
on  July  1st,  contained  the  original  MSS. 
of  Pope's  '  Essay  on  Man  '  and  some  inci- 
dental pieces  (895/.);  White's  'Natural 
History  and  Antiquities  of  Selborne  '  (750/.)  ; 
Shellev's  '  Proposal  for  putting  Reform  to 
the  Voto  '  (390/.)  ;  Tennyson's  ^The  Brook  ' 
(300/.  :  this  sold  for  no  more  than  51/.  in 
1889) ;  two  chapters  of  Thackeray's  '  Philip  ' 
(240/.)  ;  Pope's  Epistle  '  Of  Taste  '  (199/.)  ; 
Dryden's  '  Eleonora,'  dated  1692  (198/.); 
Tennyson's  '  The  Northern  Farmer  '  (155/.)  ; 
Burns's  'The  Poet's  Progress'  (152/.); 
'  Le  Caractere  do  la  Princesse  Reine  Silvaine,' 
signed  by  Madame  de  Maintenon  and  un- 
published (150/.)  ;  Lamb's  '  Dream  Children' 
(108/.);  Barham's  'Jackdaw  of  Rheims ' 
(101/.)  ;    and  others  of  less  importance.     Sir 


Henry  Mildmay's  library,  which  v..v    Bold  in 

the  same  rooniK  on  April  18th,  contained 
era!  manuscript  Horse,  one  of  which 
realized  1,300/.  ;  a  fifteenth-century  MS. 
of  '  Le  Roman  de  la  Rose'  (120/.);  and 
others,  which,  however,  are  almost  lost  m 
the  long  list  of  works  of  the  kind  which  have 
been  chronioled  during  the  year.  The  sale 
of  the  Bronte  manuscripts  in  July  will  also 
be  remembered.  Where  important  manu- 
scripts are  preserved  is,  as  a  rule,  well  known, 
and  it  is  seldom  indeed  that  a  "discovery," 
in  the  popular  acceptation  of  the  word,  is 
announcer!. 

It  is  different  with  regard  to  printed  books. 
So  far  as  they  are  concerned,  there  is  always 
a  chance,  though  a  remote  one,  of  something 
out  of  the  common  appearing  for  the  first 
time,  as,  for  example,  the  copy  of  Byron's 
'  Fugitive  Pieces,'  1806,  which  realized 
182/.  in  May  last,  and  Mrs.  Browning's 
'  Battle  of  Marathon,'  recently  disposed  of 
for  60/.  (calf  extra),  both  of  which  I  fell 
across  myself.  Of  late,  indeed,  a  consider- 
able number  of  valuable  books  have  been 
rescued  from  the  half  neglect  into  which 
they  had  fallen,  and  there  must  be  many 
more  waiting  their  turn — comparatively 
modern  books  in  all  probability,  which  have 
apparently  nothing  about  them  to  distin- 
guish them  from  the  ordinary  rank  and  file, 
and  are  therefore  overlooked  in  the  search 
for  something  obviously  out  of  the  ordinary. 
The  great  days  of  the  old-fashioned  book- 
ccllector  have,  however,  gone,  for  he  wanted, 
and  still  wants,  just  the  very  kind  of  books 
which  everybody  else  desires  to  have,  and 
these  are  tabulated  to  a  nicety  and  widely 
known,  so  that  there  can  be  no  mistake 
about  the  matter  at  all.  We  might  take 
the  result  of  last  year's  sales  as  good  evi- 
dence of  the  classes  of  books  which  have 
been  most  in  demand  for  a  number  of  years 
past,  and  are  becoming  more  difficult  to 
acquire  day  by  day  by  reason  of  the  demand 
there  is  for  them.  Mediaeval  manuscripts, 
often  painted  and  illuminated,  though 
primarily  books,  are  in  reality  ancient  works 
of  art,  and,  as  such,  much  desired.  More 
modern  manuscripts  may  or  may  not 
atfract  attention.  It  depends  upon  what 
they  are,  upon  their  age,  and  chiefly  upon  the 
author  in  each  instance.  If  a  manuscript 
can  be  brought  within  the  classic  literary 
circle,  as  was  the  case  with  both  the  '  Essay 
on  Man '  and  '  The  Natural  History  of 
Selborne  '  previously  referred  to,  then  it  is 
regarded  as  a  pearl  of  great  price.  Should 
it,  on  the  contrary,  be  outside  the  pale, 
written  by  somebody  unknown  and  about 
nothing  in  particular,  it  will  go  begging. 
So  also  any  printed  book  entitled  to  rank  as 
an  example  of  early  typography,  especially 
(so  far  as  this  country  is  concerned)  if  it  is 
connected  with  one  of  our  own  printers,  is 
included  in  a  specially  desirable  class  ; 
and  the  same  may  be  said  of  early  editions 
of  all  the  English  classics,  particularly 
those  dating  from  the  seventeenth  century 
or  earlier,  and  also  of  early  illustrated  books 
of  almost  every  kind,  and  of  Americana  of 
the  seventeenth  century  in  particular.  To 
these  may  be  added  some  of  the  editiones 
principes  of  the  Greek  and  Latin  classics, 
as  well  as  all  books  which,  although  they 
may  even  be  in  themselves  of  no  special 
interest,  derive  an  artificial  importance 
from  notes  or  inscriptions  written  by 
former  owners  whose  names  are  widely 
familiar.  Books  naturally  falling  within 
any  of  these  divisions  are,  subject  to  the  in- 
evitable exceptions,  becoming  scarcer  as  the 
available  copies  are  slowly,  but  nevertheless 
surely,  absorbed  by  the  public  libraries, 
where  eventually  they  rest  in  peace.  On  the 
other  hand,  there  is  more  scope  than  ever 
for    the    lover    of    books    who   is    satisfied 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


15 


with  what  may  be  called  the  greater  world 
of  the  little  ;  who  is  content  to  avoid  the 
more  representative  volumes  of  the  kind 
to  which  attention  has  been  drawn,  and 
which,  indeed,  are  rarely  found  in  large 
numbers,  even  in  good  private  libraries. 
Exceptional  volumes  such  as  these  apart, 
books  have  lately  become  cheaper,  for  one 
reason  or  another,  than  they  have  been  for  a 
long  time,  and  the  collector  of  to-day  has 
really  as  wide  a  field  of  enterprise  as  had 
any  of  his  progenitors.  They,  too,  were 
confronted  with  rarities  which  they  might 
or  might  not  have  the  means  to  secure  ; 
their  taste  and  desires  may  have  differed, 
but  their  books,  when  classified,  were  very 
much  as  they  are  now. 

The  sale  of  the  library  of  Mr.  William 
Van  Antwerp,  held  by  Messrs.  Sotheby  on 
March  22nd  and  23rd,  affords  an  object 
lesson  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  repeat 
effectually.  The  library  was  small  ;  it 
was  catalogued  in  243  lots  only,  and  yet 
realized  the  large  sum  of  16,350/.  It  was 
essentially  a  library  of  early  English  classics, 
many  of  extreme  rarity,  and  some  of  the 
prices  broke  all  previous  records.  It  was 
at  this  sale  that  a  copy  of  the  original  edition 
of  Walton's  '  Compleat  Angler  '  sold  for 
1,290/.,  and  a  copy  of  Shakspeare's  First 
Folio  for  3,600/.  ;  and  the  books  were, 
generally,  just  of  the  kind  to  attract,  the 
modern  collector  of  means.  I  will,  there- 
fore, take  this  sale  first. 

The    first  book  to  attract  attention  in  the 
report  of  this  sale  as  given  in  '  Book-Prices 
Current  '   is  Allot's   '  England's   Parnassus,' 
the   earliest   English   anthology,    containing 
quotations  from  Shakespeare,  Marlowe,  Spen- 
ser, and  other  celebrated  authors,  many  of 
whom  were  alive  at  the  time.     This  small 
8vo,  printed  in  1600,  realized  40/.  (morocco 
extra)  ;     while    Arnold's    '  London    Chroni- 
cles,' beginning  "  In  this  booke  is  conteined," 
n.d.    (Antwerp,    1503  ?),    sold    for    85/.    (old 
russia).     The  ballad  '  The  Nutbrowne  Maide' 
is  here  printed  for  the  first  time.     Barbour's 
1  Robert    Bruce,    King    of    Scotland,'    8vo, 
(Edinburgh,     1571  ?),    the     earliest     known 
edition,    and    possibly    unique,    excited    a 
great  deal  of  competition,  and  was  eventually 
bought  by  Mr.  Quaritch  for  121/.  (morocco 
extra).     It  came  from  the  Rowfant  Library, 
where,  indeed,   many  of  the  books  in  this 
collection  at   one   time  reposed.     The  first 
edition  of  the  second  part  of  '  The  Pilgrim's 
Progress,'    the    date    torn    off  (but    1684), 
sold  for  80/.   (original  sheep),   and  a  sound 
copy  of  the  first  edition  of  '  The  Holy  War,' 
1682,  small   8vo,   for   100/.   (original  sheep). 
All  these  books  were,   however,   completely 
put   in  the  shade  by  the  700/.   fetched  by 
the  Kilmarnock  edition  of  Burns's  '  Poems,' 
1786,    8vo    (original    blue    wrappers,    which 
had   been  cleaned).     Only    three   copies   in 
wrappers    can    be     traced.     Two     Caxtons 
appeared  at  this  sale — '  Cronycles  of    Eng- 
land,'   1482,    small    folio,    185/.    (imperfect), 
and    'Cicero  on   Old    Age   and  Friendship,' 
1481,  small  folio,  600/.  (one  leaf  in  facsimile 
and    a    few    defects)  ;    and    a    number    of 
Shakspeareana,     including     all      the      four 
folios,  the  first  of  which  has  already  been 
mentioned.     A    perfect    copy  of    the    third 
fetched     650/.     (modern     calf)  ;     '  A     Mid- 
sommer    Night's    Dreame,'  James    Roberts, 
1600,  180/.  (mended,  morocco  extra)  ;    'King 
Lear,'    1608,   200/.   (morocco);     'The  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,'  1619,  120/.  ;    '  The  Rape 
of  Lucreece,'  1624,  12mo,  350/.  (new  vellum), 
and,    on   the    whole,    a    good    copy    of    tho 
'  Poems  '  of    1640,   with   the  portrait,    215/. 
(morocco  extra),  a  sum  which  may  be  com- 
pared with   that  realized   for  the  unusually 
fine  and  perfect  copy,  in  its  original  sheep- 
skin binding,  sold  at  Sotheby's  on  tho  14th 
of  December  last  for  260/. — the  highest  price 


to  date.  Earl  Howe's  collection  of  Shak- 
speareana sold  on  December  21st  did  not 
contain  this  edition  of  the  '  Poems,'  many  of 
which,  by  the  way,  are  not  by  Shakspeare. 
To  describe  the  Van  Antwerp  collection 
as  its  importance  deserves  would  render 
it  necessary  to  print  a  large  part  of  the 
catalogue.  The  various  lots  are,  however, 
set  out  fully  in  'Book-Prices  Current,' 
and  to  that  reference  can  easily  be  made. 
It  may  be  mentioned,  however,  that  Gold- 
smith's '  The  Traveller,'  1764,  the  first 
issue,  with  title-page  quite  distinct  from 
the  1765  edition  (see  The  Athcnccum  of 
October  19th  last,  p,  480),  brought  216/. 
(morocco  extra)  ;  Gray's  '  Elegy,'  published 
at  sixpence  in  1751,  4to,  205/.  (morocco 
extra) ;  John  Heywood's  '  An  Hundred  Epi- 
grammes,'  1550,  small  8vo,  126/.  (morocco); 
Hubbard's  '  Narrative  of  the  Troubles  with 
the  Indians,'  Boston,  1677,  small  4to,  with 
the  "White  Hills"  (not  "Wine  Hills,"  done 
probably  for  the  London  edition),  450/. 
(original  sheep)  ;  Milton's  '  Comus,'  1637, 
small  4to,  162/.  (morocco)  ;  '  Purchas  his 
Pilgrimes,'  5  vols.,  1625-6,  170/.  (original 
vellum)  ;  Sir  Philip  Sidney's  '  Countesse 
of  Pembroke's  Arcadia,'  1590,  small  4to, 
315/.  (mended,  old  boards)  ;  the  first  issue 
of  the  original  edition  of  '  Gulliver's  Travels,' 
3  vols.,  1726-7,  distinguished  by  the  separate 
pagination  and  the  inscription  below  the 
portrait  instead  of  round  it,  as  is  generally 
the  case,  132/.  (old  calf)  ;  and  a  very  unusual 
book  known  as  '  The  Thrie  Tailes  of  the 
Thrie  Priests  of  Peblis,'  printed  at  Edinburgh 
by  Robert  Charteris  in  1603,  small  4to, 
120/.  It  is  also  worthy  of  note  thai  a  large- 
paper  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  Wycherley's 
'  Miscellany  Poems,'  1704,  folio,  with  a 
brilliant  impression  of  the  artistic  portrait, 
fetched  as  much  as  94/.  (oiiginal  calf, 
rebacked). 

This  narration,  necessarily  far  from 
complete,  will  give  a  good  idea  of  the 
kind  of  books  which  comprised  Mr. 
Van  Antwerp's  library  and  of  the  large 
sums  obtained  for  them.  It  is  significant 
that  the  First  Folio  of  Shakspeare  should 
alone  have  realized  far  more  than  the 
whole  of  the  important  collection  of  a  mis- 
cellaneous character  with  which  Messrs. 
Sotheby  began  the  year  on  January  14th. 
As  often  happens  at  those  rooms,  extensive 
collections  are  sold  for  a  total  amount 
averaging  21.  or  3/.  per  entiy  in  the  cata- 
logue. This  is  a  high  average  when  books 
are  dealt  with  in  large  quantities,  but  when 
the  amounts  are  evenly  distributed,  as  in 
this  instance,  there  is  not  much  to  be  said. 
The  only  books  which  need  be  mentioned 
on  this  occasion  were  another  copy  of  the 
'  Arcadia  '  of  1590,  which,  having  the 
epitaph  and  three  leaves  in  manuscript  and 
several  others  torn  or  imperfect,  sold  for 
no  more  than  165/.  (old  calf),  and  Byron's 
'  Poems  on  Various  Occasions,'  1807,  8vo, 
38/.  (calf,  soiled).  This  work  was  issued 
in  green  boards  with  a  pink  label  on  the 
back,  and  when  in  that  state  is  worth  per  haps 
100/. — so  much  is  lost  by  rebuilding  or  in 
any  way  tampering  with  books  like  this. 

The  library  of  the  late  Mr.  Samuel  Eyres 
Wilson,  sold  on  January  23rd,  also  at 
Sotheby's,  contained  a  perfect  copy  of  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh's  '  Discoverie  of  tho  Large, 
Rich,  and  Bcwtiful  Empyre  of  Guiana,' 
1596,  small  4to,  which  realized  21/.  5*.  (in 
morocco)  ;  Burton's  '  Arabian  Nig! its,' 
16  vols.,  with  an  additional  volume  of 
illustrations  by  Letch  ford,  1885-8,  26/.  (as 
issued)  ;  and  the  Kelmscott  '  Chaucer,' 
49/.  (half  canvas  boards,  as  issued).  On 
January  24th  Messrs.  Knight,  Frank  & 
Rutley  sold  for  19/.  a  copy  of  Dante, 
printed  at  Florence  in  1481,  folio,  which 
I  mention  hero  because  it  contained  but  two 


of  the  plates.  The  full  complement  is 
19  plates,  and  a  copy  containing  them  all 
fetched  no  less  than  1,000/.  at  Sir  Thomas 
Carmichael's  sale  in  1903.  The  value  of  this 
book  depends  entirely  upon  the  number  of 
plates  it  contains.  Later  in  the  month  a 
copy  of  the  letter  written  by  Henry  VIII. 
in  reply  to  Luther,  printed  by  Pynson  in 
1526,  brought  51/.  (calf).  Only  two  or  three 
copies  of  this  edition  are  known,  one 
being  in  the  Amherst  Library,  which,  accord- 
ing to  all  accounts,  is  to  be  sold  shortly. 
Lescarbot's  'Nova  Francia,'  1609,  small  4to, 
also  sold  for  30/.  (old  calf,  title  mounted) 
about  this  time.  It  is  not,  however,  till 
February  12th  that  we  come  to  a  really  im- 
portant and  distinctive  sale,  when  a  small 
collection  of  works  illustrating  the  costumes 
of  the  British  military  and  naval  forces, 
belonging  to  Major-General  Astley  Terry, 
realized  nearly  1,200/.,  though  the  catalogue 
contained  but  41  entries.  "  Hayes's  '  Cos- 
tumes,' 55  coloured  plates,  published  by 
Spooner  in  1840-43,  known  as  "the  oblong 
series,"  brought  the  large  sum  of  135/.;  and 
another  series  of  15  colomed  plates,  bjr  the 
same,  published  by  Graves  in  1845-6,  56/. 
No  perfect  copy  containing  all  the  18 
coloured  lithographs  of  Gauci's  '  Costume 
of  the  British  Navy,'  1829,  4to,  is  known 
to  exist.  General  Terry's  had  but  15  plates, 
and  it  fetched  19/.  ;  while  Hull's  '  Costume 
of  the  British  Army  in  1828,'  containing 
the  complete  set  of  72  coloured  plates, 
brought  100/.  Many  other  very  high  prices 
are  noticeable,  but  what  has  been  said 
will  give  a  good  idea  of  the  importance 
and  rarity  of  many  of  these  nineteenth- 
century  military  and  naval  costume  plates. 
Isolated  examples  are  often  met  with.  The 
difficulty  is  to  obtain  them  in  the  series, 
the  reason  doubtless  being  that  from  the 
first  they  were  detached  from  their  wrappers 
to  be  framed  and  hung  up  in  messrooms 
and  elsewhere,  thus  becoming  separated 
and  more  and  more  widely  distributed  as 
time  went  on.  J.  Herbert  Slater. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 

ENGLISH. 

Theology. 
Adams  (J.),  Sermons  in  Syntax  ;  or,  Studies  in  the  Hebrew 

Text,  4/6  net.     A  book  for  preachers  and  students, 
Derry  (Bishop  of),   The   Epistle  to  the   Hebrews,   if,      A 

devotional  commentary. 
Drummond  (J.),  Studies  in  Christian  Doctrine,  10/6  net. 
Howard  (Rev.  H.),  The  Raiment  of  the  Soul,  3/6. 
Jones   (Father)    of    Cardiff.      By    Two    Former  Curates, 

J.  W.  W.  and  H.  A.  C,  3/6  net.     A  memoir  of  the  Rev. 

Griffith   Arthur  Jones,    for   over  thirty  years  vicar  of 

St.  Mary's,  Cardiff. 
Reid  (H.  M.  B.),  A  Country  Parish,   2/6  net.      Studies  in 

pastoral  theology  and  Church  law. 

Law. 

Powell's  Income  Tax  Laws,  21/  net. 

Woods  (W.  A.  G.)  and  Ritchie  (J.),  A  Digest  of  Cases, 
3  vols.,  105/. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 

Antiquary,  January,  6rf. 

Chardin  (J.  B.  S.)  et  Fragonard  (J.  HA  L'tEuvre  de,  42/ 
Deux  cent  treize  reproductions.  Introduction  par 
Armand  Dayot,  notes  par  Leandre  Vaillal. 

Macquoid  (P.),  A  History  of  English  Furniture.     Part  XV. 
7/6  net. 

Memorials  of  Old  Dorset,  15/  not.  Edited  by  Thomas 
Perkins  and  Herbert  Pentin  in  Memorials  of  the 
Counties  of  England,  with  many  illustrations. 

Orkney  and  Shetland  Old-lore,  January. 

Records  of  Buckinghamshire,  Vol.  IX.,  No.  4.  Contains 
also  the  Proceedings  of  the  Bucks  Architectural  and 
Archa'ological  Society. 

Report  of  the   Committee   on    Ancient   Earthworks  and 
Fortified  Enclosures.     Prepared  for  presentation  to  the 
Congress  of  Archa'ological  Societies,  July  3rd,  1807. 
Poetry  and  Drama. 

Benson  (S.),  Poems. 

Eraser  (E.j  The  Clodhopper:  a  Development   in  Verse; 

Book  III.  True,  3/ net. 
Mann  (K.).  Old  Songs  of  the  Elizabethans,  with  New  Songs 
in  Reply,  '»'.  net.     Second  Edition.-  Stray  Sl.in.i-. 

Tudor  Facsimile  Texts:  Impatient  Poverty:  John  the 
Evangelist;  King  Darius;  Lusty  Juvenlus;  Wealth 
and  Health. 

Tudor  Facsimile  Texts:  Folio  Series:  Massinger'a  Believe 

.is  Yc  List. 
Tudor  Facsimile  Texts  :   The    Macro   Plays,    No.    I.    Man- 
kind ;  No.  II.  Wisdom,  or  Mind,  Will,  ami  Cndersl  Hid- 
ing.    All  issued  for  subscribers,  and  edited  bv  John  S. 

Farmer, 


16 


THE     AT  II  KX/Kl'  M 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1 


Ill.uknui     (1\     W.).     I  ■     f"r    1 1  »K.l»     BotUJOll    and 

Academies,  5  nel  , ,      . 

Pordhatn  (M .).  Mother  Earth,  5/  net  A  proposal  for  the 
pennanenl  reconat  ruction  of our  country  an,  wltn  I  re- 
■M  b]  J.  A.  Hobson. 

11 1,!, try  aiui  Biograpky. 

K.ll  (Mrs.  A.  <;.),  The  Royal  Manor  of  Biohmond.  with 


Petersham,  ii.iiii,  .ui.i  Row,  :  fl  net    \vnii  io  lllustra 
thme  in  colour  by  Arthur  O.  Bell 
('iUliion(l).),  Sanquhar  and  the  Crichtona    An  historical 
mi  of  the  connexion  of  the  Crichton  family  witb 
the  Boyal  itur^h  of  Sanquhar,  ai  contained  mainly  In  a 
leetnra  delivered  on  Sept  '•'■  WOT,  at  Sanquhar. 
House  oi  Gordon,  VoL  11.    Edltedbi  J.  M.  Bulloch. 
Record  of  the  Celebration  of  the  Quatercentenary  of  the 

University  of  Aberdeen.    Edited  by  P.  J.  Anderson. 
Records  of  the  Sheriff  Court  of  Aberdeenshire,   VoL  III. 

Edited  i>v  David  Littlejohn. 
Scottish  Historical  Keview,  January,  2 'C  net. 

Geography  and  Travel. 
Oaiae(W.  Ralph  Hall),  The  Cruise  of  the  Port  Kingston, 
10  c,  lift.     The  four  sections  of  the  volume  deal  with 
history,  commerce,  religion,  antisocial  relatlona 
Maps :     Polar    Region! :     Hie    World,    showing    Physical 

Features,  '.>/<*>  each. 
Swayne  (K),   A    Woman's    Pleasure  Trip    in    Somaliland, 
4/  neU 

Bibliography. 
Book-Prices  Current,  Part  I.,  25/6  per  annum. 

Philology. 
Year's  Work  in  Classical  Studies,  1907,  2/6  net,     Edited  by 
W.  II.  D.  Rouse. 

School-Books. 
Dryer  (C.  R.),  Lessons  in  Physical  Geography,  6/  net. 
Philips'  Modern  Atlas  for  the  Use  of  .Schools  in  Australasia, 

2/6.     Edited  by  G.  Philip. 
Stewart  (R.  W.),  The  New  Matriculation  Sound,  2/6.     In 
the  University  Tutorial  Series. 
Anthropology. 
Village  Deities  of  Southern  India,  1/3.     One  of  the  Madras 
Government  Museum  publications,  with  7  plates. 
Science. 
American  Journal  of  Mathematics,  January,  1  dol.  50. 
Bamford    (II.)  Moving  Loads    on   Railway   Underbridges, 

4/6  net. 

Barrett  (C),  From  Range  to  Sea  :  a  Bird-Lover's  Ways,  1/. 

With  Preface  by  Donald  Macdonald,  and  pictures  by 

A.  II.  E.  Mattingley. 

Godman  (F.  du  Cane),  A  Monograph  of  the  Petrels  (Order 

Tubinares),  Part  I.,  45/.    Illustrated  by  J.  G.  Keulemans. 

Green  (W.  C),   The   Merchants'  Hundredweights  Tables, 

3/6  net. 
Guide  to  the  Specimens    of    the   Horse  Family  (Equidre) 
exhibited    in    the    Department    of    Zoology,     British 
Museum  (Natural  History),  1/ 
Laurence  (E.  C),  Modern  Nursing  in  Hospital  and    Home, 

2,6  net.    A  short  course  of  lectures  to  probationers. 
Records  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  India,  Vol.  XXXVI, 

Part  I.,  1  rupee. 
Transactions  of  the  Royal  Scottish  Arboricultural  Society, 

January,  3/ 
Williamson    (A.    P.   \\\),    Magnetism,     Deviation    of    the 
Compass,  and  Compass  Adjustment  for  Practical  Use 
and  B.  O.  T.  Exams.,  3/6  net. 
Fi  Hon. 
Francis  (Mrs.),  Mathew  Strong,  6/ 

Priest,  The,  and  the  Acolyte,  5/  net.    New  Edition,  with  an 
introductory  protest  by  Stuart  Mason. 
General  Literature. 
Artists'  Almanac  for  1908,  6<f. 
Catholic  Directory,   Ecclesiastical  Register,  and  Almanac 

for  1908,  1/6  net. 
Clerk,  The,  No.  1,  Id.     The  organ  of  the  National  Union  of 

Clerks. 
Hindustan  Review,  December,  1907, 1  rupee.  The  hundredth 

number. 
Licensed   Victuallers'   Official   Annual,    Legal    Text-Book, 
Diary,  and  Almanack,   for   1908,   1/ net.     "The   Blue- 
Book  of  the  Trade,"  edited  by  Albert  B.  Deane. 
Manet's  Church  Directory  and  Almanack,  1908,  3/  net. 
Notes  and  News,  No.  I.,  Id.     Published  in  the  interests  of 

stamp  collectors. 
Oliver  and   Boyd's   Edinburgh  Almanac  and  National  Re- 
pository for  1908,  6/6  net. 
Remington  Calendar  and  Pocket  Diary  for.1908. 

Pamphlets. 
Mackinder  (H.  J.),  The  Development  of  Geographical  Teach- 
ing out  of  Nature  Study,  6rt.  net.     An  address. 
Radford  (Mrs.  G.  II.),  The  Courtenay  Monument  in  Colyton 
Church.  Reprinted  from  the  Transactions  of  the  Devon- 
shire Association    for    the  Advancement   of    Science, 
Literature,  and  Art. 
Richmond  (Mrs.  E.),  A  Natural  Education,  3d.     A  lecture 
on  the  co-education  of  boys  and  girls. 

FOREIGN. 

Law. 
Esiiic in  (A.), Precis  eiementaired'Histoire  du  Droit  francais: 
Revolution,  Consulat,  et  Empire,  8fr. 

Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 

Beyli6  (General  L.  de),  1'iome  et  Samara:  Voyage archeo- 
logjque  en  Birmanie  et  en  Mesopotamia.  One  of  the 
Publications  de  la  Society  francai.se  des  Fouilles  areheo- 
logiimes,  illustrated  with  many  tine  plates. 

Digonnet  (F.),  Le  Palais  des  Panes  d'Avignon.  Also  illus- 
trated, but  on  a  smaller  scale. 

Rfja  (M.),  I/Art  chez  lea  Foua,  3fr.  50.    Second  Edition. 
History  and  Biography. 

Blok  (P.  J.),  Qeachiedenia  van  bet  nederlandschc  Volk, 
Part  VIII.,  10m.  50. 

*»*  All  Books  received  at  the  Office  up  to  Wednesday 
Morning  will  be  included  in  this  List  unless  previously 
noted.  Jhiblishers  are  requested  to  state  prices  when 
sending  Books. 


Kitoarj  (Bossip. 

The  articles  which  Mr.  II.  O.  Arnold' 

Forster,    MP.,    has    recently    contributed 

to    The   Standard   will    be   published   by 

Messrs.  Smith  A   Elder  in  book  form  before 

Parliament  reassembles,  under  the  title 
'  English  Socialism  To-day  :  its  Teaching 
and  its  Aims  Examined.'  The  object 
of  the  book  is  to  explain  in  simple  lan- 
guage the  character  of  the  Socialist 
doctrines  which  are  now  being  taught 
to  the  people  of  England  by  the  Social 
Democratic  Federation,  the  Independent 
Labour  Party,  and  the  Fabian  Society. 

Another  book  which  Messrs.  Smith 
&  Elder  will  publish  about  the  same  date 
as  Mr.  Arnold-Forster's  volume  is  Mr. 
Frederic  Harrison's  '  My  Alpine  Jubilee, 
1851-1907.'  Mr.  Harrison  was  the  guest 
of  the  Alpine  Club  at  their  recent  Jubilee, 
and  at  their  request  has  collected  some 
pieces  that  he  wrote  on  mountaineering 
from  his  own  experience,  which  preceded 
the  origin  of  the  Club.  Mr  Harrison  has 
prefixed  to  the  book  some  letters  which  he 
wrote  to  his  wife  and  daughter  during  a 
visit  to  Switzerland  last  year.  A  portrait 
of  the  author  will  be  the  frontispiece. 

Messrs.  Macmillan  &  Co.  promise 
'  The  Autobiography  of  Montagu  Burrcws,' 
edited  by  his  son,  which  should  be  of 
exceptional  interest ;  '  James  Thomson,' 
in  "  English  Men  of  Letters,"  by  Mr. 
G.  C.  Macaulay;  and  'The  Story  of  the 
Guides,'  by  Col.  G.  J.  Younghusband. 

Two  well-known  series  of  the  same 
publishers  are  to  have  notable  additions. 
Mr.  Morley's  '  Life  of  Cobden '  and  Prof. 
Ker's  '  Epic  and  Romance '  are  taking  on 
the  "  Eversley  "  crimson  ;  while  '  Lyrical 
Poems  of  T.  E.  Brown,'  selected  by  Mr. 
H.  F.  Brown  and  Mr.  H.  G.  Dakyns,  and 
four  '  Plays  of  vEschylus,'  rendered  by 
Mr.  E.  D.  A.  Morshead,  are  to  appear  in 
the  "  Golden  Treasury  "  form. 

The  two  new  volumes  of  the  "National 
Edition  "  of  Dickens  to  be  published  on 
the  15th  inst.  will  be  '  Edwin  Drood '  and 
'  Reprinted  Pieces.'  To  the  usual  con- 
tents of  the  latter  volume  will  be  added 
Dickens's  contributions  to  the  Morning 
Chronicle,  Daily  News,  Times,  Athenceum, 
Benllei/s  Miscellany,  Hood's  Magazine, 
Douglas  Jerrold's  Magazine,  The  Keep- 
sake, The  Cornhill,  and  The  Atlantic 
Monthly  ;  his  introductions  to  Adelaide 
Procter's  '  Legends  and  Lyrics,'  Over's 
'  Evenings  with  a  Working  Man,'  '  Life 
of  Grimaldi,'  and  '  Religious  Opinions  of 
Chauncy  Hare  Townshend '  ;  and  the 
novelist's  early  piece  '  Sunday  under 
Three  Heads,'  most  of  which  are  included 
for  the  first  time  in  a  collected  edition  of 
his  writings. 

On  the  15th  of  February  will  be  pub- 
lished the  two  volumes  of  '  Miscellaneous 
Papers  frcm  The  Examiner,  Household 
Words,  and  All  the  Year  Bound  ;  Plays  and 
Poems.'  Most  of  the  articles  and  sketches 
have  never  before  been  revealed  as  the 
work  of  the  novelist.  Some  ninety  con- 
tributions to  Household  Words  have  been 
secured   through    Mr.    R.    C.    Lehmann's 


courtesy   in  placing   at    the  disposal   of 

M-  Mrs.  Chapman  ft  Hall  the  contributors' 
tx  ok  of  that  periodical. 

The  volumes  will  contain  an  Introduc- 
tion by  Mr.  B.  W.  Matz,  the  editor  of 
The  Dirkensian,  who  has  arranged  the 
material,    and    generally    supervised    the 

publication,  of  this  handsome  edition, 
and  supplied  the  bibliographical  notes  to 
each  book.  Twenty  pictures,  by  Phiz, 
Leech,  Cruikshank,  E.  M.  Ward,  Clarkson 
Stanfield,  and  other  artists,  and  repro- 
ductions from  contemporary  prints,  have 
been  chosen  to  illustrate  the  text. 

The  Stuarts  engage  a  large  part  of 
The  Scottish  Historical  Review  for  January. 
There  are  two  Queen  Mary  papers  :  one 
on  her  relations  with  Maitland  of  Lething- 
ton — a  defence  of  the  Secretary  :  the 
other,  Mr.  Henderson's  reply  to  Mr. 
Lang  on  Casket  Letter  No.  II.  Prof. 
Terry  edits  Allan  Cameron's  narrative  of 
the  end  of  the  '15,  an  important  con- 
temporary text.  For  the  '45  the  career 
of  a  Border  Jacobite,  Henry  Ker  of 
Graden,  is  sketched.  Other  contents  in- 
clude a  Hebridean  legend  from  Campbell 
of  Tiree's  MSS.  ;  Bishop  Dowden's  notes 
on  Glasgow  bishops ;  Prof.  Sandys's 
critique  on  George  Buchanan ;  and 
Dr.  William  Wallace's  statement  on  the 
proposed  Scots  History  Chair. 

The  Publishers'  Circular  annual  summary 
of  classified  books  is  out.  New  books 
in  1907  reached  9,914,  or  1,311  more  than 
in  1906.  Fiction  has  decreased  slightly, 
but  increase  is  shown  in  Religion  and 
Philosophy,  Law,  History  and  Biography, 
Poetry,  and  Medicine ;  while  Arts, 
Sciences,  and  Illustrated  Works  have 
risen  from  452  new  books  and  47  new 
editions  to  863  and  246. 

A  definitive  reissue  of  the  novels  and 
tales  of  Mr.  Henry  James,  with  prefaces 
by  the  author,  is  announced  for  early 
publication  by  Messrs.  Scribner.  This 
"  New  York  Edition "  is  to  consist  of 
twenty-three  volumes,  and  Mill  contain 
all  of  his  work  that  Mr.  James  regards  as 
of  permanent  value. 

Mr.  Kipling  is  writing  a  .series  of 
articles  on  his  recent  experiences  in 
Canada.  These  will  shortly  be  published 
by  The  Morning  Post  under  the  title  of 
'  Letters  to  the  Family.' 

Early  this  month  Messrs.  Brown, 
Langham  &  Co.  will  publish  'Going through 
the  Mill,'  by  Mrs.  Gerald  Paget,  which 
is  neither  a  novel  nor  a  volume  of  essays, 
but  borrows  a  little  from  each  form.  It 
purports  to  describe  the  experiences  of  a 
lady  of  fashion  who,  tired  of  the  daily 
round  of  London  life,  attempts  to  follow 
out  the  teaching  of  her  ideal.  Incident- 
ally the  author  indulges  in  some  plain 
speaking  upon  many  interesting  topics. 

The  same  firm  will  also  have  ready  in  a 
few  weeks  new  editions  of  Mr.  Lacon 
Watson's  '  Benedictine  '  and  '  Reflections 
of  a  Householder.'  '  Benedictine '  has 
been  so  much  altered  as  to  be  virtually  a 
new  book. 

The  annual  meeting  of  the  New  Spalding 
Club  was  held  last  week  in  Edinburgh. 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


17 


A  list  of  ten  works  approved  by  the 
Council  for  publication  by  the  Club  was 
submitted  in  the  Secretary's  report. 
These  include  a  third  volume  of  the 
'  Musa  Latina  Aberdonensis,'  a  second 
volume  of  tho  '  Records  of  Old  Aberdeen,' 
a  volume  of  '  Selections  from  the  Records 
of  the  County  cf  Banff,'  and  the  long- 
promised  collection  of  '  Folk-Music  of  the 
North-East  of  Scotland,'  edited  by  Mr. 
Gavin  Greig.  Prof.  Sanford  Terry  has  sug- 
gested that  a  Club  volume  supplementary 
to  his  '  Albemarle  Papers  '  might  be  based 
on  official  documents  in  the  Public  Record 
Office  which  throw  light  on  the  state  of 
Scotland  between  1748  and  1760,  and  to 
this  suggestion  the  Council  have  given 
their  assent. 

The  business  carried  on  by  Mr.  Elliot 
Stock  for  many  years  in  Paternoster  Row 
has  been  disposed  of  to  Mr.  Robert  Scott. 
The  transfer  takes  place  this  week.  Mr. 
Stock  will  retain  a  part  in  the  management, 
and  the  members  of  the  staff  will  be 
unchanged. 

The  death  last  Tuesday  of  the  Rev. 
Edgar  Sanderson  in  his  seventieth  year 
removes  a  well-known  writer  of  popular 
history.  His  '  History  of  the  British 
Empire  '  has  reached  a  twentieth  edition, 
and  his  book  on  '  The  Creed  and  the 
Church  '  attained  a  fifth  in  1892. 

The  week's  obituary  also  includes  the 
name  of  Mr.  Charles  Peters,  who  died 
at  Peaslake  on  Sunday  last  at  the  age  of 
fifty-three.  He  was  a  busy  and  genial 
journalist.  He  had  been  editor  of  The 
GirVs  Own  Paper  (which  was  his  own  idea) 
since  1879,  and  previously  sub-editor  of 
The  Quiver  and  CasselVs  Family  Magazine. 
He  was  one  of  the  promoters,  and  the  first 
Secretary,  of  Trinity  College,  London, 
a  man  of  generous  and  kindly  nature  who 
will  be  much  missed  by  his  friends  and 
fellow-workers. 

Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  has  by 
the  will  of  Sir  W.  G.  Pearce  become 
entitled  to  a  sum  of  400,000?.,  his  wife, 
who  had  a  life  interest  in  the  bequest, 
having  survived  him  by  less  than  two 
months.  That  the  University,  which 
is  hampered  by  lack  of  funds,  should, 
rather  than  the  best -endowed  college  at 
Cambridge,  have  been  the  recipient  of 
this  great  sum  is  a  natural  reflection. 
Perhaps  Trinity,  which  has  already  added 
to  literature  some  admirable  books  by  its 
Clark  Lectureship,  will  see  to  the  making 
of  a  Professor  of  English  or  of  Poetry. 

We  are  sorry  to  notice  the  death,  on 
Monday  week  last,  cf  Mr.  John  C.  Nimmo, 
once  a  well  -  known  publisher.  Mr. 
Nimmo  was  especially  associated  with  the 
issue  cf  handsome  editions  of  books  of 
permanent  value.  He  brought  out,  for 
instance,  the  excellent  :  Border  Waverley,' 
with  etchings  and  Mr.  Lang's  notes. 

We  have  also  to  regret  the  death  of  Mr. 
W.  M.  Thompson,  the  editor  of  Reynolds's 
Newspaper,  who  was  first  connected  with 
the  Belfast  News  Letter  and  the  Standard. 
Mr.  Thompson  was  a  vigorous  exponent 
of  modern  ideas  of  democracy. 

We  are  informed  by  Mr.  Burdctt- 
Coutts,  M.P.,  that  the  statement  in  our 


last  issue  that  "  Mr.  Charles  Osborne 
has  been  entrusted  with  the  task  of  com- 
posing a  biography  of  the  late  Baroness 
Burdett-Coutts "  is  incorrect  and  un- 
authorized. 

A  lecture  on  '  Wayfaring  Life  in 
Mediaeval  Ireland '  was  delivered  last 
week  before  the  National  Literary  Society, 
Dublin,  by  Mr.  H.  Egan  Kenny.  Mr. 
Kenny  has  gleaned  industriously  amongst 
the  fragmentary  documents  that  remain 
dealing  with  the  period  between  1100  and 
1600,  and  from  these  he  was  able  to 
construct  an  interesting  account  of  the 
condition  of  the  country,  its  exports — 
Ireland  was  then  one  of  the  chief 
granaries  of  Europe — its  inhabitants,  and 
the  state  of  civilization  towhich  it  attained 
during  the  centuries  succeeding  the  period 
of  its  greatest  literary  and  artistic  achieve- 
ment. One  of  the  features  of  Ireland's 
life  in  the  Middle  Ages  was  the  emigration 
of  her  scholars,  who  drifted  to  the  schools 
of  the  Continent  and  to  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge. 

A  course  of  training  for  the  Teacher's 
Diploma  of  the  University  of  Dublin  will 
begin  this  term  in  Alexandra  College. 
This  ccurse  has  been  instituted  with  the 
object  of  preparing  Irishwomen  for  the 
teaching  profession,  and  of  raising  the 
standard  of  the  instruction  given  in  Irish 
secondary  schools  for  girls. 

We  hear  that  the  fourth  volume  cf  the 
memoirs  of  Madame  de  Boigne  will 
contain  some  interesting  passages  on  the 
death  of  Talleyrand,  but  that  it  is  other- 
wise inferior  to  the  second,  and  hardly 
equal  even  to  the  third.  As  regards  the 
death  of  Talleyrand,  it  is  possible  that 
those  who  have  found  Madame  de  Boigne's 
story  interesting  may  have  overlooked 
the  passages  relating  to  the  same  event 
to  be  found  in  other  works.  The  fate 
of  Talleyrand's  brain  in  the  gutter  of  the 
Rue  Duphot  is  not  forgotten  by  English 
readers. 

The  Athenceum  once  pointed  out  that 
it  was  difficult  to  induce  some  English 
journalists  to  correct  a  misspelling  of  the 
name  of  the  present  Prime  Minister  of 
France  in  face  of  the  fact  that  an  accent 
was  placed  on  the  first  syllable  in  the 
collected  edition  of  his  works,  and  by 
the  greatest  of  French  critics  in  the 
Revue  des  Deux  Mondes.  Since  the  death 
of  M.  Brunetiere  the  spelling  cf  the  name 
has  been  corrected  in  La  Revue,  and  we 
now  hear  that  M.  Brunetiere  had  informed 
the  printers  that  the  error  was  to  be  left 
unaltered,  so  that  correction  was  im- 
possible until  a  change  of  editor  occurred. 

We  regret  to  hear  of  the  death  of  the 
distinguished  French  journalist  M.  Jean 
Joseph  Comely,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two. 
M.  Comely  studied  medicine,  but  did 
not  possess  the  means  to  obtain  his 
medical  degree  ;  and  after  a  short  turn 
at  teaching,  he  took  up  journalism.  He 
was  associated  with  the  Figaro  until  the 
death  of  Villemessant,  the  founder.  For 
a  time  he  contributed  to  the  Gaulois,  and 
then  started  an  "  organe  ardemmont 
legit imiste,"  Le  Clairon,  which  lasted  for 
three  years.     For   a  long   time   he   con- 


tributed to  Le  Matin.  He  then  returned 
to  the  Gaulois,  but  his  views  of  the 
Dreyfus  affair  compelled  him  to  retire,  and, 
after  a  short  connexion  with  the  Figaro, 
he  became  a  member  of  the  staff  of  the 
reorganized  Siecle.  He  was  the  author 
of  several  volumes,  notably  '  L'CEil  en 
Diable,'  1878  ;  '  La  France  et  son  Armee,' 
1887  ;  and  '  Rome  et  le  Jubile  de  Leon 
XIII.,'  1888.  M.  Comely  was  born  on 
January  15th,  1845. 

Another  veteran  French  journalist, 
M.  Adrien  Barbus-se,  died  on  Monday  last 
at  Hyeres.  He  was  long  associated  with 
Le  Siecle,  and  when  nearly  sixty  years  of 
age  joined  the  staff  of  the  Figaro,  where 
he  remained  for  ten  years.  He  started  a 
French  journal  in  London  under  the  title 
of  V International,  and  wrote  a  number 
of  novels  and  theatrical  pieces.  One  of 
the  latter,  a  drama  with  the  title  '  L' Affaire 
Coverley,'  was  successfully  produced  at 
the  Ambigu  in  Paris. 

The  well-known  Leipsic  publisher  and 
bookseller  Herr  Karl  W.  Hiersemann 
announces  for  early  publication  Dr.  Kon- 
rad  Burger's  supplement  to  Hain  and 
Panzer,  '  Beitrage  zur  Inkunabelbiblio- 
graphie,'  in  which  will  be  recorded,  we 
hope,  the  numerous  discoveries  made  by 
English  booksellers  and  bibliographers 
during  the  last  few  years. 

Few  Parliamentary  Papers  of  general 
interest  to  our  readers  have  been  recently 
published,  but  we  may  note  the  issue  cf  a 
Memorandum  on  the  Study  of  History  in 
Scottish  Schools  {\\d.). 

SCIENCE 


A    Bird    Collector's    Medley.     By    E.    C. 

Arnold.  (West,  Newman  &  Co.) 
Inasmuch  as  a  bird  collector  generally 
makes  it  his  business  to  acquire  a  far 
wider  knowledge  of  his  subject  than  his 
detractors  can  boast,  we  are  hardly  sur- 
prised to  find  in  Mr.  Arnold  an  admir- 
able apologist  for  what  bird  lovers  regard 
as  a  pernicious  hobby.  He  writes  in 
attractive  style,  and  though  the  con- 
sciousness of  having  the  weight  of  public 
opinion  against  him  makes  his  debating 
tone  somewhat  defiant,  he  advances 
many  very  specious  arguments  His  case 
is  the  stronger  because  he  dissociates 
himself  entirely  from  methods  of  indis- 
criminate slaughter  and  other  vices  of  the 
worse  type  of  collectors.  In  discussing 
the  question  of  bird  protection  Mr. 
Arnold  is  even  prepared  to  accept  certain 
self-denying  ordinances  as  a  basis  of 
compromise.  Indeed,  he  is  in  favour 
of  drastic  measures  of  reform  so  far  as 
they  concern  the  millinery  trade,  pro- 
fessional bird-catchers,  game-preservers, 
and  kindred  spirits.  But  when  he  writes, 
"  I  think  that  County  Councils  should 
specially  protect  throughout  the  year 
certain  birds  in  real  danger  of  exter- 
mination," we  can  hardly  believe1  his 
ingenuous  advice  to  be  given  in  good  faith. 
He  is  of  course  aware — and  alludes  (<>  the 
fact— that  the  County  Councils  have  long 
possessed  and  exercised  this  power  under 


is 


T  II  E     A  Til  KX.K  D  M 


N'u.  4184,  Jan.   1.  1908 


the    Wild    Birds'     Protection    Acts,    yet 

many  «>f  his  own  exploits  as  described  by 
hiniM'li'  have  been  planned  and  oarried 
out  in  absolute  disregard  of  such  orders. 
His  proposal  in  this  respect  is  merely 
adding  insult  to  injury.  As  lie  puts  the 
case,  their  is 

"a  small  class  of  birds  which  still  breeds 
sparingly  in  the  British  Isles,  and  whose 
numbers,  in  two  cases  at  all  events,  nro 
unlikely  ever  to  bo  recruited  from  abroad. 
Those  two  are  the  bearded  tit  and  the  Dart- 
ford  warbler  ;  and  the  others  that  belong 
to  somewhat  the  same  class  are  the  great 
bed  grebe,  the  dotterel,  the  roseate  tern, 
and  the  chough.  These  birds  need  protec- 
tion badly,  and  it  is  not  too  late  to  give  it 
them.  If  the  existing  laws  concerning  the 
close  season  were  rigorously  enforced,  three 
of  them  would  be  protected  enough,  as  they 
leave  this  country  in  the  autumn.  Special 
measures  should  be  taken  in  the  case  of  the 
first  two  and  the  last." 

A  little  later  there  is  the  assurance, 
"If  I  meet  a  Dartford  warbler,  it  is  to 
me  a  sacred  bird."  Now  elsewhere  in 
this  "  medley  "  of  his  Mr.  Arnold  devotes 
two  pages  to  telling  every  detail  of  his 
prolonged  and  finally  successful  efforts 
to  shoot  specimens  of  this  rarity,  whose 
sanctity  became  established  only  after 
the  accomplishment  of  the  quest.  This 
attitude  is  explained  in  the  Introduction, 
where  we  read  that  the  collector  of  Mr. 
Arnold's  type,  who  stuffs  his  own  birds, 
and  does  not  accumulate  an  unlimited 
number  of  specimens  in  the  form  of  skins, 

"  is  usually  contented  with  one  pair  of  any 
given  species,  if  only  because  he  has  no 
room  wherein  to  stow  away  a  larger  number  ; 
and  when  he  has  once  secured  a  couple,  the 
remaining  members  of  the  tribe  may  run 
the  gauntlet  of  his  ambush  with  impunity." 

Thus  Mr.  Arnold  considers  it  justifiable 
in  his  own  case  to  obtain  just  one  pair 
even  of  those  species  which  he  himself 
shows  to  be  in  urgent  need  of  special 
protection.  Crimine  ab  uno  disce  omnes. 
Few  collectors  show  any  genuine  con- 
sideration in  the  case  of  a  rare  bird,  what- 
ever their  professions  may  be.  There 
is  always  the  thought,  "If  I  do  not  get 
it,  some  one  else  will,"  and  the  chance 
seems  too  good  to  be  missed.  If  a 
collector's  own  needs  are  satisfied  in  that 
one  direction,  he  will  often  generously 
bethink  him  of  the  requirements  of  some 
friend — one  good  turn  deserves  another 
— and  so  it  goes  on.  Even  if  he  does 
draw  the  line  at  his  own  pair,  probably 
many  lives  are  sacrificed  before  he  is 
satisfied  with  his  specimens,  especially  if 
the  sexes  are  indistinguishable  before 
they  come  to  hand.  Mr.  Arnold  tells  us 
that  he  has  "  no  desire  to  hold  a  brief 
for  the  type  of  man  who  buys  his  speci- 
mens from  a  dealer,"  and  points  out  the 
infinite  harm  arising  from  that  prevalent 
practice.  In  such  cases,  however,  there 
is  at  least  a  likelihood  that  the  rarer 
individuals  are  supplied  from  abroad, 
whereas  the  man  who  shoots  all  his  own 
birds  points  with  pride  to  the  fact  that 
they  are  all  "  British  killed."  To  reduce 
the  matter  to  its  logical  conclusion,  it 
is  clear  that  long  before  every  such 
enthusiast  in  the  kingdom  has  contented 
himself  with  his  single  pair  of,  say,  Dart- 


ford  warblers,  that  particular  species  will 

be  lost  to  the  British  fauna. 

Birds  of  prey  and  the  raven  are  alluded 
to  as  a  class  reduced  to  the  verge  of 
extinction.  It  is  a  pity,  of  course,  that 
this  state  of  things  cannot  be  stopped; 
but  since  it  cannot,  "  the  killing  of  an 
odd  bird  or  so  by  collectors  is  a  matter 
of  very  small  moment,  after  all."  Now 
it  is  notorious  that  in  many  cases  the 
destruction  of  raptorial  birds  and  the 
taking  of  their  eggs  are  against  the  distinct 
orders  of  enlightened  landowners  Mis- 
taken zeal  on  the  part  of  the  gamekeeper 
is  responsible  for  a  great  deal,  but  the 
mischief  is  much  aggravated  by  the 
amateur  collector — pace  Mr.  Arnold,  the 
average  amateur  collector — who  has  made 
it  worth  the  man's  while  to  risk  the  dis- 
obedience. 

Of  such  birds  as  the  ruff,  the  avocet, 
the  black-tailed  godwit,  the  black  tern, 
the  bittern,  and  the  bustard,  Mr.  Arnold 
remarks  that  drainage  and  land-reclaiming 
have  banished  them  for  ever  as  breeding 
species.     "  The  shooting,"  he  says, 

"  of  such  stragglers  as  turn  up  on  migration 
in  the  autumn  does  not  make  the  slightest 
difference  to  the  chance  of  their  breeding  in 
England  again.  They  belong  to  another 
branch  of  the  family,  with  another  habitat 
and  another  breeding  area." 

That  is  as  it  may  be,  and  Mr.  Arnold  had 
no  scruples  about  dispatching  a  bittern 
which  once  "  blundered  up  "  in  front  of 
him  in  the  Fen  country  ;  but  the  fact 
remains — as  he  himself  tells  us — that, 
according  to  a  persistent  rumour,  these 
splendid  birds  have  been  once  again 
breeding  successfully  in  their  ancient 
haunt.  Where,  then,  did  the  new  stock 
come  from,  if  not  from  another  habitat 
and  another  breeding  area  ? 

In  dealing  with  the  next  class  of  birds 
Mr.  Arnold  is  on  more  defensible  ground. 
The  acquisition  of  "  accidentals  " — out- 
side the  close  season — seems  to  us  the 
most  harmless  feature  of  the  collecting 
hobby.     It  is  argued  that 

"  there  is  no  chance  of  their  becoming 
British  species  in  the  proper  sense  of  the 
term  ;  they  are  mostly  common  enough  in 
their  real  habitat,  and  the  shooting  of  these 
odd  birds  makes  no  difference  whatever 
to  the  chance  of  their  appearing  in  Eng- 
land another  year.  They  have  got  sepa- 
rated from  their  species  and  proper  home, 
and  are  doomed.  I  say,  without  hesitation, 
that  the  best  fate  that  can  befall  them  is  to 
be  shot  by  some  one  who  can  appreciate  their 
beauties." 

Many  a  new  species  woidd  undoubtedly 
escape  observation,  and  could  not  be 
positively  identified,  but  for  the  shot 
that  lays  it  low,  and  the  cause  of  science 
is  advanced  to  that  extent.  There  arc 
museums  to  be  supplied,  and  Mr.  Arnold 
shoots  every  blue-throat  he  comes  across 
to  present  it  to  such  institutions.  Against 
this  kind  of  slaughter  the  outcry  is, 
perhaps,  ill  -  considered,  and  apt  to  do 
real  harm  by  confusing  the  main  issue. 
These  prizes  are  not  picked  up  without 
an  infinite  amount  of  patience  and  ob- 
servation. The  real  point  is  that  the 
collector  who    confines    his    attention  to 


these  waifs  and  stray-  need  not  be  taken 
into  consideration,  for  he  does  not  exist. 

Finally,  referring  to  the  bulk  of  our 
commoner  birds,  Mr.  Arnold  says  : — 

"  I  doubt  whether  any  of  these  have 
become  rarer  in  recent  years.  The  establish- 
ment of  the  existing  close  season  seems  to 
have  just  met  the  case  so  far  as  they  are 
concerned.  Birds  like  hawfinches  and  gold- 
finches are  unquestionably  on  the  increase 
in  nearly  every  part  of  England." 

This  is  probably  true,  but  we  fear  that  we 
must  not  look  to  collectors  and  other 
kinds  of  human  raptorials  to  restore  the 
balance  of  nature,  which  has  been  so 
much  disturbed  by  the  disappearance 
of  the  birds  of  prey.  It  is  just  those 
species  that  are  in  danger  of  becoming 
too  numerously  represented  which  escape 
the  attentions  of  collectors.  Moreover,  it 
is  an  open  secret  that  among  the  latter  the 
so-called  close  season  is  evaded  on  every 
possible  occasion,  for  the  reason  that 
specimens  taken  in  full  breeding  plumage 
are  always  preferred  to  those  killed  during 
the  rest  of  the  year. 

Meanwhile,  however,  Mr.  Arnold  and 
most  of  the  more  public -spirited  collectors 
are  prepared  to  support  any  scheme  for 
reserving  a  few  well-chosen  sanctuaries 
of  the  type  of  the  Fame  Islands  and 
Wicken  Fen,  where  birds  may  breed  with- 
out any  interference.  Whether  it  would 
be  practicable,  as  he  suggests,  to  include 
the  New  Forest,  is  extremely  doubtful 
so  long  as  gipsies  are  free  to  roam  at 
large  there. 

Mr.  Arnold,  in  defence  of  his  favourite 
pastime,  is  unfortunately  able  to  score 
several  neat  points  at  the  expense  of 
some  of  his  critics,  whose  "  astounding 
simplicity  "  delivers  them  into  his  hands  ; 
while  he  has  his  rejoinder  ready  for  the 
"  eminent  naturalist,  who  has  possibly 
amassed  a  fine  collection  in  his  youth,  and 
has  now  taken  up  the  fashionable  cry, 
'  Why  can't  he  be  content  to  use  only 
his  field-glasses  ?  '  "  In  fact,  Mr.  Arnold 
is  thoroughly  in  earnest  with  respect  to 
his  own  etliical  standpoint,  and  if  it  is 
not  unassailable,  it  at  any  rate  deserves 
a  measure  of  respect. 

The  thick-and-thin  bird  protector  will 
certainly  lay  aside  the  book  with  a  feeling 
of  intense  exasperation  at  the  circum- 
stantial recital  of  the  various  captures 
and  the  gloating  thereupon.  But  pre- 
sumably Mr.  Arnold  has  not  sought  to  con- 
ciliate such  people,  and  he  has  produced 
a  volume  which  will  not  fail  to  delight 
those  of  his  own  way  of  thinking.  He  is 
an  artist  of  no  mean  order,  as  is  evident 
from  the  twenty  full-page  illustrations, 
some  of  which  are  beautifully  coloured. 
Possibly  his  pencil  and  brush  will  one  day 
wean  him  from  the  gun.  We  wonder 
why  he  speaks  more  than  once  of  the 
lesser  black-headed  gull. 

If  for  no  other  reason,  we  shall  remember 
this  book  for  the  unconscious  humour 
of  a  truly  Gilbertian  paradox  that  we 
have  culled  from  a  chapter  on  bird  pre- 
serving :  "  One's  efforts  to  preserve  a 
bird  should  begin  the  moment  it  is  shot." 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


19 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL    NOTES. 

M.  Geokges  Coubty  communicated  to  a 
recent  meeting  of  the  Society  of  Anthro- 
pology of  Paris  a  preliminary  note  to  a 
study  of  the  petroglyphs  in  various  parts 
of  tho  world  as  the  first  manifestations  of 
human  thought,  from  which  he  hopes  to 
draw  some  general  conclusions.  M.  Manou- 
vrier  furnished  the  measurements  of  the 
crania  and  other  bones  found  in  the  dolmen  of 
Menonville  (Seine-et-Oise)  by  MM.  Fouju 
and  Lemaire,  including  one  trepanned 
skull.  M.  Nippgen  read  a  memoir  on  the 
origin  and  period  of  the  borrowing  of 
ancient  German  words  by  the  Finnish  lan- 
guages of  the  Baltic,  founded  on  the  work  of 
Setala.  M.  Alexandre  Schenk,  Professor  of 
Anthropology  in  the  University  of  Lausanne, 
made  a  communication  on  the  populations 
of  Switzerland  from  the  Palaeolithic  period 
to  the  Gallo-Helvetian  epoch,  in  which  he 
gave  a  table  classifying  the  remains  of 
prehistoric  and  protohistoric  times  of 
Switzerland  belonging  to  the  Palaeolithic, 
Mesolithic,  Neolithic,  Bronze,  and  Iron 
Ages,  and  the  various  subdivisions  of  those 
ages.  Dr.  Wateff  of  Sofia  recorded  a 
curious  series  of  observations  of  pigmentary 
patches  on  the  skin  of  Bulgarian  children, 
with  microscopic  preparations,  showing  that 
the  origin  of  the  pigment  is  somewhat 
deeply  imbedded  in  the  skin,  and  is  not 
wholly  superficial.  M.  Louis  Lapicque  fur- 
nished a  diagram,  constructed  on  a  loga- 
rithmic scale,  showing  in  a  graphic  manner 
the  relations  between  the  weight  of  the 
body  and  that  of  the  brain  in  various  species 
of  animals. 

The  School  of  Anthropology  of  Paris 
has  now  completed  tho  thirtieth  year  of 
its  existence,  having  been  established  in 
1876,  and  has  celebrated  the  occasion  by 
the  publication  of  an  interesting  and  useful 
record,  having  for  frontispiece  a  portrait 
of  Broca,  the  founder  of  the  school,  which 
was  recognized  as  of  "  public  utility  by  a 
law  of  1889. 

Dr.  Thulie,  the  present  Director  of  the 
School,  is  the  author  of  the  history  of  its 
progress  contained  in  the  volume,  and  he 
mentions  that  the  first  occasion  within  his 
knowledge  in  which  the  word  "  antliro- 
pology  "  was  used,  in  the  sense  that  we  now 
give  to  it,  was  at  a  banquet  in  1800  to 
organize  a  society  of  observers  of  man, 
when  a  toast  was  drunk  to  the  progress  of 
anthropology.  In  1839  Seyres,  who  was 
then  Professor  of  the  Natural  History  of 
Man,  added  to  the  title  of  his  professorship 
that  of  Professor  of  Anthropology,  in  which 
he  was  succeeded  by  Quatrefages  in  1855. 
The  School  of  Anthropology  was  organized 
by  a  society  for  tho  teaching  of  the  anthro- 
pological sciences  founded  by  Broca  in 
1875,  and  claims  to  be  the  earliest  of  all 
similar  foundations,  and  to  be  more  complete 
in  its  organization  than  any  other,  though 
it  still  wants  adequate  means  to  expand  its 
teaching.  To  this  paper  is  appended  an 
account  of  the  several  professorships,  the 
p'-r.sons  by  whom  they  have  been  held,  and 
the  subjects  which  have  been  treated  in 
successive  years.  This  is  followed  by  a 
bibliography  of  the  anthropological  works 
of  each  of  the  professors  of  the  school, 
beginning  with  Broca,  the  titles  of  whose 
memoirs  (1861-79)  alone  occupy  twelve 
pages,  a  number  only  equalled  by  thoso  of 
tho  late  M.  Gabriel  de  Mortillet  (1851-98). 
This  list  adds  an  element  of  permanent 
value  to  the  publication. 

To  Man  for  Docembor  Prof.  Naville  con- 
tributes an  interesting  account  of  tho  ex- 
cavations at  Doir-el-Bahari  during  the 
scHson  1906-7,  which  brought  that  work 
to  a  close,  aftor  it  had  occupied  the  Egypt 


Exploration  Fund  since  1893,  with  an 
interruption  of  a  few  years.  It  has  com- 
pletely disclosed  the  plan  of  the  funerary 
temple  of  Mentuhetop  II.,  no  other  temple 
of  a  similar  type  having  been  discovered  in 
Egypt. 

Mr.  Andrew  Lang  comments  on  the  pro- 
hibition to  seethe  a  kid  in  its  mother's  milk, 
which  occurs  thrice  in  the  Old  Testament. 
His  view,  as  we  understand  him,  is  that  the 
injunction  is  not  against  boiling  milk,  or 
against  cooking  flesh  in  it,  or  against  boiling 
a  kid  in  milk  at  large.  Any  flesh  may  be 
boiled  in  milk  ;  any  milk  may  be  boiled  ; 
any  kid  may  be  boiled  in  any  milk  but  that 
of  its  own  dam,  as  far  as  the  rule  goes.  He 
traces  it  to  a  sentiment  of  compassion  and  a 
feeling  against  brutality  towards  animals, 
and  does  not  accept  Dr.  Frazer's  theory, 
which  had  been  independently  suggested  by 
Mr.  Marcel  Mauss. 

The   Corresponding   Societies    Committee 
of  the  British  Association   has    selected  for 
special  notice  twenty-one  contributions   to 
anthropology  from  the  tran?actions  of  thir- 
teen local  affiliated  societies  during  the  year 
ended  May  31st,   1907.     The  Somersetshire 
Archaeological  and  Natural  History  Society 
and  the  Dumfriesshire  and  Galloway  Natural 
History  and  Antiquarian  Society  each  con- 
tribute    three     papers     to     the     fist.     The 
Somersetshire    papers    are    by    Mr.    Bulleid 
on  a  prehistoric  boat  found  at   Shapwick, 
by  Mr.  St.  George  Gray  on  the  stone  circle 
on  Withypool  Hill,  and  by  both  those  authors 
jointlyron  the  Glastonbury  Lake  village.    The 
Dumfriesshire  papers  are  by  Mr.  J.  Barbour 
on    the    excavations    of    Lochrutton    Lake 
dwelling,  by  Mr.  J.  Corrie  on  the  Loch  Urr 
crannog,  and  by  Mr.  J.  Lennox  on  excava- 
tions at  the  site  of  the  monastery  of  Dumfries. 
Two  papers  in  The  Essex  Naturalist  are  by 
Mr.  F.  W.  Reader  on  the  pile-dwelling  site 
at  Skitts'  Hill,  and  by  Mr.  W.  Cole  on  some 
"red  hills."     Mr.   Meyrick  contributed  his 
annual  anthropometric  report  and  an  account 
of  the  opening  of  a  barrow  near  Manton  to 
the   Marlborough    College    Natural    History 
Society.     Mr.     Barnes    and    Mr.     Brodrick 
sent    a    paper    on    a    recently    discovered 
skeleton  in  Scoska  Cave,  and  Mr.  G.  T.  Vine 
one  on  science  and  child-study,  to  the  South- 
port  Society  of  Natural  Science  ;    and  Mr. 
L.   Peringuet    a  paper  on    rock  engravings 
of  animals  and  hitman  figures,  the  work  of 
aborigines,  and  Mr.  W.  L.  Sclater  on  some 
recently  discovered  inscribed  stones,  to  the 
South   African   Philosophical   Society.     The 
other  papers,  each  contributed  to  a  separate 
local  society,  are  by  Sir  John  Evans,  on  a 
recent  Palaeolithic  discovery  near  Rickmans- 
worth.  to  the  Hertfordshire  Natural  History 
Society  ;  by  Mr.  W.  G  Clarke  on  the  classi- 
fication of  Norfolk  flint  implements,  to  the 
Norfolk  and    Norwich  Naturalists'  Society  ; 
by    Mr.    T.    J.    Beeston    on  rock  dwellings 
at     Drakelow     and     Blakeshall     Common, 
to    the    Worcestershire    Naturalists'     Club  ; 
by  the    Rev    E.    M.    Cole    on    Roman    re- 
mains at  Filey,  to  the  Yorkshire  Geological 
Society  ;    by  Mr.   J.   Kewloy  on  a  cinerary 
urn  from  Balahot,  to  the  Isle  of  Man  Natural 
History  and  Antiquarian  Society  ;    by  Dr. 
J.  Lyoll  on  some  aspects  of  tho  new  cranio- 
locy,  to  the  Perthshire  Society  of  Natural 
Science  ;     and   by   Mr.    W.   J.    Knowles   on 
stone-axe  factories  near  Cushondall,  to  the 
Belfast     Naturalists'    Field    Club.      Though 
not  so  numerous  as  in  some  previous  years, 
these  papers  record  much  original  research. 
Prof.   Dr.   R.   Martin  of  Zurich  has  con- 
tributed   to    the    German    Anthropological 
Society  a  system  of  physical  anthropology 
and     anthropological     bibliography,     which 
lias  beon  published   in   vol.   xxxviii.   of   the 
Korrcspondcnzbhilt    of    that    society.     In    a 
preliminary     note     he    reviews     the     many 


attempts  at  classification  which  have  been 
made  by  previous  writers,  and  shows  himself 
fully  conversant  with  all  that  has  been 
written  in  this  country  on  that  subject. 


ATTIS    AND    CHRIST. 

Trinity  College,  Cambridge,  Dec.  18, 1907. 

In  my  book  '  Adonis,  Attis,  Osiris,'  I 
followed  the  learned  Church  historian  Mon- 
signore  Duchesne  in  adducing  evidence  that 
in  early  days  the  Christian  Church  at  Rome 
and  elsewhere  celebrated  Easter  at  the  spring 
equinox,  which  the  ancients  reckoned  to 
fall  on  the  25th  of  March.  Further,  I  pointed 
out,  what  Monsignore  Duchesne  omitted  to 
notice,  that,  if  we  are  right  in  this  view,  the 
Christians  at  Rome  must  have  been  cele- 
brating the  death  and  resurrection  of  Cln-ist 
at  the  very  same  time  when  the  heathen  were 
celebrating  the  death  and  resurrection  of 
Attis  ;  for  these  solemn  rites  of  Attis,  includ- 
ing an  effigy  of  the  dead  god  tied  to  a  tree 
like  Christ  to  the  cross,  had  been  annually 
solemnized  at  Rome  centuries  before  the 
establishment  of  Christianity.  This  remark- 
able coincidence  appeared  to  me  to  furnish 
a  sufficient  ground  for  conjecturing  that  the 
Church  had  purposely  timed  its  Easter 
festival  to  coincide  with  the  similar  pagan 
festival  for  the  sake  of  diverting  the  devotion 
of  the  heathen  from  Attis  to  Christ.  A 
strong  confirmation  of  this  theory  is  supplied 
by  a  passage  in  an  anonymous  Cliristian 
work  of  the  fourth  century  a.d.,  to  which 
my  learned  friend  Prof.  Franz  Cumont  of 
Brussels  has  just  called  my  attention.  He 
had  himself  pointed  the  passage  out,  and 
emphasized  its  significance,  in  an  article 
'  La  Polemique  de  l'Ambrosiaster  contre  les 
Paiens,'  published  in  the  Revue  d'Histoire 
et  de  Litterature  religieuses,  viii.  (1903), 
p.  419.  I  much  regret  that  both  the  ancient 
passage  and  Prof.  Cumont's  article  were 
unknown  to  me  when  my  book  was  written, 
otherwise  I  would  gladly  have  cited  both 
to  confirm  the  inference  I  had  independently 
drawn  from  the  coincidence  and  the  resem- 
blance of  the  two  festivals. 

As  the  testimony  of  this  anonymous 
Christian  writer  is  of  some  interest,  and  is 
probably  known  to  few  Enslish  readers,  I 
will  quote  it  in  full  from  Migne's  '  Patro- 
logia  Latina,'  vol.  xxxv.  col.  2279.  The 
work  from  which  it  is  extracted  bears  the 
title  of  '  Quaestiones  Veteris  et  Novi  Testa- 
menti,'  and  is  printed  with  the  works  of 
Augustine,  though  internal  evidence  is  said 
to  show  that  it  cannot  be  by  that  Father, 
and  that  it  was  written  three  hundred  years 
after  the  destruction  of  Jerusalem.  The 
part  of  it  which  concerns  us  occurs  in  the 
84th  Question,  and  runs  thus  : — 

"  Diabolus  autem,  qui  est  satanas,  ut  fallacies 
siue  auctoritatem  aliquam  possit  adhibere,  et 
mendacia  sua  commentitia  veritate  colorarc.  prituo 
nienso  quo  sacramenta  dominioa  scit  celebranda, 
quia  non  mediocris  potential  est,  Paganis  qua; 
observarent  instituit  inysteria.  ut  aninias  eoruiu 
duabus  ex  causis  in  errore  dctineret :  ut  quia 
prsevenit  veritatem  fallacia,  melius  quiddam 
fallacia  videretur,  quasi  antiquitate  pnejudicans 
veritatL  Et  quia  in  primo  mense,  in  quo 
Bequinoetium  habent  Bomani,  sicut  et  nos,  ea  ipsa 
ooservatio  ab  his  ouatoditur ;  ita  etiam  per 
sanguincm  dioant  expiationem  fieri,  Biout  et  nos  per 
erucem  :  hao  versutia  Paganos  detinet  in  errore,  ut 
putent  veritatem  aoatram  imitationem  potius 
videri  quam  veritatem,  quasi  per  emulationem 
superstitions  quadam  inventam.  Nee  enim  verum 
potest,  inquiunt,  reatimari  quod  postea  est 
inventam.  Sed  quia  apud  nos  pro  oerto  Veritas 
est,  et  ab  initio  bar  est,  virtutum  atqae  pro- 
digiorum  Bigna  perhibent  testimonium,  ut,  teste 
virtute,  diaboli  improbitaa  innotesoat." 

1  agree  with  Prof.  Cumont  in  holding  that 
in  this  passage  the  pagan  mysteries  which 


20 


T  II  E     AT  II  KXvEUM 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1008 


the  writer  speaks  of  as  celebrated  with 
bloody  expiatory  rites  ai  the  equinox  in  t in- 
first  month  <>f  the  (<>ld)  Roman  year,  that  is, 

in   Man  h,   can   only   be   the  g^eat    festival   of 

At i is.  which  was  officially  celebrated  in  Home 
at  this  very  time,  and  of  which  ono  day  was 
known  as  (lie  Day  of  Blood.  If  the  testi- 
mony of  this  anonymous  writer  does  not 
prove  that  the  ecclesiastical  authorities 
dated  Kaster  at  this  time  on  purpose  to  eclipse 
a  heathen  rival,  at  least  it  proves  that  the 
coincidence  and  the  similarity  of  the  two 
festivals  attracted  the  attention  of  both 
sides,  and  formed  a  theme  of  bitter  contro- 
versy between  them,  the  pagans  contending 
that  the  resurrection  of  Christ  was  a  spurious 
imitation  of  the  resurrection  of  Attis,  and 
the  Christians  asserting  with  equal  warmth 
that  the  resurrection  of  Attis  was  a  diabolical 
counterfeit  of  the  resurrection  of  Christ. 
In  these  bickerings  the  pagans  took  what  to  a 
superficial  observer  might  seem  strong 
ground  by  arguing  that  their  god  was  the 
older,  and  therefore  presumably  the  original, 
not  the  counterfeit,  since  as  a  general  rule  an 
original  is  older  than  its  copy.  This  feeble 
argument  the  Christians  easily  rebutted  by 
falling  back  on  the  subtlety  of  Satan,  who  on 
so  important  an  occasion  had  surpassed  him- 
self by  ingeniously  inverting  the  usual  order 
of  nature.  J.  G.  Frazer. 


SOCIETIES. 


Geological. — Dec.  18.— Sir  Archibald  Geikie, 
President,  in  the  chair. — Messrs.  T.  S.  Parrott, 
E.  H.  Pascoe,  and  R.  K.  Paton  were  elected 
Fellows  ;  Commendatore  Arturo  Issel,  Professor  of 
Geology  in  the  University  of  Genoa,  was  elected  a 
Foreign  Member  ;  and  Dr.  Armin  Baltzer,  Professor 
of  Geology  in  the  University  of  Berne,  and  Baron 
Gerard  Jakob  de  Geer,  of  Stockholm,  were  elected 
Foreign  Correspondents.  The  following  communi- 
cations were  read  :  '  Some  Recent  Discoveries  of 
Palaeolithic  Implements,'  by  Sir  John  Evans, — and 
'  On  a  Deep  Channel  of  Drift  at  Hitchin,  Hert- 
fordshire,' by  Mr.  W.  Hill. 


Ljnneax. — Dec.  19. — Prof.  W.  A.  Herdman, 
President,  in  the  chair. — The  President  read  an 
address  to  H.M.  Gustaf  V.  of  Sweden  on  the  death 
of  the  late  Honorary  Member  H.M.  Oscar  II., 
which  was  signed  b}'  the  President  and  Secretaries, 
and  ordered  to  be  sent  to  his  Excellency  the 
Swedish  Minister  for  transmission.  —  Prof.  F. 
Keeble,  Miss  Eva  Whitley,  and  Mr.  W.  R.  W. 
Williams  were  admitted. — Mr.  J.  M.  Hector  and 
Mr.  C.  F.  M.  Swynnerton  were  elected  Fellows ; 
and  Mr.  H.  C.  Chadwick  was  elected  an  Associate. 
— Dr.  G.  Archdall  Reid  read  his  paper  '  On  Mendel- 
ism  and  Sex.'  The  President  having  invited  dis- 
cussion, the  following  speakers  took  part :  Mr. 
A.  0.  Walker,  Mr.  J.  T.  Cunningham  (visitor), 
Mr.  A.  D.  Darbishire  (visitor),  Dr.  W.  T.  Caiman, 
Mr.  G.  P.  Mudge  (visitor),  Prof.  Dendy,  Sir  E. 
Ray  Lankester,  and  Prof.  Poulton,  Dr.  Archdall 
Reid  briefly  replying. 

Faraday.—  Dec.  17.— Dr.  F.  M.  Perkin,  Trea- 
surer, in  the  chair. — Dr.  F.  G.  Donnan  read  a  paper 
on  '  A  Physico-Chemical  Study  of  the  Complex 
Copper  Glycocoll  Sulphates,'  by  Mr.  J.  T.  Barker. 
— Dr.  Perkin  read  a  paper  on  '  The  Discovery  of 
the  Alkali  Metals  by  Davy  ;  the  Bearing  of  the 
Discovery  upon  Industry.'  The  lecture  was  illus- 
trated with  lantern-slides. 


K  i  I,        A  1 1  j 

Philological,   -      'On    U,r    I!   Words    I    am   editing    for    the 
Dictionary,  i>r   \v.  A  Cmlglr. 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Royal  Academy,  4.— 'Criticism:  a  Homily,'  No.  I.,  Sir  Hubert 

von  Ilcrkomer. 
London  Institution,  &.— 'The  Problems  of  n  Great  City,' Mr. 

Arnold  White. 
Surveyors'  Institution,  7.— Junior  Meeting. 
Aristotelian,    8.— 'Prof.    James's    Pragmatism,'    Mr.    G.    E. 

Moore. 
Royal  Institution,  :i— '  Astronomy.  Old  and  New,'  Lecture  V. 

Sir  David  (Jill.     (Juvenile  Lecture.) 
Geological.  8.-' On  tlie  Application  of  Quantitative  Methods 

to  the  Study  of  the  Structure  and  History  of  Rooks,'  Ilr.  II. 

Clifton  Sorby:  '  Chronology  of  the  Glacial  Period  in  North 

America,'  Prof.  G.  F.  Wright. 
Turns.  Royal  Institution,  .'I.— 'Astronomy,  Old  and  New,' Lecture  VI., 

Sir  David  (Jill.     (Juvenile  Lecture  I 

—  Royal    Academy,    4—' Sight    and    Seeing,'  Sir    Huhcrt    von 

Herkomer. 

—  London   Institution,  0.— 'Some  Survivals  in  Folklore,'  Rev. 

A.  Smyths  Palmer. 

—  institution  of  Electrical  Engineers,  8.— 'Cost  of    Electrical 

Power  for  Industrial  Purines,'  Mr.  J.  F.  C.  Snvll. 


Mox. 


Ton. 

Who. 


^ftmrc  (fiossip. 

Messrs.  Macmillan's  new  books  in  science 
include  •  African  Nature  Notes  and  Reminis- 
cences/, by  Mr.  F.  C.  Selous ;  '  The  Origin  of 
a  Land  Flora,'  by  Prof.  F.  O.  Bower;  and 
'Lessons  in  Hygienic  Physiology,'  by  Mr. 
Walter  M.  Coleman. 

The  catalogue  of  Greek  and  Latin  medical 
manuscripts  undertaken  by  the  Berlin  and 
Copenhagen  Academies  (see  Athenaeum, 
Dec.  16,  1905)  has  now  been  completed,  and 
the  International  Association  of  Academies 
has  sanctioned  the  publication,  by  the 
Academies  of  Berlin,  Copenhagen,  and 
Leipsic,  of  the  '  Corpus  Medicorum.'  There 
will  be  thirty-two  volumes  of  '  Medici 
Graeci  '  to  begin  with. 

Dr.  Pracka  of  the  Bamberg  Observatory 
has  detected  variability  in  a  small  star 
near  RS  Aurigae,  which  is  numbered 
+46°.1088  in  the  Bonn  '  Durchmusterung,' 
and  is  rated  of  9'5  magnitude  there.  From 
several  observations  obtained  by  Prof. 
Hartwig  and  himself,  he  finds  that  the 
brightness  varies  between  89  and  96  magni- 
tudes, and  that  the  period  is  probably  be- 
tween 18  and  28  days.  The  star  will  be 
reckoned  in  a  general  list  as  var.  180,  1907, 
Aurigje. 


FINE   ARTS 


OUR    LIBRARY    TABLE. 

Eugene  Delacroix.  By  Dorothy  Bussy. 
(Duckworth  &  Co.) — "  Eugene  Delacroix," 
says  the  author  of  this  spirited  little  pane- 
gyric, "  is  little  more  than  a  name  in  Eng- 
land "  ;  and  she  proceeds  to  claim  for  him 
a  supremacy  which  it  might  be  difficult  to 
establish  in  presence  of  his  pictures,  but 
which  the  public  may  be  induced  to  allow 
him  so  long  as  he  remains  a  legendary  leader 
in  "  those  vital  movements  which  have 
made  the  art  of  the  nineteenth  century 
supremely  fruitful  and  inspiring."  Some- 
what too  much  has  scientific  criticism  in- 
sisted on  him  as  a  revolutionary  figure, 
the  father  of  the  modern  movement,  which 
as  a  matter  of  fact  speedily  developed,  as 
Mrs.  Bussy  points  out,  in  directions  far 
different  from  those  he  foreshadowed,  for 
in  France  Romanticism,  wdth  its  costumes 
and  its  heroics,  was  promptly  replaced  by 
a  school  of  greater  vitality. 

In  England,  however,  the  home  of  its 
origin,  it  dragged  on  an  existence,  in  various 
degenerate  forms,  almost  to  the  present  day, 
and  inevitably  we  are  more  heartily  sick 
of  a  certain  side  of  the  work  of  Delacroix 
than  they  are  in  France.  Many  of  his 
qualities  have  for  some  time  past  been  so 
out  of  fashion  that  had  his  pictures  been 
shown  amongst  us  in  any  quantity,  it  is 
probable  that  he  would  have  been  respect- 
fully placed  upon  the  shelf  along  with  so 
excellent  a  painter  as,  say,  Sir  John  Gilbert, 
who  belongs  to  the  same  period.  Tempera- 
mentally Delacroix  may  differ  from  our  own 
Romantics,  but  he  so  far  shared  their  aims 
and  their  origins  that,  judged  by  English 
standards,  he  seems  less  strange,  loss  original, 
than  among  his  own  countrymen.  Thus 
there  seems  to  us  exaggeration  when  Mrs. 
Bussy  speaks  of  him  as  "  an  isolated  peak," 
declares  that  "  his  works  resemblo  those 
of  no  other  master,  ancient  or  modern," 
and  brings  forth  Michael  Angelo  as  "  the 
only  painter  to  whom  we  may  fitly  compare 
Delacroix."     If  wo  were  asked  to  name  an 


earlier  artist  of  analogous  temperament, 
we  should  rather  choose  El  Greco,  who  seems 
to  have  hud  the  same  re.sth  -  ambition  for 
tasks  beyond  his  physical  strength,  the  same 
love  of  tortuous  and  fantastic  shapes,  the  same 
tendency  to  lay  stress  in  his  compositions 
on  the  more  slender  forms,  the  shriller 
notes  of  colour.  Nor  can  we  fail  to  see  that 
the  dark  and  lurid  imaginings  of  Delacroix 
had  their  parallels  among  his  contemporaries 
and  successors,  not  in  the  art  of  painting, 
but  in  certain  lesser  arts  for  which  they 
are  as  well  suited.  Some  of  the  lithographs 
here  reproduced  remind  us  how  a  little  later, 
in  the  '  Contes  Drolatiques,'  Dore  worked 
the  same  vein,  more  flippantly  perhaps, 
but  with  hardly  less  power.  There  is  also 
a  '  Faust  '  illustration  of  two  riders  by  a 
gibbet  (pp.  50-1)  which  a  casual  observer 
would  not  hesitate  to  pronounce  a  thoroughly 
typical  Cruikshank  ;  and  when  it  is  remem- 
bered how  different  were  their  Uvea  and 
ostensible  aims,  it  is  wonderful  what  simi- 
larity there  is  in  Delacroix  and  his  great 
English  contemporary  when  they  attack 
such  themes.  The  ferocity,  the  unscrupulous 
use  of  black  and  white  to  get  sensational 
effect,  and  the  intense  sympathy  with  night- 
terrors  are  the  same  in  both. 

In  a  series  there  is  always  a  tendency 
to  allot  each  artist  to  a  writer  especially 
susceptible  to  his  attractions,  so  that 
one  after  another  is  awarded  a  super- 
lative place  in  a  manner  somewhat  con- 
fusing to  the  reader.  As  monotonous  he 
may  find  the  critic's  conduct  in  whittling 
down  these  pretensions  to  more  reasonable 
proportions.  Great  man  as  he  was,  Dela- 
croix calls  more  than  most  artists  for  the 
latter  treatment.  He  has  a  great  name, 
but  a  name  made  for  him  largely  by  littera- 
teurs, whose  judgments,  however  persuasively 
put,  are  apt  to  be  untrustworthy,  and  to 
call  for  revision  on  lines  more  closely  follow- 
ing the  intrinsic  merits  of  the  artist. 

The  Nature  Poems  of  George  Meredith. 
Illustrated  by  W.  Hyde.  (Constable  &  Co.) 
— It  is  a  rare  occurrence  to  find  an  entirely 
harmonious  conjunction  of  poet  and  illus- 
trator, but  Mr.  William  Hyde's  pictures 
to  '  The  Nature  Poems  of  George  Meredith  ' 
are,  in  themselves,  poems  of  tone  and  design. 
Indeed,  the  artist  appears  to  have  seen  eye 
to  eye  with  the  poet.  It  is  difficult  to  single 
out  any  special  instances  for  praise  from 
these  sixteen  drawings,  each  of  which  is 
a  small  masterpiece  of  its  kind  ;  but '  Winter 
Heavens,'  with  its  luminous  stars  above 
the  dark  pines  and  the  snow  ;  the  romantic 
vision  for  the  '  Hymn  to  Colour  '  ;  and  the 
wonderfully  atmospheric  epitome  of  London, 
1 A  City  clothed  in  Snow  and  Soot,'  are 
perhaps  among  the  more  remarkable 
examples  of  this  artist's  genius.  There  is 
no  indication  to  show  that  the  present  volume 
is  virtually  a  new  edition  published  at  a  price 
more  within  the  scope  of  shallow  purses 
than  the  first  issue,  which  appeared  in  1898. 
We  are,  however,  none  the  less  appreciative 
of  the  publishers'  enterprise  ;  while  these 
plates  compare  not  at  all  favourably  with 
the  admirable  printing  of  those  of  the  first 
and  limited  edition. 

The  American  Pilgrim's  Way  in  England. 
By  M.  B.  Huish.  Illustrated  by  Elizabeth 
M.  Chcttlo.  (Fine-Art  Society.)— Tliis  large 
and  sumptuous  volume  should  have  a  wide 
success,  appealing  as  it  does  both  to  local 
and  national  pride.  The  journey  is  to  homes 
and  memorials  of  the  founders  of  Virginia, 
the  New  England  States,  and  Pennsylvania, 
the  Universities  of  Harvard  and  Yale,  and 
other  illustrious  Americans.  The  map  which 
serves  as  frontispiece  indicates  the  wide 
scope  of  the  volume,  and  the  red  line  of  the 
Pilgrim  takes  us  from  Raby  in   the  North 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


21 


to  Ringmer  and  Warminghurst  in  the  South, 
from  Winthrop  and  Cambridge  in  the  East 
to  Plymouth  and  Budleigh  Salterton  in  the 
West  by  virtue  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  The 
Midlands  have  a  cluster  of  American  associa- 
tions. Mr.  Huish  is  fully  justified  in  calling 
attention  to  the  zeal  of  United  States  students 
concerning  their  forbears  or  namesakes 
of  the  past.  He  does  not  plan  a  route  for 
the  whole  pilgrimage  such  as  a  motor-car 
might  follow,  for  the  reason  that  in  writing 
of  one  man  he  has  often  to  deal  with  many 
widely  scattered  places.  He  supplies,  how- 
ever, details  of  railways  and  other  methods 
of  reaching  the  often  obscure  places  of  pil- 
grimage. His  narrative  is  generally  sound, 
and  it  is  clear  that  he  has  taken  pains  to 
secure  details  on  the  spot  in  many  cases. 
The  pity  of  it  is  that  he  writes  a  journalistic 
style  disfigured  by  clumsy  and  needless 
verbiage,  and  strays  repeatedly  beyond  his 
subject,  which  ought  to  be  interesting 
enough  in  itself.  Surviving  these  irritations, 
we  have  come  across  a  good  deal  which 
repays  perusal,  and  suggestions  for  further 
research  that  might  prove  fruitful. 

There  are  many  illustrations  of  tombs, 
portraits,  &c,  besides  the  coloured  repro- 
ductions of  Miss  Chettle's  drawings.  The 
latter  have  suffered,  we  imagine,  in  the 
process  of  reproduction,  but  they  are  almost 
uniformly  attractive.  She  has  realized  to 
the  full  the  old-world  charm  of  such  buildings 
as  Jordans,  and  her  details,  including  some 
impossible  colours  for  the  plain  man,  are 
always  poetical.  '  Gainsborough  Old  Hall,' 
'  The  Old  Mulberry  Tree  at  Groton,'  '  The 
Rivington  Pike  of  Miles  Standish,'  and 
'  Boston  Stump '  are  all  charming  pictures 
in  different  ways.  There  are  also  reproduc- 
tions of  historical  pictures  by  various  artists, 
the  best  of  which  is  Millais's  of  '  The  Boyhood 
of  Raleigh.' 

The  Collector's  Manual.  By  N.  Hudson 
Moore.  (Chapman  &  Hall.) — This  hand- 
some and  expensive  volume  on  furniture 
comes  to  us  from  America  through  an 
English  avenue.  Mrs.  Hudson  Moore  has 
written  a  good  deal  on  this  and  kindred 
subjects,  and  her  ambitious  title  is  now 
designed  to  cover  her  advice  on  the  topics 
of  furniture,  glassware,  pewter,  and  china. 
As  is  usual  with  books  of  this  sort,  the  chief 
utility  lies  in  the  numerous  illustrations  ; 
but  evidently  Mrs.  Hudson  Moore  has  expert 
knowledge,  if  it  is  a  little  casual,  and  if  at 
times  it  lacks  the  endorsement  of  taste  and 
judgment.  Why  does  the  author  not  men- 
tion urns  in  her  chapter  on  brass  and  copper 
utensils,  though  she  does  refer  to  the  sam- 
ovar ?  And  would  Mrs.  Moore  stand  by 
her  statement  that  Hepplewhite's  wheat-ear 
chairs  are  "  not  particularly  pretty  or 
graceful  "  ?  Did  Sheraton  design  painted 
chairs  with  rush  bottoms  ?  Mrs.  Moore 
is  at  her  best  in  her  chapters  on  glassware 
and  on  lustre.  But  our  main  quarrel  with 
her  is  that  she  has  not  apparently  thought 
it  worth  her  while  to  edit  her  own  book 
properly.  Manifestly,  the  matter  has  been 
contributed  at  different  times  to  American 
magazines  or  papers,  and  marks  of  its  origin 
have  not  been  deleted.  There  are  references 
to  her  "  correspondents,"  and  to  the  "  limited 
space  here  given  " — a  piece  of  slovenliness 
which  detracts  from  the  dignity  of  the 
volume.  We  must,  however,  find  a  line 
of  praise  for  the  chapter  on  cottage  orna- 
ments. This  is  a  subject  which  is  as  rare 
in  a  book  of  this  sort  for  connoisseurs 
as  the  treatment  of  dressers  and  other 
rustic  furniture.  The  author  confesses  her 
hobby  to  be  the  collection  of  Staffordshire 
ware,  which  is  no  doubt  the  reason  why 
the  section  on  china  and  porcelain  is  the  best 
in    the    volume.     The    Staffordshire    ware 


"  Fleurs  "  is  commended  more  particularly 
because  it  depicts  the  mansion  of  the  Duke 
of  Roxburghe  who  "  recently  married  an 
American  girl  "  ;  as  is  the  Blenheim  set 
for  a  similar  reason  ! 

The  Annual  of  the  British  School  at  Athens. 
— No.  XII.,  Session  1905-6.  (Macmillan 
&  Co.) — In  this  number  of  the  British  School 
Annual  the  chief  interest  is  definitely  trans- 
ferred from  Crete  to  Laconia,  though  there 
are  still  several  articles  that  deal  with 
Crete.  The  new  Director,  Mr.  R.  M. 
Dawkins,  gives  a  short  account  of  supple- 
mentary excavations  at  Palsekastro.  Mr. 
Droop  contributes  a  study  of  geometric 
pottery  from  Crete,  which  provides  instruc- 
tive comparisons  with  similar  pottery  from 
the  ^Egean  Islands  or  the  mainland,  and 
tells  in  favour  of  the  style  being  an  intrusive 
one  from  the  North.  Another  instalment 
of  Mr.  Duncan  Mackenzie's  articles  on 
Cretan  palaces  and  the  iEgean  civilization 
is  mainly  devoted  to  combating  the  newly 
revived  Carian  theory,  and  maintaining 
the  Africo-Mediterranean  origin  of  the  type 
of  house  found  not  only  in  Crete,  but  also 
in  Greece  in  the  Mycenaean  age.  Shorter 
articles  testify  to  the  varied  activity  of  the 
students  of  the  School  both  in  Crete  and 
in  Greece.  Among  these  especial  mention 
is  due  to  the  notes  from  the  Sporades  by 
the  Director  and  Mr.  Wace,  who  make  a 
valuable  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  some  of  the  less-known  islands,  Astypalsea, 
Telos,  Nisyros,  and  Leros  ;  and  to  Mr. 
Hasluck's  reproduction  of  early  maps  of 
Crete  and  Constantinople,  and  his  list  of 
MSS.  in  the  British  Museum  relating  to  the 
geography  of  the  Levant.  The  most  im- 
portant contribution  to  the  history  of  art 
is  Mr.  G.  Dickins's  paper  on  Demophon 
of  Messene.  A  careful  review  of  all  the 
evidence  enables  him  to  make  out  a  strong 
case  for  dating  Demophon  early  in  the 
second  century  B.C.  When  the  reconstruc- 
tion of  the  group,  on  which  he  is  now 
employed,  enables  us  to  form  a  more  con- 
clusive opinion  as  to  its  style,  the  question 
should  be  settled. 

The  Spartan  excavations,  and  the  studies 
of  Laconia  associated  with  them,  form 
nearly  half  the  volume.  These  include 
detailed  studies  of  topography  and  architec- 
ture, and  of  the  various  antiquities  dis- 
covered. The  most  interesting  part  is 
concerned  with  the  precinct  of  Artemis 
Orthia  and  her  cult,  and  the  amphitheatre 
built  around  her  altar  in  Roman  times, 
for  the  better  enjoyment  of  the  spectacles 
there  to  be  seen,  including  the  scourging 
of  the  Spartan  youths.  Among  the  most 
curious  objects  found  are  a  series  of  terra- 
cotta masks  of  early  date,  which  must  have 
relation  to  some  sort  of  character  dances 
or  dramatic  performances.  Good  progress 
has  been  made  with  the  topography  of  the 
town  ;  but  the  discovery  of  the  precinct 
of  Athena  Chalcioecus,  only  second  in 
interest  to  that  of  Artemis  Orthia,  does  not 
come  within  the  period  of  work  recorded 
in  this  volume.  But  the  ordinary  sub- 
scriber, for  whom  this  volume  is  issued, 
and  also  the  special  student,  would  cer- 
tainly appreciate  the  addition  of  a  clear 
and  concise  general  summary  of  the  season's 
results.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  this  want 
will  be  considered  in  future  volumes.  A 
prominent  feature  is  Mr.  Traquair's  paper  on 
the  mediaeval  fortresses  and  churches  in 
Laconia. 

The  Annual  shows  tlvroughout  the  results 
of  good  and  varied  work  ;  and  the  report 
on  the  excavations  of  Sparta,  in  particular, 
is  full  of  promise,  which  has  already  been 
partly  fulfilled. 


THE      LANDSCAPE     PAINTERS' 
EXHIBITION. 

This  group  of  half  a  dozen  landscape- 
painters  has,  with  slight  changes  from  time  t  o 
time  in  its  membership,  held  together  longer 
than  has  been  usual  among  the  many  similar 
small  bodies  of  artists  who  have  banded, 
themselves  together  in  recent  years  for 
purposes  of  exhibition.  It  is  a  fortunate 
survival,  for  few  have  been  so  worthy  of 
public  support,  and  the  present  exhibition 
at  the  Royal  Water-Colour  Society's  galleries 
is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  of  the  series. 
None  of  the  men  showing  can  quite  be  said 
to  represent  the  younger  generation  of 
landscape  painters  ;  but  we  can  scarcely 
regret  this,  for  landscape  is  not  cultivated' 
by  that  younger  generation  in  a  way  that 
seems  to  promise  a  to-morrow  comparable 
with  to-day.  A  review  of  the  best  work, 
here  shows  that  it  possesses  a  many-sided 
excellence  such  as  we  can  hardly  predicate- 
for  its  successors.  There  seems  likely  to  be- 
an interval  before  anything  so  good  is  done 
again  as  has  been  done  constantly  in  the 
last  twenty  yeais  ;  and  it  seems  unlikely 
that,  when  it  is  so  done,  it  will  be  on  these 
lines.  The  broad  and  sturdy,  yet  delicate 
delineation  of  nature,  which  has  continued  in 
England  in  virtually  unbioken  line  since 
the  time  of  Constable,  is  here  seen  still  in 
vigorous  health,  but  apparently  without 
successors.  Its  exponents  have  been  a 
little  given  to  compromise,  and  perhaps  not 
often  particularly  acute  thinkers  ;  but  they 
were  sympathetic  and  sensitive  observers, 
and  had  an  instinct  for  composition  and  a 
good  deal  of  technical  craftsmanship  slowly 
acquired  and  unobtrusively  employed. 

Such  a  work  as  Mr.  Aumonier's  large 
woodland  picture  in  the  present  show  must 
for  these  reasons  come  to  be  more  and  more 
valued  in  the  immediate  future,  as  we 
gradually  realize  how  unattainable  it  has- 
become  for  us.  There  is  nothing  about  it 
that  is  pushed  to  an  extreme.  Any  one  of 
its  many  virtues  the  younger  generation 
might  possibly  better  ;  but  they  do  not 
promise  ever  to  unite  its  many  qualities 
in  a  single  picture  so  variedly  delightful 
as  a  possession.  True,  this  particular  work 
would  seem  to  have  had  exceptional  advan- 
tages— to  have  been  originally  the  product 
of  a  period  when  the  artist's  work,  though 
broad  and  vigorous,  still  retained  strong 
traces  of  the  hard  apprenticeship  from 
which  it  had  emerged,  and  then,  in  the 
hour  of  mature  judgment,  to  have  been 
most  happily  revised  and  reconsidered 
from  the  point  of  view  of  generalized  expres- 
sion and  design.  It  thus  in  a  special  way 
resumes  the  artist's  qualities.  Yet  even 
in  his  moorland  subject  alongside,  which 
has  the  air  of  having  been  done  more  in  a 
single  movement,  and  to  have  gained  thereby 
greater  technical  fluidity  and  case,  we  see 
something  of  the  same  anxiety  to  offer  a  full 
satisfaction  to  Nature's  manifold  claims, 
even  a  little  at  the  expense  of  the  strictly 
intrinsic  fineness  that  comes  of  the  perfect 
proportion  of  parts  in  a  picture.  The 
typical  Barbizon  painter  and  that  most 
continental  of  English  landscape  men,  Wilson, 
differed  from  the  representative  British 
artist  by  a  certain  pride  and  reserve  in  the 
face  of  Nature — a  deliberate  abnegation  of 
certain  of  her  qualities,  lest  they  should 
interfere  with  the  classic  and  perfect  expres- 
sion of  the  others.  This  feature,  which 
makes  their  work  an  admirable  school  of 
painting  to  the  real  student  capable  of 
assimilating  their  spirit  and  applying  it 
elsewhere,  has  also  made  them  terrible 
corrupters  of  the  last  generation  of  art 
students.  Any  landscape  less  classically 
compact  and  self-contained  wears  a  loose- 


22 


T  ii  E    at  ii  i:  \  .!•:  U  m 


N'u.  n>i.  Jah.  4,  1908 


fibred,    bomonran   aspeot   beside   the  »m- 

tocrac  \  <»i  ii  fine  Harbison  picture,  with  its 

,  aim     assumption     Of    Certain     COn\ ■••lit  ions  : 

heaoe  the  few  exacting  amateurs  of  painting 
have  been  tempted  toa  narrow  and  intolerant 
admiration  for  the  one  contemporary 
ohool  that  bad  been  carried  to  a  high 
degree  of  perfection.  On  the  other  hand, 
it  i-  ahamefulh  easy  to  imitate  the  outward 
appearance  of*  one  of  these  pictures  suffi- 
cniitlv  to  doceive  an  ignorant  buyer  snob- 
bishly bent  on  seeming  a  man  of  superior 
taste,  Beset  by  these  and  other  contri- 
butory causes,  the  would-be  landscape 
painter  of  to-day  may  well  regret  the  time 
when  severe  and  literal  imitation  of  detail 
was  required  of  him  before  he  could  command 
attention.  The  standard  may  have  been 
unsuitable,  but  at  least  it  was  a  hard 
standard,  which  served  some  purpose  in 
deterring  the  least  worthy  aspirants  to  a 
too  seductive  craft.  To-day  landscape  paint- 
ing is  so  peculiarly  destitute  of  such  a 
standard  that,  given  even  a  humble  capacity, 
the  artist  may  be  successful  simply  in 
proportion  as  he  enjoys  certain  extraneous 
advantages,  say  of  influential  connexions 
or  a  good  business  head. 

To  remedy  this  state  of  things  we  need 
to  widen  the  field  within  which  we  are 
exacting  towards  landscape  painters— not 
to  allow  slipshod  copyists  to  gain  by 
assumptions  that  they  use  to  no  advantage. 
Mr.  Aumonier's  picture  is  a  reminder  of 
what  full-bodied  representation  landscape 
painting  can  achieve.  Why  should  an 
artist  be  allowed  to  shirk  it,  except  for  some 
purpose  of  beauty  ?  Mr.  James  Hill  also  in 
his  exhibit  shows  some  of  that  thoroughness 
of  research  which  landscape  painters  to-day 
rarely  attempt,  and  which  the  public 
never  asks  of  them.  He  is  a  seeker,  and  a 
poetic  one,  but  relies  too  much  on  the  broken 
atmospheric  quality  of  each  individual 
passage  in  his  pictures,  and  not  enough  on 
the  inevitable  relation  of  part  with  part  in  a 
self-contained  and  interrelated  scheme.  In 
his  flower  subjects  he  seems  to  find  it  easier 
to  achieve  designs  that  give  his  paint  this 
inner  stability  apart  from  its  allusiveness. 
Mr.  Leslie  Thomson  gives  us  less  research, 
or  at  any  rate  appears  less  in  the  act 
of  research  ;  but  he  shows  in  his  Afterglow 
a  power  of  getting  wrought  up  with  interest 
in  a  large  canvas  which  is  rare  in  these  days, 
when  almost  every  man's  sketch  is  the  best 
thing  he  does.  This  picture  is  a  little  marred 
by  a  slightly  theatrical  division  into  two 
masses  of  very  hot  and  very  cold  colour. 

Beside  the  best  work  of  these  men,  most 

of  the  exhibits  of  Mr.  Peppercorn  and  Mr. 

Austin   Brown   appear   a   little   coarse   and 

facile.     Mr.   Peppercorn  is  not  seen  at  his 

best :    the  inventor  of  an  abstraction  of  no 

little  charm,  he  here  seems  to  be  but  his 

own    imitator.     Mr.     Austin    Brown,     too, 

puzzles  us  by  showing  a  number  of  clumsy 

imitations  of  Mauve,  and  then  by  the  side  of 

them     a     marvellously     accomplished     and 

most  beautiful  Moonrise,  which  is  perhaps 

the  best  thing  he  has  ever  done.     It  would 

be  an  astonishing  piece  of  virtuosity,  were 

it  not  informed  by  such  a  serious  and  poetic 

power  of  design.     There  is  just  a  suspicion 

of  slipperiness  in  the  drawing  of  the  figures 

— of   feeling   for   smooth   and    sinuous   line 

rather  than  for  its  significance.     Yet  wdth 

what  life,  with  what  rhythmic  irregularity, 

these  figures  dart  about  the  reef  (almost  lost 

in    the    gloaming),    looking    apparently    for 

limpets !     The    simplicity,    the    desolation, 

of  the  dark  reef  stretching  out   to  sea,  are 

so   impressive   that    all   the   figures  cannot 

people  its  loneliness,  and  only  make  audible 

the  silence.     Rarely  have  we  seen  the  more 

superficial    mysteries    of    paint    used    with 

such  tremendous  emotional  effect. 


3finr-^rt  (Gossip. 


Thk  editorial  article  in  the  .January 
number  of  The  Burlington  Magazine  puts 
forward  a  nolmmw  for  allotting  the  decorative 
painting  in  the  Houses  of  Parliament  among 

our  various  art  societies.  Considerable 
space  is  given  to  the  pictures  and  objects 
of  art  purchased  from  the  Kaim  Collection 
by  Mrs.  C.  P.  Huntington,  which  include 
fine  works  by  Rembrandt  and  Hals.  The 
article  is  illustrated  with  a  large  number 
of  full-page  plates,  one  of  which,  a  repro- 
duction in  photogravure  of  Rembrandt's 
'  Scholar  with  a  Bust  of  Homer,'  forms  the 
frontispiece  to  the  number.  Two  articles 
deal  with  the  Royal  Collections.  In  the 
first  Mr.  Lionel  Cust  continues  his  studies 
of  the  pictures  under  his  charge  by  a  paper 
on  the  "  Great  Piece  "  by  Van  Dyck,  while 
in  the  second  article  Mr.  M.  L.  Solon  dis- 
cusses the  Sevres  porcelain  in  connexion 
with  Mr.  Laking's  book.  The  antique  copy 
of  Myron's  'Discobolus,'  and  the  fifth-century 
Niobid  found  last  year  in  Italy,  are  the 
subject  of  an  article  by  Dr.  Koester  of 
Berlin.  Mr.  Weale's  new  book  on  Hubert 
and  John  van  Eyck  is  dealt  with  at  some 
length  ;  and  among  shorter  notes  promi- 
nence is  given  to  the  proposal  for  removing 
Can  Grande's  famous  monument  at  Verona. 

The  latest  addition  to  the  National 
Gallery  is  a  picture  of  '  A  Lady  standing 
at  a  Spinet  '  (No.  2143)  by  Jacob  Ochtervelt. 
It  has  been  presented  by  Mr.  H.  J.  Pfungst, 
and  hangs  on  the  east  wall  of  Room  XII 
This  artist's  name  now  appears  in  the 
Catalogue  of  the  gallery  for  the  first  time. 
There  are  probably  not  more  than  six  pic- 
tures by  Ochtervelt  in  England. 

In  future  the  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum 
and  the  National  Art  Library  will  be  open 
on  the  evenings  of  Monday,  Thursday,  and 
Saturday — Thursday  being  substituted  for 
Tuesday. 

Mr.  Algernon  Graves  will  publish 
during  the  next  month  or  two  the 
companion  volume  to  his  '  Royal  Academy 
Exhibitors  '  and  '  The  Society  of  Artists,' 
under  the  title  of  '  The  British  Institution, 
1806-67.'  This  new  dictionary,  if  it  reveals 
few  names  which  do  not  occur  in  the  Royal 
Academy  volumes,  will  form  a  valuable 
supplement  to  that  work,  besides  possessing 
important  features  of  its  own.  The  British 
Institution  was  never  regarded  as  a  rival 
to  the  Royal  Academy,  for  some  of  the  most 
constant  exhibitors  were  either  R.A.'s  or 
Associates,  and  a  just  estimate  of  their 
work  can  only  be  obtained  by  taking  into 
consideration  the  pictures  which  they  sent 
to  the  British  Institution.  Beechey  was 
represented  on  its  walls  at  different  times  by 
32  works,  Constable  and  Benjamin  West  by 
the  same  number,  E.  W.  Cooke  by  1 1 5,  Etty 
by  78,  Landseer  by  94,  Stanfield  by  22,  and 
Turner  by  17.  One  important  feature  of 
the  British  Institution  catalogues  is  that  the 
sizes  of  the  pictures  are  given  up  to  1852, 
and  after  that  date  the  prices  which  the 
artists  placed  on  their  works.  During  the 
61  years  of  its  existence  over  28,000  pictures 
were  exhibited  at  the  British  Institution. 

The  New  Year's  number  of  The  Builder 
contains  a  long  article,  accompanied  by 
numerous  illustrations,  on  the  architecture  of 
Vienna.  The  same  journal  promises  a  series 
of  illustrations,  from  photographs  specially 
taken,  of  '  The  Renaissance  and  Modern 
Churches  of  Paris  '  ;  and  also  a  series  of 
articles  on  the  remains  of  '  The  Aqueducts 
of  Ancient  Rome,'  written  by  Dr.  Ashby, 
the  Director  of  the  British  School  at  Rome. 
Messrs.  Macmujlan  announce  Vol.  I.  of 
'  A  Catalogue  Raisonne  of  the  Works  of  the 
Most  Eminent  Dutch  Painters  of  the  Seven- 


teenth Century,'  based  on  the  work  of  John 
Smith,  by  Dr.  C.  Hofstede  de  Groot,  and 
translated  by  Mr.  EL  G.  Hawke.  This 
important  undertaking  will  be  eagerly 
welcomed  by  critics. 

The  same  firm  are  publishing  *  Hercu- 
laneum:  Past,  Present,  and  Future,'  by 
Prof.  Charles  Waldstein. 

Mb.  Frederick  Weumoiu:  has  been 
invited  to  contribute,  from  Monday  next, 
a  weekly  cait&erie  on  fine  art  to  The  Pall 
Mall  Gazette. 

An  exhibition  of  students'  works  is  now 
being  held  at  the  Metropolitan  School  of 
Art,  Dublin.  The  exhibition  includes  the 
works  to  which  prizes  have  been  awarded 
under  the  local  prize  schemes,  as  well  as 
those  which  have  gained  places  in  the  com- 
petition for  art  masters'  and  teachers'  cer- 
tificates under  the  Board  of  Education  and 
the  Department  of  Technical  Instruction  for 
Ireland.  The  craftwork  shown  is  note- 
worthy, some  of  the  enamels  and  the  stained 
glass  being  particularly  good. 

By  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Hugh  Lane,  two 
important  examples  of  the  work  of  Titian 
and  Goya  respectively  are  now  on  loan  at 
the  National  Gallery  of  Ireland.  The  Titian 
is  an  exceptionally  fine  half-length  portrait 
of  a  young  man  in  a  fur- trimmed  coat  and 
red  cap,  supposed  to  be  the  younger  Lorenzo 
de'  Medici.  It  is  an  early  work,  and  in 
perfect  condition.  The  Goya  represents  the 
Donna  Maria  Martinez  de  Puja  as  a  young 
woman,  dressed  in  black  against  a  grey 
background.  It  was  painted  in  1824,  when 
Goya  was  seventy-four  years  old,  and  is 
signed  and  dated  by  him. 

The  French  Exhibition  to  be  held 
in  London  this  year,  although  known  to 
the  French  Government  to  be  a  private 
venture,  is  likely  to  be  favoured  with  a 
representation  of  some  of  the  Frenc.i 
Ministries  superior  to  that  undertaken 
by  them  on  the  occasions  of  previous  ex- 
hibitions held  under  Government  auspices. 
We  hear  that  the  French  Ministry  of  Educa- 
tion is  specially  active.  The  French  "  Fine- 
Art  Section  "  is  being  organized  under  the 
presidency  of  M.  Bonnat,  and  will  produce 
an  admirable  representation  of  French  art. 

The  death  is  announced  this  week  of  M. 
Charles  Hermann  -  Leon,  the  well  -  known 
artist,  who  studied  under  Ph.  Rousseau  and 
From'entin.  He  was  a  native  of  Havre,  and 
obtained  medals  at  the  Salon  in  1873,  1879, 
and  1900,  Hermann-Leon  was  a  member  of 
the  Societe  des  Artistes  Francais,  and  a  con- 
stant exhibitor,  last  year's  Salon  containing 
two  of  his  works — 'Premiere  Vision'  and 
•  Le  Lievre.'  He  was  sixty-nine  years  of  age. 
This  year's  exhibition  (which  will  be 
opened  in  May)  at  the  Bibliotheque  Nation- 
ale,  will  be  devoted  to  the  works  of  Rem- 
brandt. Another  interesting  exhibition  will 
be  opened  in  the  spring  at  the  Musee  des  Arts 
Decoratifs  in  Paris,  of  which  the  title,  '  L'Art 
Theatral,'  indicates  its  scope. 


EXHIBITIONS 
S  »r.  (Jan.  4I.-London.  Paintings  and  Drawings  by  A.  E.  Bottomley. 
Owen  Howcn.  E.  Downs.  A.  Oarrul hers  Gould.  D.  heart,  and 
Tatton  Winter.  N'cw  Dudley  Gallery. 
—       Royal  Academy  Winter  Exhibition.  Private ,*!?»•.  . 
_       Women's  International  Art  Club.  Annual  Exhibition,  Roya 
Institute  Galleries.  .  ,   __ 

Hon.     International   Society  of   Sculptors.  Painter*,  and  Gra\ers, 
Eighth  Exhibition.  Press  View,  lsew  Gallery.  ....        _ 

S«\  (Jan.  Ill-Mr.    Arthur    R-ackharus    Illustrations    to      Alice     n 
Wonderland,1  and  Landscapes  by  the  late  Henry  H.  Moon. 


MUSIC 
Austral  (gossip. 

The  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company  began  a 
fifteen  nights'  season  at  Covent  Garden  on 
Boxing  Day.  In  the  afternoon  '  Tann- 
hauser  '    was    presented,    with    Mr.    Julius 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


23 


Walther  as  the  erring  minstrel  and  Madame 
Lucile  Hill  as  Elisabeth.  The  tenor  sang 
his  music  with  notable  intelligence,  and  made 
an  impression  in  the  Tournament  of  Song. 
Madame  Hill's  pure  tones  suited  Elisabeth's 
phrases,  and  she  gave  an  eloquent  rendering 
of  the  Prayer.  Miss  Grace  Nicoll  sang  the 
music  of  Venus  with  skill  and  effect  ;  and 
Mr.  Charles  Victor  was  a  capable  repre- 
sentative of  Wolfram.  '  II  Trovatoro  '  was 
remarkably  well  sung  in  the  evening,  the 
chief  feature  being  the  dramatic  Azucena 
of  Miss  Doris  Woodall.  Leonora's  exacting 
aiis  were  fluently  interpreted  by  Miss  Eliza- 
beth Burgess  ;  and  Mr.  Walter  Wheatley 
was  a  sufficiently  fervent  Manrico. 

On  the  Friday  evening  '  Carmen '  was 
given,  with  Miss  Woodall  as  the  gipsy 
heroine.  She  sang  the  music  of  the  part 
agreeably,  but  failed  to  realize  its  dramatic 
possibilities.  Mr.  Edward  Davies,  the  Don 
Jose,  exhibited  an  agreeable  voice,  and 
sang  tastefully  ;  but  Mr.  Victor  was  not  a 
specially  convincing  Toreador. 

'  Cavalxeria  Rusticana  '  and  '  Pag- 
liacci  '  were  associated  at  the  Saturday 
matinee.  The  role  of  the  hapless  heroine 
in  Mascagni's  work  was  allotted  to  Miss 
Grace  Nicoll,  who  sang  and  acted  with 
vigour  and  success.  Mr.  Wheatley  gave  an 
effective  account  of  Turiddu's  impassioned 
music  ;  and  Mr.  Dillon  Shallard  was  an 
excellent  Alfio.  In  '  Pagliacci '  Mr.  Julius 
Walther  imparted  fervour  to  his  delivery 
of  Canio's  soliloquy ;  and  Miss  Burgess 
was  a  bright  and  vocally  agreeable  Nedda. 
Mr.  Victor  sang  the  prologue  in  good  style. 
'  Faust,'  presented  in  the  evening,  intro- 
duced a  youthful  Marguerite  in  the  person 
of  Miss  Ina  Hill,  who  has  a  delightfully 
fresh  and  flexible  voice,  and  shows  consider- 
able skill  as  an  actress.  Mr.  Edward  Davies 
was  a  capable  representative  of  Faust  ; 
and  Mr.  Winckworth  sketched  Mephisto- 
rheles  on  popular  lines.  The  singing  of  the 
chorus  has  been  extremely  praiseworthy, 
and  the  duties  of  conductor  have  been  shared 
by  Mr.  Walter  van  Noorden  and  Mr.  Eugene 
Goossens. 

On  Wednesday  evening  a  bright  and 
attractive  performance  was  given  of  Mozart's 
'  Marriage  of  Figaro.'  Miss  Doris  Woodall 
not  only  sang  "  Voi  che  sapete"  and  the 
other  music  for  Cherubino  with  much  taste 
and  skill,  but  also  acted  in  remarkably  viva- 
cious style.  Madame  Lucile  Hill  sang  the 
Countess's  phrases  agreeably ;  and  Miss 
Lizzie  Burgess  was  a  bright  and  pleasing 
representative  of  Susanna.  The  Figaro  of 
Mr.  Charles  Victor  was  somewhat  deficient  in 
buoyancy,  but  Mr.  Winckworth  was  a  capital 
Count.  Under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Walter 
van  Noorden  the  rendering  of  the  delightful 
old  opera  was  smooth  and  satisfactory. 

The  Carl  Rosa  Company  at  Covent 
Garden  will  give  Verdi's  '  Otello '  next 
Tuesday. 

The  directors  of  the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra 
have  engaged  Dr.  Richard  Strauss  to  conduct 
the  greater  portion  of  his  music-drama 
'  Salome  '  on  Thursday,  March  19th.  There 
will  be  given  the  scene  between  Salome 
and  Jochanaan,  the  Dance  of  Salome,  and 
the  final  scene  of  Salome.  The  work  is 
dedicated  to  Sir  Edgar  Speyer,  chairman  of 
the  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra. 

The  Twenty-Third  Annual  Conference 
of  the  Incorporated  Society  of  Musicians 
took  place  this  week  at  Harrogate.  On 
Tuesday  a  special  service  was  held  in  St. 
Peter's  Church,  at  which  was  performed 
a  festival  '  Te  Deum  '  by  Dr.  E.  J.  Crow, 
organist  of  Ripon  Cathedral.  A  portrait, 
painted  by  Mr.  E.  Bent  Walker,  was  to  have 
been  presented  to  Mr.  Edward  Chadfield 
on  his  retirement  from  the  general  secretary- 


ship of  the  Society.  Unfortunately,  how- 
ever, he  was  prevented  through  indisposition 
from  being  present.  It  is  understood  that 
he  will  accept  the  portrait,  which  will  be 
placed  in  the  library  of  the  Society  in  London. 

The  newly  founded  chamber-music  society 
"The  Irish  Quartette"  gave  an  excellent 
recital  last  week  at  the  Leinster  Hall, 
Dublin.  The  Quartette  consists  of  Miss 
Madeleine  Moore  (violin),  Miss  Bell  (viola), 
Miss  Kathleen  Gibson  ('cello),  and  Miss 
Annie  Lord  (piano).  Amongst  the  works 
performed  were  Beethoven's  Quartet  in 
e  flat,  Op.  16,  and  Hermann  Goetz's  Quartet 
in  e  flat,  Op.  6. 

Fourteen  manuscripts  of  Paganini,  one 
of  them  being  the  Third  Concerto,  have  been 
discovered  among  the  archives  of  the  city 
of  Perosa.  Large  offers  have  been  made 
from  England  and  America,  but  the  Italian 
Government  intends  itself  to  purchase  the 
precious  autographs. 

The  Stradivarius  violinof  M.  Eugene  Ysaye, 
recently  stolen  from  the  Imperial  Opera, 
St.  Petersburg,  was  lent  by  Messrs.  Hill  & 
Sons  for  exhibition  at  the  Loan  Collection, 
South  Kensington,  in  1885.  It  is  mentioned 
in  'Antonio  Stradivari,'  by  W.  H.,  A.  F.,and 
A.  E.  Hill,  among  violins  of  which  the  exact 
date  could  not  be  given,  or  on  which  figures 
might  have  been  tampered  with.  The  firm 
thought  it  possible  that  the  last  two  figures 
of  the  date  inscribed,  1732,  had  been 
altered ;  nevertheless,  they  were  satisfied  that 
the  instrument,  in  a  fine  state  of  preserva- 
tion, was  the  work  of  Stradivari's  latest 
years.  It  exhibits  varnish  of  a  reddish- 
brown  colour,  but  not  the  usual  back-joint. 
Its  tone  is  very  powerful,  but  M.  Ysaye 
prefers  that  of  his  Guarnerius,  which  some 
twenty-five  years  ago  was  bought  at  Messrs. 
Foster's  saleroom  by  the  late  W.  E.  Hill  for 
600  guineas. 

The  directorship  of  the  Warsaw  Con- 
servatoire of  Music  has  been  offered  to  M. 
Paderewski,  who  is  now  at  Boston,  and 
accepted  by  him. 


perfobmances:next  week. 

Six.      Concert,  3.30,  Albert  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Society  Concert,  3.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Sunday  League  Concert,  1.  Queen's  Hall. 

Mon.— Sat.    Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company,  8,  Covent  Garden.    (Wednes- 
day and  Saturday,  Matinees,  2.) 
Wkd.     Fraulein  Else  Gipser's  Pianoforte  Recital,  8,  Bechstein  Hall. 
Fm.       London  Trio,  3.30,  iBolian  Hall. 
Sat.       Chappell's  Ballad  Concert,  2.30,  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Kruse  Quartet,  3.15,  Bechstein  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE   WEEK. 

Savoy. — Arms  and  the  Man  :  an  Anti- 
Romantic  Comedy.  By  Bernard  Shaw. 
(Revival.) 
It  really  looks  as  if  Messrs.  Vedrenne  and 
Barker's  policy  of  appealing  boldly  to  the 
general  public  for  support  of  the  "  intel- 
lectual drama "  were  going  to  secure 
them  the  reward  of  audacity,  and  as  if 
the  play  which  may  bring  them  luck  at 
the  Savoy  would  be  one  of  Mr.  Shaw's 
earliest  essays,  now  revived  for  the  first 
time  since  its  original  production  at  the 
old  Avenue  thirteen  years  ago — '  Arms 
and  the  Man.'  Certainly  there  could  be 
no  piece  from  the  Shaw  repertory  more 
calculated  to  conciliate  the  average  play- 
goer than  this,  with  the  possible  exception 
of  '  You  Never  Can  Tell.'  It  is  easy  to 
discover  in  it  already  outlined  seme  of 
the  chief  articles  of  the  "  Shavian  philo- 
sophy " — its  repudiation  of  romantic  con- 
ventions and  ideals,  its  mockery  of  the 
glorification  of  war,  its  ridicule  of  chivalry 


in  connexion  with  the  feminine  sex ; 
already  there  are  signs  of  propagandism, 
but  of  a  propagandism  scarcely  truculent. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  more  story, 
more  action,  more  normal  treatment  of 
character,  more  drama,  and  better  still, 
there  is  more  geniality  here  than  in 
many  of  Mr.  Shaw's  later  works.  How 
delightful  is  the  opening  of  the  play — the 
meeting  of  the  romantic  girl  in  her  night- 
dress  and  the  refugee  soldier,  travel- 
stained  and  weary,  who  makes  such 
short  work  of  her  heroics  about  war  and 
military  courage !  And  nowadays  the 
merest  tyre  of  a  playgoer  can  perceive 
how  substantially  true  is  the  playwright's 
picture  of  his  professional  soldier — the 
man  who  refuses  to  court  danger  or  to 
romanticize  his  calling.  Who  knows  what 
a  difference  might  have  been  made 
in  Mr.  Shaw's  development  had  that 
first-night  Avenue  audience,  instead  of 
jeering  at  what  was  new  to  it,  suspended 
judgment  about  the  sections  of  the  play 
it  did  not  understand,  and  given  due 
weight  to  the  scenes  which  had  afforded 
amusement  ?  Mr.  Shaw's  ideas  had  not 
then  been  crystallized  by  opposition  and 
lack  of  appreciation  into  imcompromising 
stiffness,  and  he  might  have  learnt  from, 
as  well  as  have  instructed,  the  public. 
Well,  the  merry  farce  is  in  no  danger  of 
such  a  reception  now  ;  last  Monday  night 
every  jest  was  caught  up  by  the  audience 
almost  before  it  was  spoken  on  the  stage. 
A  more  appreciative  audience  Mr.  Shaw 
could  net  have  desired;  nor  could  be 
have  wished  for  a  better  interpretation. 
Mr.  Robert  Loraine's  matter-of-fact  soldier 
and  Miss  Lillah  McCarthy's  hero-worship- 
ping Raina  afforded  constant  delight ; 
all  the  minor  parts  were  well  filled  ;  and 
Mr.  Granville  Barker,  by  his  vivacious 
energy,  almost  made  real  Raina's  comic - 
opera  lover,  who  is  of  course  only  a 
personification  of  the  popular  ideal  of  a 
soldier. 

Drury  Lane. — The  Babes  in  the  Wood. 

ADELrm. — Aladdin. 

Lyceum. — Robinson  Crusoe. 
Even  London  can  offer  few  mere  impres- 
sive sights  than  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
during  the  Christmas  holidays,  packed 
with  a  pantomime  audience.  The  least 
sentimental  of  spectators  may  be  im- 
pressed as  he  watches  those  rows  upon 
rows  of  faces,  extending  in  tiers  from  the 
footlights  almost  to  the  ceiling  of  the  great 
playhouse,  all  intent  upon  amusement ; 
young  and  old,  in  fact,  mingling  for  once 
in  a  common  mood  of  irresponsibility  and 
childish  gaiety.  But  more  agreeable  still 
is  the  experience  to  be  gained  by  observing 
the  demeanour  of  the  audience  from  one 
cf  the  circles — by  listening,  fcr  instance, 
to  the  roar  of  welcome  which  attends 
the  beginning  of  the  overture,  or  by 
noting  the  waves  of  laughter  that  run 
over  the  building  in  response  to  some 
jest  of  a  favourite  comedian.  The 
superior  person  may  scoff  at  pantomime, 
yet  every  one  who  remembers  that 
Drury  Lane  during  this  season  of  the 
year  houses  nightly,  and  often  twice  a 
day,  two  or  three  thousand  playgoers  of 


24 


THK    A  Til  ENiE  U  M 


No.  41M4,  Jan.  4,  1908 


different  ages,  §0X68,  education,  and 
disposition,  ami  keeps  them  amused  for 
four  hours  and  DEM  re,  must  pay  his  tribute 
to  the  class  of    entertainment    which    can 

achieve  such  ■  result. 

What  is  said  above  of  J)rury  Lane  is 
true  no  less  of  the  Adelphi  and  the 
Lyceum,  the  two  other  West  End  houses 
which  are  devoted  just  now  to  the  cult 
of  pantomime.  There  also  the  prevailing 
spirit  is  one  of  geniality  and  enthusiasm, 
and  the  difficulty  of  the  managements  is 
not  to  get  people  into  their  theatres, 
but  to  find  room  for  the  crowds  that 
come.  Yet  we  are  told  by  authorities  that 
the  past  theatrical  year  in  London  has 
been  one  of  the  most  unsuccessful  ever 
known  —  that  receipts  have  been  low, 
and  the  theatres  in  many  cases  half 
empty.  The  explanation  is  jimple. 
Managers  usually  persist  in  conducting 
their  theatres  on  happy-go-lucky  principles 
— without  any  definite,  well-considered 
policy.  Contrast  with  their  procedure 
that  of  the  purveyors  of  pantomime. 
They  map  out  their  plans  months  in 
advance,  they  adhere  to  one  particular 
type  of  entertainment,  they  study  a 
particular  class  of  audience.  Take,'  for 
example,  Drury  Lane,  the  Adelphi,  and 
the  Lyceum.  To  the  superficial  observer 
the  pantomimes  and  the  audiences  cf 
these  three  theatres  may  seem  very  much 
the  same,  but  the  expert  will  mark  con- 
siderable dissimilarities.  To  be  sure,  the 
entertainment  provided  at  all  three  houses 
is  the  customary  hotchpotch  of  nursery 
tale  and  musical  extravaganza,  ballet 
and  boisterous  farce ;  but  in  point  of 
fact  each  one  is  carefully  contrived  to 
please  a  special  public. 

'  Robinson  Crusoe '  at  the  Lyceum  is 
intended  for  a  popular  audience  which 
likes  its  effects  broad,  its  colouring  strong, 
its  humour  laid  on  heavily  ;  and  there 
is  not  a  doubt  that  Messrs.  Smith  and 
Carpenter  have  gauged  their  patrons' 
tastes  to  a  nicety  now  in  pantomime,  as 
hitherto  in  melodrama.  They  have  dis- 
covered in  Mr.  George  Le  Clerq  a  comedian 
with  original  methods,  and  the  fact  that 
his  most  telling  trick  consists  in  an  over- 
emphasis of  aspirates  speaks  volumes. 
Then,  too,  they  have  found  in  Miss  Ouida 
Macdermott  a  singer  of  rare  dramatic  in- 
tensity, and  it  is  significant  that  she  is  the 
daughter  of  a  famous  music-hall  artist  of 
the  eighties.  As  for  the  "  coral  "  ballet,  it 
is  striking,  though  perhaps  a  trifle  garish. 

The  Adelphi  '  Aladdin '  is  calculated 
for  that  public  which  loves  musical 
comedy,  and  so  it  is  decked  out  with 
pretty  Oriental  stage-pictures  such  as 
we  have  had  at  the  Gaiety,  and  depends 
for  its  entertaining  qualities  upon  the 
personality  of  its  chief  performers.  These 
are  two  in  number,  and  are  both  recruited 
from  the  "  variety  "  theatres— Mr.  Mal- 
colm Scott,  a  "  female  impersonator  " 
with  a  dry  but  unforced  humour,  and 
Miss  Fanny  Fields,  a  lively  comedian 
with  an  instinct  for  dancing,  a  quaint 
Anglo-German  accent,  and  the  most 
infectious  of  laughs.  It  is  to  the  credit 
of  these  players,  and  of  the  music-halls, 
that  their  various  "  turns  "  are  free  from 


anything  that  could  offend,  and  the 
Adelphi  piece,  for  which  they  work  so 
hard  proves  far  and  away  the  most 
amusing  of  current  pantomimes. 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Collins  at 
Drury  Lane  has  succeeded  in  maintaining 
the  reputation  of  his  theatre  for  elaborate 
spectacle,  yet  has  provided  a  genuine 
children's  entertainment.  The  garden 
scene  which  furnishes  the  pictorial  climax 
of  the  first  half  of  his  pantomime  is  a 
triumph,  even  for  "  the  Lane,"  in  refine- 
ment of  colouring  and  brilliance  of  light- 
ing. Youngsters,  too,  must  be  hard  to 
please  who  do  not  enjoy  their  special 
ballet  of  "  Lollipop-land,"  or  do  not 
chuckle  over  the  adventures  of  the  babes, 
the  naughtiest  of  innocents,  when  one  is 
Mr.  Walter  Passmore  and  the  other  is  Miss 
Marie  George. 

One  if  not  two  reforms  might  be  urged 
upon  pantomime-managers.  It  is  too 
much,  perhaps,  as  yet  to  ask  for  the  banish- 
ment of  the  comedian  who  masquerades 
as  a  woman.  That  would  rob  us  this  year 
of  Mr.  Fragson's  clever  portrait  of  the 
Drury  Lane  babes'  governess,  and  of  Mr. 
Malcolm  Scott's  droll  geography  lesson 
in  the  guise  of  Mrs.  Twankey.  But  surely, 
with  all  respect  to  Miss  Agnes  Fraser, 
who  makes  as  gallant  a  Robin  Hood  as 
any  actress  could,  and  to  Miss  Millie 
Legarde,  a  vivacious  Aladdin,  it  is  time 
that  the  "  principal  boy  "  disappeared  from 
our  stage.  It  would  make  all  the  differ- 
ence to  the  greenwood  scenes  at  Drury 
Lane  were  Robin  Hood  and  his  unscrupu- 
lous brother  represented  by  actors  of 
the  stamp  of  Mr.  Lewis  Waller. 


To  Correspondents.— G.  N.— M.— A.  K.— G.  W.  M.— 
E.  W.  G.— A.  H.  K.— E.  A.  B.— P.  C.  P.— Received. 

W.  H.  C— J.  M.  B.— Many  thanks. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


T 


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REMAINING    IN 

THE    COUNTY    OF     SUFFOLK, 

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A   HISTORY  OF  ORIENTAL 

BEFORE   1800. 

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CARPETS 


went 


Since  it  was  first  announced  in  February,  1906,  the  author  has  had  placed  at  his  dis- 
posal so  much  interesting  and  new  material  that  it  has  been  found  necessary  to  considerably 
enlarge  the  contents  of  the  book.  Instead  of  the  one  hundred  illustrations  mentioned  iii 
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Articles  of  Interest  on  the  following   Subjects. 

THIRD      SELECTION. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  and  LITERARY  HISTORY. 

Translations  of  Galen— Books  on  Gaming— John  Gilpm  s  Route 
to  Edmonton— Mrs.  Glasse— '  Globe '  Centenary— Goethe- 
Oliver  Goldsmith— Thomas  Gray— Greene's  'Frier  Bacon  and 
Frier  Bongay  '—Grub  Street— A.  H.  Hallam's  Publications- 
Harvey,  Marston,  Jonson,  and  Nashe— Hawker  of  Morwen- 
stow— Heber's  '  Racing  Calendar  '—George  Herbert's  Proverbs 

Herrick— Heuskarian   Rarity  in   the   Bodleian— '  Historical 

English  Dictionary  '—Hood's  '  Comic  Annual.' 

«Tnp  pa  PHY 

"  The  Starry  Galileo  " — Letters  of  German  Notabilities — W.  E. 
Gladstone — Sir  Edmund  Berry  Godfrey — Duchess  of  Gordon — 
Duke  of  Grafton  and  Lord  Thurlow — Thomas  Guy's  Will — Nell 
Gwyn— Serjeant  Hawkins— Sir  John  Hawkwood — Sir  Richard 
*  Hotham— Victor  Hugo. 

ECCLESIASTICAL  MATTERS. 

Genesis  i.  1 — Nameless  Gravestones — Greek  Church  Vestments 

Hagioscope  or  Oriel — Heretics  Burnt — Hexham  Priory  and 

the  Au<mstales — Holy  Communion,  Substitutes  for  Bread — 
Honest  Epitaphs— Huxley  on  the  Bible—'  Hymns  Ancient  and 
Modern.' 

FINE  ARTS. 

Gainsborough's  lost  '  Duchess '— Grinling  Gibbons  s  Statue  of 
James  II. — Sir  John  Gilbert's  Drawings  in  the  'London 
Journal' — Miss  Gunning's  Portraits  —  Haydon's  Historical 
Pictures — Pictures  by  Sir  G.  Hayter— Hogarth— Holbein 
Portraits — Hoppner  Portraits. 

PHILOLOGY  and  GRAMMAR. 

Caimacam   or  Kaimakam — Camelry — Cecil,   its  Pronunciation 

Celtic  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Districts — Chaperon  applied  to 

Males Chic   recognized  by  the  French  Academy — Chi-ike — 

"  Chink  "  of  Woods — Comically — Corn-bote — Creak  as  a  Verb 

Crowdy-mutton — Deadfold — Dewsiers — "  Different    than  " — 

Dive,  Peculiar  Meaning — Dude — Electrocute — English  Accentu- 
ation— Ey  in  Place-names — Fashion  in  Language — Fearagur- 
thok,  Irish  Word — Felibre — Filbert — Flapper,  Anglo- Indian 
Slang— Irish  "Flittings" — Floyd  v.  Lloyd— Folk  or  Folks — 
Foulrice — Frail — Gallant,  its  Varying  Accent — Gallimaufry — 
Gambaleery — Gaol  and  Goal — Garage — Gavel    and    Shieling — 

Chetto Ghost-words — "  Good  afternoon  " — Doubtful  Grammar 

in  A.V.  and  Prayer  Book — Greek  Pronunciation — Gutter- 
snipe— Gwyneth — Halsh — Hattock — Help  with  an  Infinitive — 
Helpmate  and  Helpmeet — Henbane — Heron — High-faluting — 
Hooligan  —  Hopef ul  and  Sangiy  _a  —  Huish  —  Hullabaloo  — 
Hurtling. 


PROVERBS  AND  QUOTATIONS. 

"  Cambuscan  bold  " — "  Carnage  is  God's  daughter  " — "  Chalk  oa 
the  door" — "Lug  the  coif"  —  "Comparisons  are  odious" — 
"Crow to  pluck" — "Crying  down  credit" — "Cutting  his  stick" 
— "Who  sups  with  the  devil" — "  Down  to  the  ground" — "Dutch 
courage  "  —  "  Embarras  des  richesses  "  —  "  English  take  their 
pleasures  sadly" — "Enjoy  bad  health" — "Fall  below  par" — 
"  Farewell,  vain  world  " — "  Fegges  after  peace  " — "  Fert,  Fertr 
Fert,"  on  Italian  Coins — "  First  catch  your  hare  " — "  Flea  in 
the  ear  " — "  Forgive,  blest  shade  " — French  Sermon  in  Proverbs 
— Familiar  French  Quotations — "  God  works  wonders  now  and 
then  " — "  Gone  to  Jericho  " — "  Green  grief  to  the  Grahams  " — 
"  Grass  widow  " — Gratitude  Defined — "  Green-eyed  monster  "" 
— "  Heart  of  grace  "— "  Hook  it "— "  Hop  the  twig  "— "  Horse- 
marine." 
SONGS,  BALLADS,  and  NURSERY  RIMES. 

"  Ask  nothing  more  of  me,  sweet " — '  Bailiffs  Daughter  of 
Islington  ' — '  Beggar's  Petition  ' — '  Canadian  Boat  Song ' — 
•  Charlie  is  my  Darling  ' — '  Cherry  Ripe  ' — '  Comin'  thro'  the 
Rye' — '  Dulce  Domum  ' — "  Gentle  shepherd,  tell  me  where  " — 
"  God  bless  the  King  ! — I  mean  the  Faith's  defender  " — "  i 
dwelt  in  a  city  enchanted  " — "  I  '11  hang  my  harp  on  a  willow 
tree  " — "  In  the  days  when  we  went  gipsying." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Acacia  in  Freemasonry — Adelaide  Waistcoat — Adulation  Extra- 
ordinary— Old  Advertisements — iEolian  Harp,  its  Construction 
— Albino  Animals  Sacrificed  —  Ale,  Bottled,  Burton,  and 
"  Lanted  " — Anagrams  on  Various  Subjects — Apostle  Spoons — 
Athens,  the  City  of  the  Violet  Crown  —  Autographs,  how 
to  keep  them  —  Bagman,  for  Commercial  Traveller  —  Bank 
of  England  and  Heberfield — First  Lady  Barrister — Birch-sap 
Wine — Ancient  Boats  Discovered — Bows  and  Arrows  last  used 
in  War — Bread  by  Troy  Weight — CIV.  Nicknames — Originator 
of  Christmas  Cards — Beginning  and  End  of  Centuries — Clerks 


-Chess 


Legend 


-Chimneys  in  Ancient  Houses- 


in  Chancery- 
Introduction  of  Chocolate  —  Twenty-four-hour  Clocks  —  Con- 
vivial Clubs — Local  Names  for  the  Cowslip — Earliest  Cricket 
Match — Death  from  Fright — Dutch  Fleet  captured  by  Cavalry 
— Standing  Egg — Brewers'  "  Entire  " — Earliest  Envelopes — 
Epigrams  and  Epitaphs — Farthings  Rejected — Feeding-Bottles 
First  Used — Five  o'Clock  Tea — Flats  in  London — Flaying  Alive 
— Franciscans  v.  Freemasons — Earliest  Funeral  Cards — Gas 
and  Locomotive — Gates  on  Commons  —  Genius  and  Large 
Families — Gentleman  Porter — Germination  of  Seeds — Slang 
for  Gin — Gipsy  Wedding  and  Funeral — Golf  and  Pall-mall — 
Goths  and  Huns — Guillotine — Gun  Reports — Hair  Powder  last 
Used — Hansom  Cab,  its  Inventor — First  Silk  Hat  in  London. 


JOHN  C.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS,  Bream\s  Buildings,  Chancery  Lane,  London,  E.C. 


/ 


No.  4184,  Jan.  4,  1908 


T  H  E     A  T  H  E  N  M  U  M 


27 


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"DEATH'S    DEEDS":   a   Bi-located   Story.    (With   PI 

VI.,  VII.).— A.  LANG,  M.A.  LLD. 

THE    PRINCIPLES    OF    FASTING.— EDWARD   WES- 
TERMARCK,  M.A.  Litt.D.  &c. 

COLLECTANEA  :  Secret  Societies  and  Fetishism  in  Sierra 
Leone  (with  PI.  VIII.,  IX.,  and  X.\  A.  R.  WRIGHT. 
—Folk  Traditions  of  the  Mughal  Emperors.  KARIM 
HAIDAR  LODI. — Notes  on  some  Ancient  Ecclesias- 
tical Practices  in  Armenia.  F.  C.  CONYBEARE.— 
Dairy  Folk-lore  in  West  Norfolk.  F.  A.  MILNE  — 
Veterinary  Practice.  HERBERT  SOUTHAM,  F.S.A. 
— All  Hallows  Eve  and  other  Festivals  in  Connaught 
HUGH  JAMES  BYRNE.— Shetland  Brownies.  ¥.  C. 
CONYBEARE. 

CORRESPONDENCE.— At  the  Back  of  the  Black  Mans 
Mind.  R.  E.  DENNETT.—  Travel  Notes  in  South 
Africa:  A  Correction.  E.  SIDNEY  HARTLAND.— 
The  Celtic  Other-World.  ALFRED  NUTT— A 
Brittany  Marriage  Custom.  F.  C.  CONYBEARE.  F. 
SIDNEY  HARTLAND.  Folk-Song  Refrain.  H.  M 
BOWER.— The  Fifth  of  November  and  Guv  Fawkes 
M.  PEACOCK. 

REVIEWS  :-W.  W.  Skeat  and  C.  O.  Blagden,  'Pagan 
Races  of  the  Malay  Peninsula.'  W.  CROOKE.— 
Northcote  W.  Thomas,  '  Anthropological  Essays  pre- 
sented to  Edward  Burnett  Tylor.'  EDWARD  CLODD. 
— Emile  Durkheim,  '  L'Annee  Sociologique. '  E. 
SIDNEY  HARTLAND.—  Rem*  Hoffmann,  'La  Notion 
de  l'Etre  Supreme  chez  les  Peuples  Non-Civilises.  A. 
LANG.— Helen  Child  Sargent  and  George  Lyman 
Kittredge,  'English  and  Scottish  Popular  Ballads.' 
AXELOLRIK. 
INDEX. 

TITLE  AND  CONTENTS. 
The  present  Number  completes  FOLK-LORE  for  1907. 
FOLK-LORE  (20s.  to  non-Members  of  the  Folk-Lon 
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be  had  on  application  to  the  Publishers. 

BIBLIOGRAPHY  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 

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DATLEY     EDUCATION     COMMITTEE. 

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.school,  a  FORM  MISTRESS  to  teach  chiefly  English  and  Mathe- 
matics. Degree  and  training  or  experience  essential.  Commencing 
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undersigned,  which  must  be  returned  to  me  not  later  than 
JANUARY  '14,  1908. 

G.  R.  H.  DANBY,  M.A. 

Education  Offices,  Batley. 


si 


OUTH   AFRICAN   COLLEGE   SCHOOL, 

y~J  CAPE  TOWN, 


A  SCIENCE  MASTER  WANTED  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  to  teach 
Chemistry  and  Physics. 

Duties  to  begin  on  APRIL  6.  Candidates  must  possess  the  Privy 
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College,  Cape  Town,  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  is  NEXT. 

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T  ADY    SHORTHAND    TYPIST    REQUIRED 

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Situations  Wlantcb. 

ART   KDITOR.— A   GENTLEMAN  of   i 
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newspapei   Illustration  In  OPEN  to  RE  ENGAGEMENT -A 
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T  ADY      desires      TRANSLATION      WORK— 

-Li  French,  German,  into  English.  First-class  Honours  in  both, 
L.L.A.  Exam.  Lived  Abroad.— Miss  F.  D.  WRIGHT,  Willingdon, 
Eastbourne. 

pULTURED     RUSSIAN     GENTLEMAN      is 

\J  anxious  to  give  LESSONS  in  RUSSIAN  or  POLISH,  to  obtain 
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ACADEMICIAN,  Dr.Phil.  (Ethnology,  Compa- 
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care  of  Rudolf  Mosse,  Stuttgart,  Germany. 

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Book  on  the  PORTRAITS  of  QUEEN  MARIE  ANTOINETTE,  and 
would  feel  most  obliged  for  anv  communications  given  to  him  on 
authentic  Portraits  in  Private  Collections— Portraits  Painted,  Drawn, 
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Engravings. 

WANTED,       LONDON       PHILOSOPHICAL 
MAGAZINE,  NOVEMBER,  1906.— Write,  stating  price,  MAY 
&  WILLIAMS,  160,  Piccadilly,  London. 

TO  SCENE  PAINTERS,  SCULPTORS,  and 
Others. — A  handsome  BUILDING,  which  has  for  many  years  been 
occupied  by  a  Scene  Painter.  TO  BE  SOLD  or  LET.  It  comprises 
spacious  Hall,  100ft.  in  length,  soft,  in  width,  and  soft,  high,  with 
small  Living  Accommodation  adjoining;  oocupless  pleasant  position 
facing  Blackheath  and  near  Two  Stations.— Messrs.  DYER.  SON  .t 
HILTON,  Auctioneers,  SO,  Budge  Row,  E.C.  :  and  Blaekheath  (13826). 

rpRAINING  FOR  PRIVATE  SECRETARIAL 
■*-  WORK   AND  INDEXING. 

Secretarial  Bureau:   32a,  CONDUIT  ST.,  BOND  ST.,  LONDON,  W. 
Founded  lsos.  Telephone:  SS4S6  QsRRARD, 

.MISS   PETHERBRIDGE  (Nat.  Sci.  Tripos). 

Employed  m  the  India  Office  is— Indexer  of  the  Bast  India 
Company's  Records:  Dutch  and  Portuguese  Translator. 

The  Diapers  Company's  Records  Catalogued  and  Arranged. 

indexeu  of— The  Records  ,,f  the  County  Borough  of  Cardiff;  The 
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on:  London  Traffic  The  Supply  of  Food  in  Time  of  War,  Motor  Cars. 
Canals  and  Waterways ;  The  Minutes  of  the  Education  Committee  of 
ihe  Somerset  County  Council, 

MISS    PETHERBRIDGE  trains   from    Three   to    Six  Pupill 

year  for  Private  Secretarial,  and  Special  Indexing  Work  The 
training  is  one  of  Apprenticeship,  Pupils  starting  as  Junior  Members 
of  the  Staff  and  working  up  through  all  the  Branches.  It  is  practical, 
on  actual  work,  each  Pupil  being  Individually  coai  lied.  The  training 
consists  of   indexing    which   includes   Research   Work   and  Precis 

Writing-  Shorthand.  Typewriting,  and  Business  Training. 

THE  TECHNIQUE  OF  INDEXING.  By  Mart  PrTBXRBRIDOl, 
.'is.  ::./   post  free. 


M. 


Catalogws. 

B    A    R    N    A    R 


D,       M.  A. 


(Foi  i"'  i  I  Theological  Scholar  of 

(  lirlst'i  College,  Cambridge). 

10,  DUDLEY  HOAI)  (opposite  the  Opera  Botue), 
TUNBREDQE  WELLS. 

CATALOGUE   in,  JUST    ISSUED,   oontains:— 

MISCELLANEOUS    BOOKS     including    OCCULT    AM'    ol.it 
SCIENTIFIC, 

CATALOGUE   l*,   oan  still  be  had.— Books  on 

KENT.  HISTORICAL  TRACTS.   AMERICANA. 


30 


T  II  K     AT  II  K  N  .K  I'  M 


No.  U85,  Jam.  1 1.  1908 


ANCIENT  and  MODERN   COINS.-  Colli 
tod  AnUqamriaoi  <wr  in<itr.i  t<>  uppw    i-   kpink  »  mm, 
•    -      m  MIBMATIC  (  IIMU 
l.AK      The  flnr.l  li  n   mul  Kngllili  Culni  on  Ww  uil  fot 

B.Uu-  -       -I'INK  A  >"V    I  .»iim..    Kij-tI..    Vaii.cn 

■  u.l  »  «Uli>f  ui  r«.    It.    17,   »uj   18.  Plcculillj.  Loudon.  W.     KlUbli.llixl 
uu»»:     .  I  .rj 

wooooun.  KAiu.Y  Boost  mss..  4c 

Ll'.I(,IITn\>  [LLU8TRATBD  CATALOGUE, 
c.iiiiiiiinm  1MB  f"11*11"11" 
Thlik  BTO,  urt  cloth.  S3n. ;  Imlfniorocco.  SOn. 

P»rt  XIII      <'il    Chat,   »itli   IM   hadmflM  i n--I n.li iit;  IkTiien'H 

1010,   Osplo,   1477,    ami  a 

|.\..»-  i-.n.ly.      I'rUflt. 


in. 


FroUuii.    I'niiltilv    Bindlnm    OkpfTBI 

lan«oulltM'(  Inn  nt  Kail\  (In. .in.  If 


J.  k  3.  I.KIOI1TON. 
40.  Brewer  Street,  Gulden  Squnre.  London.  W. 


CATALOGUE  Na   48.— Drawinga  of  the  Early 
Enflilh  Bchool— Turner' t  l.llx-r  Slu.li.nuni  and  "tlifi  Bra  ITlngl 
nft.r  ffurner— Ktoblngi  to  Turner,  8.   Palmer,   Whlatlei    Japanese 

I't.l.iur  l'rintB- Kin.-  Ait    I'.tx'k-   -Workl  to   Itu-kin.       Pott  fret.-,  Six 
■  —  WM.  WARD,  >,  (liuri'li  Tamo*,  Richmond,  Surrey. 


M 


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SECOND  HAND  BOOKSELLER  and  PUBLISHER. 
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Famous  Authors— Manuscripts-Illustrated  Books.  4c.  CATALOGUES 
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Birmingham.  Oscar  Wilde's  Poems,  2.U..  for  10s.  Gil.  ;  Ballad  of 
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posal—Write. FORMAT  care  of  Keynell's  Advertisement  Offices, 
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JVuiljors'  Agents. 


mi 


^HE  AUTHOR'S  AGENCY.— Established  1879. 

-L  The  interests  of  Authors  capably  represented.  Agreements  for 
Publishing  arranged,  MSS.  placed  with  Publisher!.— Terms  and  Testi 
inonials  on  application  to  Mr.  A.  M.  BUKGHES,  34.  Paternoster  Row 


$al*2  by  Ruction. 


MESSRS.  PUTTICK  &  SIMPSON  will  SELL 
to  AUCTION  at  their  Galleries,  47,  Leicester  Square,  W,C„  on 
WEDNESDAY.  January  IS,  and  Following  Dav.  at  io  minutes  past 
1  o'clock  precise];,  valuable  BOOKB.  comprising  the  LIBRARY  of  the 
late  CHARLES  DOUGLAS  IIALFORD.  Esq..  removed  from  Prince's 
Gate;  a  LLBRAEY  removed  from  Ireland,  and  other  Properties  dis- 
order of  the  Executors),  including  well-bound  Sets  of  Standard 
Authors,  rare  First  Editions.  Books  with  Coloured  Plates.  Siwrting 
Books,  Galleries  and  Works  relating  to  the  Fine  Arts.  Extra-Illus- 
trated Books.  County  Histories  and  Topographical  Works,  amongst 
m  bleb,  will  be  found  Sir  Walter  Scott's  Waverley.  First  Edition,  in  the 
Original  Boards;  Lamb's  Rosamund  Gray,  First  Edition;  Mrs. 
Leicester'!  School;  Tales  from  Shakespeare ;  Elia.  and  others  by 
Charles  Lamb,  all  First  Editions— Egan's  Life  In  London— West- 
macotts'  English  Spy.  tine  uncut  copies  of  the  First  Editions— Florio's 
Montaigne,  First  Edition,  1608— The  SECOND  FOLIO  SHAKE- 
SPEARE. Young's  Night  Thoughts,  with  Plates  by  Blake,  Coloured— 
a  fine  Copy  of  the  Laurence  Gallery,  some  Plates  being  in  proof  state 
—  Views  of  Vienna,  with  very  fine  Coloured  Plates,  17H0— Autograph 
Letters— Engravings— and  many  other  rare  and  interesting  items. 


M 


British  and  Foreign  Lepidoptera,  <lc 
TUKSDAY.  January  /',,  at  half-pant  1!  o'clock. 
R.  J.  C.  STEVENS  will  OFFER  at  his  Rooms, 


King  street.  Oovent  Garden,  London.  W.C,  the  OOLLEC 
TION  nt  ISKIT1SH  LEPIDOPTERA,  formed  to  Mr.  H.  A.  AULD- 
COLLECTIONS o!  BRITISH  and  EXOTIC  LEPIDOPTERA.  formed 
to  the  late  Mr.  A.  H.  SHEPHERD— valuable  Mahogany  Cabinet!  for 
Entomological  Specimens— Lepidoptera  In  Papers— Ooleoptera  in 
Sawdust— and  other  Natural  History  Objects. 

On  view  day  prior,  10  to  8,  and  morning  of  Sale.     Catalogues  on 
application. 

Sales  of  Miscellaneous  Property. 

MR.  J.    C.    STEVENS   begs  to  announce  that 
BALES  are  held  EVERT  FRIDAY,  at  his  Rooms,  as.   King 
Street,  Oovent  Garden,   London,  W.O.,  for  the  disposal  of  MICRO- 
SCOPES.   BLIDE8.    and    OBJECTIVES  — Telescope!— Theodolites 
Levels— Electrical  and  Scientific  Instruments— Cameras,  Lenses,  and 

all  kinds  of  Photographic   Apparatus— Optical  Lanterns,  with  Slide! 

and  all  Accessorial   in   ureal  variety   by   Bert    Makers— Household 

Furniture— Jeweller. v— ami  other  Miscellaneous  Property. 

On  view  Thursday  2  to  5  and  morning  of  Sale. 


Valuable  M  and  Scientific  //....ii,  inchidh 

1.,1,,,,,-u  ../  the  ton  Cpt.  j.  si.  JOB  A  FRMDBA 
(*old  by  ordt  i  i,f  !/,■  Bxeeuton). 

MESSRS     BODG80N   ft    00.    will   BELL   by 
Al  OTION,    at    their   Rooms,    III    I 
WEDNESDAY  Januan  .-.',  and  Two  Pollowlni  (>;.).      I 
VALUABLE    MISCELLANEOUS    liooKH.    in. lulling   the    ABOVE 
LIBRARY  and  utl  mmialng  Chamberlalne'i  1 

tions  ol  lit  .11m  in.  Original    Edition,  old  in. him..,    Pyne'i   Royal 
donees.   I>.rn.    Panel         vols.  —  Hutolilni'i   H  la  tor?  ..i    !•  I. 

Edition.  4  Mils  —Gould  »  Monograph  ol  the  Humming  Birds,  6  vote.— 
Merer"!   Illustration',  of    IlrltM.    Birds,    original    Edition     4   roll 
Curtis'!  Botanical    Magazine,  78  mis.  1787  1840    Edwards  I  Botanical 
Register,  .i.i  vols- Annall  of  Natural   History,  the   Kin    Sei 
plate.  s.i  vols.— MIcToecoploaj  Bo  u  tions,  *■■   i-u  I9M,  and 

Natural   History  Book!— British   Museum  Catalogues.  SO  >ol»  — 

i  tin..  Set  of  Dibdln'i  BlbUotheca  Spenosrtana,  7  vols..  Uirge  Pa|n-r— 

Siuilh's  Catalogue   Raisoiuie.  i  mis—  Propert'l   Miniature  Art-    I 
from  the  Kelmsoott  Prea  -'11  n-  Nuremberg  Chronli  la,  lin  -The  Tudor 
TraniUtionr,  Japanese  Vellum  Edition,  21  rob.    fmliaai  t'l  Cliiiinli  Im. 

With  Noel  Humphrey!'  Illuuilnations,  handsomely  Is'Ulnl  in  i  vols. 
—  Best  Edition  of  l.vtton.  47  vols,  cloth— Library  Sets  of  Dickens, 
Thackeray,  and  Marryat—  (Euvrea  de  Vlotor  Hugo.  Large  Paper, 
18 roll  half  m. .io....  —  Books  on  Cricket  and  other  Sports— Original 
ns's  by  Kate  Greanawar,  Aubrey  naaidilai.  ainf  niliaie  ■  fine 
■  ion  ot  Chinees  Coloured  Drawing*,  in  \i  vols,  folio,  old  morocco 

—Arundel  Society's  Chrome  Lithographs.  Ac. 

Catalogues  on  application. 


MESSRS.  CHRISTIE,  M ANSON,  &   WOODS 
respectfully  give  notice  that  thev  will   hold  the    Following 
8ALESby  AUCTION,  at  their  Great  It. suns.  King  Street.  St.  .1 
o'clock  precisely. 


respect  fully   giv 

I  to  AUCTION,  i 

Square,  the  Sales  commencing  at 


On      FRIDAY,     January     17,     PORCELAIN, 

OBJECTS    OF    ART.    and     DECORATIVE     FURNITURE     from 
various  Sources. 

On  SATURDAY,  January  18,  ANCIENT  and 

MODERN      PICTURES     and      DRAWINGS     of      Mr.     THOMAS 
Mi  LEAN. 


Hoolu  a  iid  Manuka  , 

MES8RS    801  BEBY,  WILKINSON  A  HODGE 
will  SELL  by  A 

•\\      January    It.    \u . 
Following  l>,ti«,  at  1  oVl 
lii'lu 

Io    AI'.IHt'K  Bill 
■     WI.MillAM     lit  i. Ill 
Property  ol    Miai   HAMMOND    I  HAM1.H 

McC'AKTHl  imeramith    Rmd.   and   other*.   cnatwWiig 

l-rinustl  Ilooki- French  lllu.trtite.1  Work.- Toik*i 
-I  -.rliuv     Books— TracU     and 
Library.    i\    oils,     I 

—  Col  ,.s  —  Muilr —  Classical      Works - 

Planrthoium  I  -■■     Dniwing.     I 

«  tola     l*r.j-rir»l    Editions   of    the   Writing,  of  Tlia/kr 

-    Am. worth.   Wilde.  Leigh  Hunt.   L- 
Swift,  Swinburne,  Ac. -Law  Itei-.rls,  Vti  vols  ItfTl-l  • 

May  b*  rlewed  two  day«  prior.     Catalogue!  may  l<e  haiL 

i.  PARK  PLAi  B,  LEEDS. 
Re     F.      DYKB8,      deceased. 

AfE88R8.    H0LU8   &   WEBB,   instructed  l,v 

J-TX      the    Executors,  will   SELL   l.v    AUCTION,    at    ther     ' 

n  JAM.'AKV  B.  B,  and  -a.  the  remarkably  fine  LIBKAItV 
ot    HooKs.    in.  In. ling  Volume*  of   ti 

Chaucer.  First  English  Translation,  ot  l.wiayi. 

and  Cervantes'  Don  Ouixote— Best  Editlnni  of  the  Dramatists— 
Tudor  Translations —  Villon  Society  —  Fine-Art  Books  —  Limited 
Editions  of  illustrated  French  Works 

Catalogues  (price  8d.  each)  can  be  had  from  the  AUCTION.1 
3,  Park  Place,  Leeds. 

On  view  Two  Dayi  prior  to  the  Sale. 
Sale  at  11  o'clock  each  day. 


For  Type-writers  and  Magazines,  &c, 
see  pp.  54,  55. 


ON    SALE    AT 


EDWARD    HOWELL'S    BOOK    STORE 

83,    CHURCH    STREET,    LIVERPOOL. 


NAPOLEON  I.,  by  HORNE,  2  vols.  8vo,  inlaid  to  folio  size,  and  extended  to  6  thick  vols,  folio, 
with  1,400  Portraits,  Coloured  Views,  and  rare  Autographs  and  two  cases  of  rare  Coins,  bound 
uniform,  whole  bound  in  polished  morocco,  an  unique  set  £350. 

MILTON'S  PARADISE  LOST,  1668,  folio,  bound  in  pigskin  £12  12s. 

CHAUCER.— The  rare  Kelmscott  Press  Edition,  1896,  a  superb  and  unique  copy  £140. 

MILTON'S  PARADISE  LOST,  the  rare  First  Edition,  full  morocco,  an  immaculate  copy      £85. 

CHAUCER,  1598,  rare  Black  Letter  copy,  full  morocco,  a  remarkably  fine  copy  £25. 

SPENSER'S  FAERIE  QUEEN,  1611,  folio,  superbly  bound  in  morocco  £50. 

NUREMBERG  CHRONICLE,  1493,  with  2,250  Woodcuts,  thick  folio,  an  immaculate  tall  copy 

£50. 
£20. 
£250. 
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BY 

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An  entirely  new  work  on  Celtic  Art,  consisting  of  a  series  of  Collotype  Reproductions  includ- 
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No:  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 THE     ATHENiEUM 31_ 

A    LITERARY    FOUR-IN-HAND. 

^1  Mr.  John  Lane  begs  to  inform  his  patrons  that  he  will  open  the  Publishing  Season  by  starting 
from  the  Bodley  Head  four  new  Authors,  viz. : — 

1.  A  NEW   HUMOURIST  F.   J.   Randall  LOVE  AND  THE  IRONMONGERS 

2.  A  NEW   CLASSIC  W.    Compton  Leith  APOLOGIA    DIFFIDENTIS 

3.  A  NEW   CRITIC  R.   A.   Scott-James  MODERNISM   AND   ROMANCE 

4.  A  NEW  POET                            Lascelles  Abercrombie  INTERLUDES   AND   POEMS 
Mr.  Lane  believes  that  these  books  will  run  through  the  Season.  The  following  are  the  fixtures  : — 

JANUARY    15. 

APOLOGIA  DIFFIDENTIS.      By  W.  Compton  Leith.      Demy  8vo,  7s.  6d.  net. 

V  The  publisher  is  conscious  that  it  is  unusual  to  hail  a  new  writer  as  "  a  classic,"  but  Sir  Thomas  Browne,  Pater, 
R.  L.  S.,  and  Kenneth  Grahame  were  once  new  writers,  and  he  claims  for  Mr.  Compton  Leith  that  he  has  written  a 
book  worthy  to  be  placed  along  with  the  writings  of  such  authors.  By  some  APOLOGIA  DIFFIDENTIS  may  be 
voted  precious— it  is  certainly  intimate — but  those  who  have  the  delicate  perception  to  appreciate  a  new  style  will  read 
and  re-read  the  book.  It  stands  apart  from  the  highway  of  modern  introspective  literature ;  it  is  too  true  to  be 
precious,  too  classical  to  be  treated  as  ephemeral.  By  its  overwhelming  sincerity  it  will  command  respect,  and  not  a  few 
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JANUARY    22. 

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^[  The  robustious  essence  of  Twentieth -Century  Humour.  The  story  of  how  a  moribund  jester  landed  a  number  of 
very  respectable  people  in  topsy-turveydom,  and  how  they  were  extricated  therefrom  by  a  further  twist  of  the  deceased 
man's  testament,  will  appeal  to  all  who  possesses  what  has  been  called  the  fourth  of  the  great  Cardinal  Virtues — Humour. 

JANUARY    22. 

MODERNISM  AND  ROMANCE.     By  R.  A.  Scott-James.     Demy  8vo,  7*.  6d.  net. 

^f  The  literature  of  every  period  is  at  one  and  the  same  time  a  mirror  and  a  guide.  Mr.  Scott-James's  study  of 
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He  takes  a  few  conspicuous  tendencies  of  the  age— the  scientific  spirit,  self-consciousness,  democracy,  realism,  pessimism, 
and  the  new  romantic  movement— and  shows  how  almost  every  new  book  may  be  regarded  as  a  symptom  of  health 
or  disease  in  the  social  organism.  The  book  is  not  a  series  of  essays,  but  a  continuous  treatment  of  the  dominant 
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JANUARY   29. 

INTERLUDES   AND    POEMS.     By  Lascelles  Abercrombie.     Crown  8vo,  5s.  net. 

^f  Some  weeks  ago  the  well-known  editor  of  a  distinguished  weekly  declared  he  had  discovered  a  new  poet — a  real 
genius.  On  his  being  asked  if  the  poet's  name  was  Abercrombie,  his  astonished  reply  was  "  Yes."  "  I  thought  so," 
was  the  retort,  "  I  have  just  accepted  a  volume  from  him  entitled  INTERLUDES  AND  POEMS,  and  one  of  the 
most  distinguished  living  writers  wrote  me  a  spontaneous  letter  drawing  attention  to  Mr.  Abercrombie,  as  'not  only 
a  poet,  but  a  poet  of  very  great  and  original  powers.  .  .  .1  mean,  this  is  really  that  vara  avis,  a  man  of  genius.'"  Poetry, 
if  it  is  to  possess  vitality,  must  deal  with  vital  questions.  Consequently  the  subject-matter  of  the  poetry  of  different 
generations  appears  to  vary.  In  reality  it  is  not  variation,  but  development,  and  with  development  of  subject  comes 
development  of  form.  Mr.  Abercrombie  perhaps  has  more  marked  development  of  form  than  any  of  his  predecessors 
since  Whitman.  It  is  because  he  is  treating  of  ideas  forced  upon  him  by  his  generation.  But  behind  the  new 
standpoint,  the  new  teaching,  there  is  recognizable  the  old  music  flowing  in  new  channels. 

N.B. — The  publisher  feels  impelled  to  explain,  or  at  least  to  apologize  for  the  unconventional  form 
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bush  "  has  lost  its  application  in  the  Twentieth  Century. 

JOHN    LANE,    THE    BODLEY    HEAD,    LONDON    AND    NEW     YORK. 


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No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


3:3 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  11,  1908. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Two  Volumes  on  French  Poetry        33 

Highways  and  Byways  in  Kent 31 

The  Oxyrhynchus  Papyri 35 

Shakspeare's  Warwickshire  Contemporaries     ..  36 

Travel       37 

Short  Stories 39 

Our  Library  Table  (Sociological  Papers ;  Devon- 
shire Characters  ;  Discoveries  ;  Sartor  Resartus  ; 
Venetian  Life ;  Suffolk  Records  Index  ;  The  Literary 
Year-Book) 40—41 

The  Book  Sales  of  19o~  ;  'The  Licensed  Trade'  ; 
John  Cumming  Nimmo  ;  Shakespeare's  Birth- 
place Trust  ;  The  Douglas  Cause..       ..       41 — 43 

List  of  New  Books 44 

Literary  Gossip         44 

Science— Chemical  Literature  ;  Lorimer  Fison  ; 
Societies  ;  Meetings  Next  Week  ;  Gossip      46—47 

Fine  Arts— Old  Masters  at  the  Academy  ;  Notes 
from  Paris  ;  The  Aurelian  Wall  at  Rome  ; 
Gossip;  Exhibitions      47—50 

Music— Gossip  ;  Performances  Next  Week..        ..    50 

Drama— The  Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood  ;  The 
House;  Dear  Old  Charlie;  Gossip        ..       50—52 

Index  to  Advertisers        52 


LITERATURE 


The  Oxford  Book  of  French  Verse  :  Thir- 
teenth Century  —  Nineteenth  Century. 
Chosen  by  St.  John  Lucas.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

The  Claims  of  French  Poetry :  Nine 
Studies  in  the  Greater  French  Poets. 
By  John  C.  Bailey.     (Constable  &  Co.) 

Two  books  have  been  published  almost 
simultaneously  with  the  single,  unusual, 
and  laudable  aim  of  commending  French 
poetry  to  English  readers.  One,  '  The 
Oxford  Book  of  French  Verse,'  is  the 
best  selection  that  has  been  printed  in 
England,  and  contains  a  sane,  vigorous, 
and  enlivening  preface  dealing  in  a  brief, 
but  enlightening  way  with  the  whole  sub- 
ject. The  other  is  a  collection  of  essays, 
somewhat  disconnected,  but  attaining  a 
certain  unity  from  their  attempt  to  show 
that  "  the  widespread  opinion  in  England 
that  French  poetry  is  merely  rhetoric  in 
verse  "  (for  which  Matthew  Arnold  was 
partly  responsible)  may  be  somewhat 
insular.  Here  we  shall  find  a  good 
deal  of  controversial  matter,  and  by  no 
means  so  coherent  and  convincing  a 
judgment  of  things  as  in  the  preface  and 
notes  of  the  anthology.  Mr.  Bailey's 
is  a  book  of  rather  lengthy  discussion  ; 
the  other  is  definite  in  choice  and 
comment. 

It  is  possible  to  complain  a  little  that 
the  Oxford  selection,  good  as  it  is,  is  in 
part  constructed  on  the  theory  that  not 
good  poems  only  are  to  be  chosen,  but 
also  poems  characteristic  of  a  period  or 
a  writer.  Thus  Moliere,  who  has  no 
claim  to  be  represented,  apart  from  his 
drama,  in  a  book  of  poets,  has  his  sonnet, 
and  very  poor  it  is.     A  note  at  the  end 


tells  us  that  Benserade  was  a  Court 
versifier,  and  that  "  the  wretched  sonnet 
about  Job  caused  a  vast  deal  of  windy 
argument.  Its  rival  was  Voiture's  equally 
vapid  '  II  faut  finir  mes  jours.'  "  Is  it 
not  a  little  disconcerting  to  turn  from 
this  sensible  note  to  the  poems  of  Benserade 
and  Voiture  which  are  given  in  the  body  of 
the  book,  and  to  find  these  two  vapid 
productions  ?  Why  insert,  here  and  there, 
other  deplorable  specimens  of  bad  writers 
and  unhappy  ages,  when  the  sharp  salt 
of  correction  is  waiting  in  the  notes,  as 
when  we  read  of  the  "  ponderous  and 
affected  "  Du  Bartas  :  "  Goethe  admired 
him "  ?  With  every  detail  of  every 
selection  no  single  person  can,  of  course, 
expect  to  be  entirely  satisfied ;  but  a 
large  proportion  of  the  Oxford  pieces 
could  hardly  be  bettered.  The  space, 
indeed,  devoted  to  the  greater  men, 
Villon,  Chenier,  Vigny,  less  known,  per- 
haps, than  Hugo,  Musset,  Lamartine,  is 
much  to  be  commended  ;  and  to  see  good 
room  given  to  Du  Bellay,  and  a  corner  to 
an  almost  unknown  Amadis  Jamyn,  is 
to  discover  even  more  clearly  the 
merits  of  the  anthology.  Most  of  the 
poems  are  printed  in  full,  and  it  evinces 
commendable  courage  that  the  whole 
of  Villon's  great  ballad  of  the  '  Belle 
Heaulmiere,'  which  even  Mr.  Swinburne 
hesitated  to  render  without  the  aid  of 
carefully  arranged  asterisks,  is  here  to 
be  read  as  it  would  appear  in  any 
French  edition.  One  large  omission,  which 
takes  away  a  good  half  of  the  structure 
of  '  La  Maison  du  Berger '  of  Vigny, 
might  perhaps  have  been  indicated  more 
clearly  than  by  asterisks,  which  might 
mean  the  absence  of  a  stanza  only. 

The  nctes  contain  in  a  brief  space 
just  the  right  sort  of  information, 
such  as  the  place  of  birth  and  the 
best  accessible  edition  of  works  ;  while 
the  dates  of  birth  and  death  are  exactly 
where  they  should  be — at  the  beginning 
of  the  selections  from  each  poet.  The 
Introduction,  in  fewer  than  thirty  small 
pages,  gives  a  rapid  and  brilliant  survey 
of  French  poetry  from  the  thirteenth 
century  to  the  nineteenth,  and  though 
here  and  there  are  touches  of  rhetoric,  as 
in  the  vision  of  Rome,  it  is  on  the  whole 
written  with  a  delightful  energy,  often 
pleasantly  defiant,  for  the  instinct  which 
speaks  out  with  this  emphasis  is  nearly 
always  the  right  one.  Gautier  has  never 
been  better  summed  up,  nor  Marot  (for 
contrast),  whose  poems  were  "  personal, 
but  not  poetic."  How  good  is  this  on 
Ronsard  ! — 

"  Ronsard  was  a  great  poet,  having 
authority  ;  he  was  also  a  scholar,  with  the 
scholar's  weakness  for  imposing  rules  ; 
and,  unfortunately,  the  first  to  take  advan- 
tage of  such  rules,  and  to  strengthen  them, 
and  contract  their  limits,  are  usually  those 
who  are  dasignod  by  nature  to  be  pedants 
and  not  poets." 

Of  such  was  Malherbe,  and  "  to  Malherbe 
we  owe  the  perpetualizing  of  these  forms 
reduced  to  their  lowest  terms  of  mechanical 
accuracy  by  a  frigid  intelligence."  It  is 
in  writing  of  Ronsard  that  Mr.  Lucas — 
politely,  but  justly — notes,  with  reference 
to  the  vital  quality  of  Ronsard's  poetry, 


that  "  even  Pater  writes  of  these  poems 
as  if  they  were  specimens  of  remarkable 
tapestry  in  a  museum."  That  is  true  of 
the  references  to  the  Pleiade  in  the  '  Studies 
in  the  Renaissance,'  but  what  of  the 
ecstatic  pages  in  '  Gaston  de  Latour '  on 
this  poetry,  which  "  boldly  assumed  the 
dress,  the  words,  the  habits,  the  very 
trick,  of  contemporary  life,  and  turned 
them  into  gold  "  %  What  of  "  The  juice 
in  the  flowers,  when  Ronsard  named 
them,  was  like  wine  or  blood  "  ?  And  it 
may  be  questioned  whether  Chateaubriand, 
for  all  the  suggestiveness  of  his  imagina- 
tive but  excessive  prose,  was,  so  largely 
as  Mr.  Lucas  imagines,  the  origin  of 
the  Romantic  movement,  not  only  in 
fiction  and  descriptive  prose,  but  in 
poetry  also. 

In  one  of  the  pages  of  his  essay  on 
Victor  Hugo,  Mr.  Bailey,  the  writer  of 
the  second  book  before  us,  defines  his 
intention  very  clearly.  "  The  answer," 
he  says, 

"  I  am  trying  to  get  at  here  is  that  of  no 
specialist  al  all,  but  of  the  plain  lover  of 
literature,  and  especially  of  poetry,  of  those 
who  find  in  poetry  at  once  tin  most  delightful 
of  human  arts,  and  the  least  imperfect  utter- 
ance man  has  achieved  of  what  he  has  in 
him  at  his  greatest  moments." 
Cumbrously  expressed  as  it  is,  there  is 
something  pleasant  and  premising  in 
such  a  statement,  and  the  whole  book  is 
a  development  of  it.  It  begins,  indeed, 
with  the  thesis,  not  unreasonable,  that  in 
Horace,  not  in  Virgil,  we  find  the  natural 
genius  of  France  ;  and  proceeds  to  an 
argument  to  the  effect  that  French  poetry 
as  a  whole  is  to  be  judged  in  Racine,  as 
English  poetry  is  to  be  judged  in  Shak- 
speare,  and  that  Racine,  as  most  men  are 
ready  to  agree,  is,  as  a  poet,  very  much 
the  smaller  man.  Most  of  the  remaining 
part  of  the  book  goes  to  prove  that  Racine 
does  in  no  complete  sense  represent  the 
poetic  genius  of  France,  and  it  cannot  be 
said  that  justice  is  done  to  the  writer  of 
'  Phedre '  when  he  is  characterized  as 
merely  an  "  ingenious  rhetorician." 
"  There  are  things  which  are  French," 
Mr.  Bailey  says,  rather  condescendingly, 
"  and  which  it  is  useless  to  look  for  in  an 
Englishman."  Nothing  could  be  truer, 
and  few  Englishmen  have  ever  seen  all 
that  a  Frenchman  sees  and  admires  in 
the  strange  and  subtle  genius  of  a  great 
dramatic  poet,  whose  technique,  in  the 
famous  "  Ariane,  ma  sceur,"  anticipates 
what  seems  to  us  the  new  decadent  "  En 
robe  d'or  il  adore  "  of  Verlaine. 

Mr.  Bailey  is  at  his  best  when  he  accepts 
and  praises,  but  it  is  a  little  difficult  to 
follow  him  in  his  apology  for  Marot. 
More  of  the  essence  of  the  matter  is  said 
in  the  single  phrase  which  we  have  quoted 
from  Mr.  Lucas  than  in  the  whole  of  Mr. 
Bailey's  essay.  And  that  one  who  cannot 
see  the  essentially  French  genius  of 
Racine  should  almost  accept  the  really 
local  French  estimate  of  La  Fontaine 
as  the  Homer  of  France  shows  a  curious 
uncertainty  of  judgment.  Why  judge 
Racine  from  the  point  of  view  of  the 
Englishman,  and  La  Fontaine  from  the 
point  of  view  of  the  Frenchman  !  "  What 
he  tried  to  do  he  did  perfectly,"  Mr.  Bailey 


34 


T  II  E     AT  II  i:  \  .K  U  M 


No.   U85,  .Ian.  11,  1908 


Kays  of  La  Fontaine  S<>  did  Racine. 
Is  there  more  essential  poetry  in  a  table 
of  La  Fontaine   than  in  a  play  of  Racine 

or  drama  as  essential  (  "  He  raielv 
stirs  our  Mood,  and  never  inspires  us," 
Mr.  Bailey  admits  of  La  Fontaine.  Yet 
he  cannot  realize  that  in  Racine,  under- 
neath all  the  formality  of  the  speech, 
there  is  a  little  living  flame,  which  never 
so  much  as  flickers  in  the  choice  words 
of  the  amiable  fabulist. 

In  the  essays  on  Ronsard,  Chenier, 
Hugo,  Leconte  de  Lisle,  and  Heredia, 
Mr.  Bailey  is  at  his  best.  It  is  a  joy 
to  read  so  sane,  discriminating,  and 
enthusiastic  an  account  of  the  poet  who 
was  half  a  Greek,  not  only  by  birth,  but 
also  by  genius,  the  more  classical  Keats 
of  France,  Andre  Chenier.  Mr.  Bailey 
does  not  seem  to  realize  how  little 
Chenier  is  really  known  in  England, 
and  how  little  his  qualities  are  of  the 
kind  for  which  most  English  readers  of 
poetry  care.  Even  he  himself  has  not, 
perhaps,  seen  the  personal  warmth  and 
modernness  of  the  love-poems,  the  '  Ele- 
gies,' in  which,  like  other  critics,  French 
as  well  as  English,  he  finds  "  no  great 
interest."  But,  with  this  customary  ex- 
ception, all  that  he  says  is  good  and 
just,  and  should  bring  many  new  readers 
to  one  of  the  rarest  of  French  poets. 
Ronsard  is  happily  praised  and  presented, 
and  the  essay  might  be  read  in  company 
with  Mr.  George  Wyndham's  dainty  and 
delicate  renderings,  in  which  the  verse 
is  carefully  modelled  on  the  English 
verse  contemporary  with  that  of  the 
Pleiade.  Hugo  is  lauded  at  great  length, 
and  with  ample  and  well-chosen  quotations. 
The  essay  is  extravagantly  eulogistic, 
and  at  times  unpardonably  so,  as  in  a 
comparison  between  Hugo  and  Milton, 
which  is  more  out  of  place  than  any 
conceivable  French  comparison  of  Racine 
with  Shakspeare.  Mr.  Bailey,  who  sees 
the  rhetorician  in  Racine,  does  not  see 
him,  a  splendid  giant,  dominating  the 
whole  work  of  Hugo.  His  immense 
enthusiasm  is  not  without  its  value,  at 
a  time  when  Hugo  is  probably  little  read 
in  England,  and  justice  is  scarcely 
done  to  one  who  seems  already  becoming 
a  solid  part  of  the  past.  This  essay, 
then,  c  in  be  read  with  profit,  and  should 
be  read  with  attention. 

The  study  of  Leconte  de  Lisle,  though 
one  of  the  briefest,  is  one  of  the  most 
perfect  essays  in  the  book.  Justice  and 
sympathy  are  singularly  mingled ;  the 
whole  atmosphere  of  this  poetry  of  the 
heat  and  languor  of  the  East  is  rendered, 
its  brooding  over  annihilation,  its  "  cres- 
cendo of  silences."  It  is  true  that  Leconte 
de  Lisle  is  "  the  most  monotonous  of 
first-rate  poets,  always  on  a  high  level, 
but  always  the  same "  ;  yet  true  also 
is  the  statement  that  the  writer  of  so 
vast  a  poem  as  '  Le  Sommeil  du  Condor  ' 
(how  many  poets  can  be  vast  in  twenty- 
eight  lines  ?)  "in  his  measure  is  as  as- 
suredly a  man  who  has  come  from  a 
strange  country  as  Dante  is  the  man 
who  has  been  in  Heaven  and  Hell." 
The    comparison    with    Matthew    Arnold 


is  good,  that  with  Landor  is  better.  As  ps 
are  rightly  reminded, 

"  Landor  was  a  greater  human  being  alto- 
gether than  Leconte  de  Lisle  ;  and,  for 
tins  particular  work  of  the  classical  idyll, 
he  was  helped  by  the  fact  that  he  had  far 
more  in  him  of  the  qualities  of  the  two 
peoples  out  of  whom  what  wo  know  as 
Europe  has  developed,  more  of  the  manliness 
of  Rome,  and  more  of  the  rippling  freshness 
of  Greece,  than  was  ever  possible  to  a  man 
like  Leconte  de  Lisle,  who,  as  I  have  said, 
never  really  became  a  European  at  all." 

No  more  really  European,  perhaps,  was 
the  "  pupil,"  in  a  sense,  of  Leconte  de 
Lisle,  the  Cuban  Heredia,  who  is  studied 
in  the  last  of  these  essays,  with  rare  know- 
ledge and  admiration  of  what  Mr.  Bailey 
calls  something  of  a  Pindaric  genius. 
The  epithet  is  hardy,  and  may  be  con- 
tested, for  Heredia  was  no  eagle.  He 
carved  as  Gautier  would  have  the  artist 
carve,  in  his  own  form,  "  marbre,  onyx," 
his  medallion.  To  Mr.  Bailey  there  is 
much  more  in  these  splendid  "  Trophees," 
which  he  seems  to  see,  in  some  temple 
of  Art,  "  among  her  cloudy  trophies 
hung."  Yet  does  Heredia  really  go 
beyond  the  bounds  of  the  Parnassians  ? 
Was  he  not  always  in  the  true  sense  a 
poet  of  the  past  ? 


Highways  and  Byways  in  Kent.  By 
Walter  Jerrold.  Illustrated  by  Hugh 
Thomson.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

The  best  part  of  this  issue  of  a  charming 
series  is  the  abundance  of  dainty  drawings 
by    Mr.    Hugh    Thomson.     For    such    a 
work    as    this    the    county  of  Kent,   rich 
in    scenery   and    an    infinite    variety    of 
old  buildings,   affords  a  superabundance 
of  subjects,  and  with  most  of  those  selected 
by  Mr.  Thomson  no  one  can  fail  to  be 
pleased.     "  Pretty  "  is  an  epithet  that,  by 
constant  and  inappropriate  use,  has  almost 
come  to  be  regarded  as  a  contemptuous 
word  ;    but  it  is  difficult  to  think  of  any 
better  expression  to  apply  to  such  pleasant 
pictures  as  those  Mr.  Thomson  has  given 
us  of  Shorne  Churchyard  ;    the  Falstaff 
Inn,  Gadshill ;    the  Norman  Church,  St. 
Margaret's  ;    the  bridge  over  the  Medway 
at  Teston  ;    Canterbury  from  a  distance  ; 
and  many  others.     In  dealing,  however, 
with  so  prolific  an  illustrator,  it  is  best 
to  be  candid,  and  we  think  that  some  of 
his    work    suffers     from     undue     haste. 
This      is      particularly    the    case     with 
the  view]  "on   p.   10   of  the  twin    towers 
of      Reculver ;      this     ancient     building 
appears   to   be   slipping   down   from   the 
summit  of  a  hastily  constructed  haystack. 
The   two  drawings   of   Leeds   Castle   are 
certainly  inadequate  ;    nor  has  the  most 
been    made    of  East    Farleigh.      In   the 
latter   case   the   picture,    though    pretty, 
gives  the  idea  of  a  really  small  bridge. 
One    other    complaint    must    be    made : 
the      two      pictures       of      the      central 
tower    of     Canterbury    Cathedral      give 
considerable    prominence    to    the    maze 
of  scaffolding  by  which  it  was  surrounded 
at  the  time  when  these  views  were  taken 
— a    bit    of    realism  which    might   with 
advantage  have  been  omitted.     Notwith- 


standing  these  criticisms,  the  general 
oharm  of  the  drawings  prevails  over  any 
possible  defects  in  a  few  cases.  In  this 
hook  Mr.  Thomson  shows  a  thorough 
command  over  his  pencil  in  the  treatment 
of  street  buildings.  There  is  much  vigour 
and  power  in  his  '  Byway  in  Ashford  '  ; 
and  we  doubt  if  that  difficult  subject, 
Mercery  Lane,  Canterbury,  has  ever 
been  so  effectively  sketched. 

If  an  artist  cannot  fail  to  be  embarrassed 
with    the    multiplicity   of    subjects    in    a 
general  work  on  the  county  of  Kent,  still 
more   must    a  like  difficulty  arise  when 
one  undertakes  to  write  about  a  district 
that  is  so  crowded  with  varied    interest, 
and   has    been   the  scene    of    so     many 
historic  events.     On  the  whole,  those  who 
know  the  county  well  can  scarcely  fail  to 
be  satisfied  with  the  comprehensive  topo- 
graphical selection  made  by  Mr.  Jerrold 
of  the  places  best  worthy  of  description. 
The    city    of    Canterbury ;     the    isle    of 
Thanet ;    Sandwich,  Deal,  and  the  Good- 
wins ;    Dover  and  Folkestone,  with  their 
respective     neighbourhoods  ;     the   great 
flats    of    Romney  Marsh,    and   Lympne ; 
the    district     of     Ashford ;      Cranbrook 
and      the      "  Hursts  "  ;        the     district 
of     Maidstone ;       Tonbridge     and    "  the 
Wells "  ;    Penshurst,    and    the    valley   of 
the  Eden ;    Westerham   and   Sevenoaks ; 
Otford  and  "  the  Hams  "  ;    Dartford  and 
Gravesend  ;    Rochester  and  the  Thames 
marshes  ;    Sittingbourne,  Faversham  and 
Sheppey  ;   and  finally  Kent  near  London, 
are    all    treated    in    this    work,    leaving 
but   little  to  complain  of    in   the  way  of 
omission.     With    such  a  vast  number  of 
subjects,  the  treatment  cannot  fail  to  be 
sketchy ;    but  we  think  that  in  several 
places  more  room  might  well  have  been 
found    for    solid    information    had     the 
numerous  poetical  quotations  and  repro- 
ductions   of    second-rate    ballads    (all    of 
which   are  fairly  well  known)   been  con- 
siderably   curtailed.       Occasionally     Mr. 
Jerrold  slips.      For  instance,  when  giving 
a  brief  description  of  the  old  village  of 
Heme  and  its  singularly  fine  and  interest- 
ing church,  he  states  that  the  latter 
"  is  worthy  of  more  than  passing  mention,  for 
it  was  here  that  Nicholas  Ridley,  bishop  and 
martyr,  held  his  first  cure,  and  here,  for  the 
first  time  in  England  it  is  said,  lie  caused  the 
■  Te  Deum  '  to  be  sung." 

This  is  an  extraordinary  statement  to 
make  with  regard  to  the  glorious  hymn 
of  St.  Ambrose.  Was  it  not  sung  on  the 
shores  of  Kent  many  centuries  before 
the  days  of  Ridley,  when  St.  Augus- 
tine landed  with  his  little  band  of  mis- 
sionaries ?  Possibly  Mr.  Jerrold  meant  to 
WTite  "  English  "  instead  of  "  England  "; 
but  even  if  this  was  intended,  the  state- 
ment would  be  incorrect. 

The  writer's  comments  on  old  churches 
or  other  ancient  buildings  are  singularly 
few  ;  but  he  delights  in  rough-and-ready 
criticisms  as  to  modern  work.  When 
dealing  with  Canterbury  Cathedral,  he 
has  the  temerity  to  say  that  "  among  the 
things  which  one  would  like  to  forget  is 
the  gimcrack  pulpit  in  the  nave."  Critics 
of  taste  and  weight  for  the  most  part 
admire  this  beautiful  design  of  the  late 


No.  4185,  Jan   11,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


35 


Mr.  Bodley,  and  it  has  more  than  once 
been  described  as  the  finest  modern 
pulpit  in  England.  Even  those  who 
think  it  out  of  place  in  the  great  medieval 
nave  can  scarcely  fail  to  admire  its 
impressive  features  and  its  excellent 
execution.  At  any  rate,  it  is  a  substantial 
and  thoroughly  genuine  example  of  crafts- 
manship ;  and  Mr.  Jerrold  in  our  view 
could  hardly  have  found  a  more  in- 
appropriate adjective  to  apply  to  it  than 
"  gimcrack." 

There  is,  however,  a  good  deal  of 
pleasantly  written  and  slightly  inform- 
ing matter  throughout  these  pages,  and 
certainly  the  writer  takes  some  pains 
to  relieve  them  from  possible  dullness 
by  the  insertion  of  somewhat  remark- 
able anecdotes.  Thus,  when  he  reaches 
the  high-perched  church  of  Cudham, 
though  he  has  nothing  whatever  to  say 
of  its  distinctly  interesting  fabric,  he 
informs  us  that 

"  on  one  occasion  the  vicar  of  Cudham  was 
called  upon  to  baptize  four  children  of  the 
same  birth — twinned  twins— and  the  story 
runa  that  a  boy  being  sent  to  the  clergyman 
to  come  and  baptize  *  a  parcel  of  children,' 
the  vicar  enquired  how  many  there  were,  and 
the  boy  answered,  '  Three  when  I  came,  but 
God  knows  how  many  there  may  be  before 
you  get  there !  '  The  four  were  all  buried 
four  days  later." 


The  Oxyrhynchus  Papyri.  Part  V.  Edited 
by  B.  P.  Grenfell  and  A.  S.  Hunt. 
(Egypt  Exploration  Fund.) 

We  have  before  us  another  large  volume 
from  the  indefatigable  explorers  to  whom 
Hellenic  studies  owe  so  much,  and  this 
time  the  instalment  is  of  monumental 
value.  We  do  not  think  that  any  previous 
volume  has  given  us  such  varied  treasures. 
We  will  not  spend  more  than  a  line  on  the 
early  copies  of  known  texts  from  Plato  or 
Isocrates,  which  only  show  us  that  our 
tradition  in  the  mediaeval  MSS.  is  very 
good,  and  that  much  earlier  copies  from 
Egypt  seldom  add  to  the  solid  knowledge 
of  a  speech  or  dialogue  which  we  already 
possess.  Strange  to  say,  the  new  texts 
in  this  volume  teach  the  same  sort  of 
truth,  or  an  analogous  truth,  in  plain 
terms.  As  the  mediaeval  texts  of  the 
great  authors  generally  contain  the  best 
tradition,  so  the  selections  from  them 
which  have  survived  contain  the  best 
specimens  of  their  work  ;  what  was  for- 
gotten or  neglected  was  generally  of  less 
moment ;  and  if  we  except  the  poems  of 
Bacchylides,  one  of  which  at  least  is  a 
noble  addition  to  our  Greek  lyric  poetry, 
the  recent  discoveries  are  not  such  as  to 
make  us  lament  our  losses.  Whatever 
specialists  may  think,  the  literary  world 
is  not  much  richer  by  reason  of  Herondas, 
or  Timotheus,  or  even,  we  venture  to  say, 
the  texts  contained  in  the  present 
admirable  volume. 

That,  of  course,  is  not  the  opinion  of  the 
discoverers.  They  tell  us  that  the  paeans 
of  Pindar,  so  far  as  they  are  here  recovered, 
create  a  poignant  sense  of  what  has 
been  lost ;  and  doubtless  the  German 
professors  who  long  to  write  acute  com- 


mentaries on  new  texts  will  be  of  that 
opinion  also.  To  us  it  seems  that  no 
passage  in  the  present  work  will  ever  be 
quoted  as  a  splendid  specimen  of  Pindar's 
art,  and  this  the  authors,  in  one  place 
at  least,  seem  to  admit.  We  will  not 
quote  their  prose  versions,  which  aim  at 
accuracy  rather  than  poetic  style ;  but 
even  these,  candidly  considered,  will 
show  that  the  ideas  in  these  paeans  of 
Pindar  were  commonplace,  only  enhanced 
into  poetry  by  the  dignity  of  the  language 
and  the  artificial  graces  of  lyric  metre.  We 
cannot  but  feel  that  Pindar  was  in  some 
sort  analogous  to  our  own  Wordsworth, 
who,  along  with  much  prosaic  stuff, 
gives  us  the  noblest  poetry.  But  then 
Wordsworth's  diction  sinks  with  his 
subject ;  that  of  Pindar  is  always  lofty 
and  impressive. 

We  turn  back  to  the  theological  frag- 
ment   at    the    opening    of    the    volume. 
This  contains  a  passage  from  a  lost  Gospel, 
which    the    editors    refer    to    the    second 
century.     Its  composition  may  be  much 
earlier,  for  St.  Luke  tells  us  that  before  he 
wrote   his   Gospel    "  many  had   taken  in 
hand  "  to  give  an  account  of  the  life  of 
Christ.     No  one  who  knows  the  literary 
temper  of  that  period  has  failed  to  admire 
the  peculiar  simplicity  and  directness  of 
the  Gospels,  in  contrast  to  the  rhetorical 
tendencies  of  the  age.     It  was  an  age  of 
decadence  in  style,  owing  mainly  to  this 
very    fault.     The    Synoptic    Gospels    are 
wholly  free  from  it.     Not  that  they  were 
the    words    of    untutored    nature.     Blass 
has  shown  that  the  opening  chapter  of 
St.  Luke's  Gospel  is  the  work  of  a  skilled 
writer,  whose  art  was  superior  to  that  of 
his  surroundings.     Hence  we  may  surmise 
that    a   large   number   of   worse    Gospels 
were  rejected  by  the  instinct  of  the  pious, 
and  the  judgment  of  the  wise,  so  as  to 
leave  us  nothing  but  the  four.     They  are 
to     be    compared     to     the    '  Iliad '    and 
'  Odyssey,'  which  survived  out  of  a  crowd 
of  lesser  Greek  epics.     The  present  frag- 
ment   is  valuable  as  supplying    another 
specimen  of  the  rejected  sort.     We  have 
no  sympathy  with  the  modern  fashion  of 
scenting  Gnostic   heresies  in  every  frag- 
ment of  the  kind.    It  seems  to  us  no  more 
than  a  vulgar  attempt  to  dress   up  the 
teaching   of   Christ   by  rhetorical   effects, 
with  the  sacrifice  of   truth   and   accuracy. 
The  description  of  the  Temple  court  seems 
to  be  false.     The  account  of  the  Pool  of 
David,   in   which   hogs   and   high   priests 
bathe  in  common,  is  manifestly  absurd. 
It  seems  difficult  to  believe  that  such  an 
essay  could  have  lived  for  a  day  if  the 
canonical    lives    had    already    been    well 
known.     But  these  points  we  leave  to  the 
theologians. 

The  third  text  which  cannot  but 
excite  the  learned  world  is  that  of  a  lost 
historian  treating  in  great  detail  the 
period  following  the  Peloponnesian  War. 
The  chapters  now  recovered  deal  with  the 
events  of  396  and  395  B.C.,  already  known 
to  us  through  Xenophon's  '  Hellenica,'  at 
which  time  Conon  and  Agesilaus  were  the 
leading  personalities,  and  the  anti-Spartan 
combination  was  beginning  which  re- 
sulted first  in  the  loss  of  Sparta's  naval 


supremacy  by  the  battle  of  Naxos,  and 
then  of  her  military  prestige  by  that  of 
Leuctra.  The  new  writer  differs  suffi- 
ciently in  small  details  from  Xenophon  to 
show  us  that  he  is  an  independent  autho- 
rity, while  there  are  internal  evidences 
that  his  book  was  written  about  the  same 
time  as  Xenophon's.  The  discrepancies 
in  question  are  only  of  interest  to  specialists 
who  have  devoted  their  lives  to  the  study 
of  the  period.  To  anybody  else  it  does 
not  signify  one  straw  whether  certain 
Theban  politicians  were  bribed  by  Persian 
gold  to  pursue  an  anti-Spartan  policy, 
which  was  in  any  case  their  interest ; 
whether  certain  portions  of  a  campaign 
in  Asia  Minor  were  carried  on  against  the 
Satrap  Pharnabazus  or  the  Satrap  Tith- 
raustes ;  whether  one  Spartan  admiral 
replaced  another  a  month  later  or  not ; 
or  whether  it  was  the  Phocians  that  stole 
Locrian  sheep  on  Mount  Parnassus,  or 
Locrians  that  stole  Phocian  sheep,  and 
so  produced  a  war.  It  is,  indeed,  a  most 
remarkable  tribute  to  the  amazing  interest 
of  Greek  history  that  now,  in  the  twentieth 
century  after  Christ,  learned  men  should 
be  busy  over  such  matters,  and  should 
spend  their  lives  in  endeavouring  to 
ascertain  the  most  detailed  information 
about  petty  operations  three  centuries 
before  Christ.  On  the  whole,  this  inde- 
pendent history  renders  valuable  support 
to  Xenophon,  for  it  shows  that  he  has 
recorded  the  general  course  of  this  moment 
in  Greek  affairs  with  intelligence,  and 
a  sound  appreciation  of  the  motives  of 
the  actors.  We  may  concede  to  the 
editors  that  the  new  author  puts  Agesilaus 
and  Conon  respectively  in  truer  perspective ; 
but  if  he  chanced  to  make  Conon  his  hero, 
as  Xenophon  did  Agesilaus,  it  would 
account  for  all  the  allusions  in  the  frag- 
ments just  as  well. 

But  who  is  this  author  ?  Three  men 
can  be  named  who  treated  the  period 
besides  Xenophon.  They  are  Ephorus, 
Theopompus,  and  the  almost  unknown 
Cratippus.  Blass  decided  for  the  last, 
against  whom  we  find  no  definite  objec- 
tion, but  little  positive  evidencein  his  favour. 
Since  Blass's  death  two  eminent  Germans 
— Wilamowitz  and  E.  Meyer — have  sought 
to  make  out  a  case  for  Theopompus,  and 
have  not  only  persuaded  themselves,  but 
also  half-persuaded  the  editors.  But  their 
arguments  are  flimsy  enough,  and  we  are 
surprised  to  see  Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt 
lay  stress  on  such  a  reason  as  this  :  that 
Stephanus  Byzantinus  quotes  Theopompus 
for  the  form  KapTracrexx;  (a  man  of  Car- 
pasia),  as  if  it  were  formed  from  Carpasos. 
Possibly  the  similar  sound  to  Carpathos, 
and  parallel  forms  such  as  2«A.y«iis  and 
I'ayaAao-o-ei's,  may  have  made  men 
doubtful  regarding  the  form ;  but  who 
will  venture  to  say  that  if  Stephanus 
Byzantinus  quotes  Theopompus  as  using 
such  a  form,  because  this  author  happened 
to  be  familiar  to  him,  Cratippus  may 
not  have  used  it  also  ?  A  similar  argu- 
ment, indeed,  breaks  down  with  the 
editors,  because  Ephorus  happens  to 
use  a  rare  form  as  well  as  Theopompus. 

To   put  aside  such    trifles,    the   really 
weighty  argument,  which  persuaded  Blass 


36 


T  II  K     A  T  II  K\  &  I    M 


No.  U85,  Jan.  11.  1908 


and  whi<  h  persuades  us,  is  that  the  style 
of  Theopompus,  both  from  what  we  have 

and    uliat     ue    hear    about     it,    cannot     be 

identified  with  thai  of  the  mw  fragments. 

They  are  tame  and  dry,  poor  in  \  ocabulai  \  . 
and    rather    remind    us    of  l'olybius    than 

of  the  fiery  pupil  of  [socrates  ;  and  this 
fiery  pupil  is  now  supposed  by  Prof. 
M  yer  to  have  begun  bis  writing  in  a  tame 

and    jejune    way,    and    to    have    blossomed 

out  later  into  violent  eloquence  !  The 
feeling  for  style  seems  to  us  to  be  weaker 
in  German  than  in  English  scholars, 
probably  because  the  latter  have  spent 
much  time  in  writing  exercises  in  Greek 
prose.  The  case  of  "Aristotle's  'Polity 
of  the  Athenians'"  naturally  occurs  to 
us  as  a  parallel.  While  there  are  still 
many  English  scholars  who  refuse  to 
believe  that  this  tract  can  be  from  the 
pen  of  Aristotle,  on  account  of  its  poor 
and  jejune  style,  the  Germans  have 
sih need  every  objector  by  their  violence, 
and  even  the  gentle  Blass,  the  best  judge 
among  them  all,  used  to  lose  his  temper 
when  its  authorship  was  questioned. 
Our  specimens  of  Theopompus's  style 
are  not  so  complete  as  those  of  Aristotle's, 
but  they  are  enough  to  show  that  he 
and  the  new  author  were  men  of  con- 
trasted tones  of  mind,  and  we  predict 
that  the  majority  of  English  scholars 
will  not  support  the  qualified  submission 
of  Messrs.  Grenfell  and  Hunt  to  their 
German  advisers. 

Yet  what  could  be  more  praiseworthy 
than  to  call  in  the  aid  of  these  and  other 
great  scholars,  so  as  to  make  this  volume 
a  record  not  only  of  the  editors'  skill 
and  learning,  but  also  of  the  judgment 
of  learned  Europe  on  these  new  texts  ? 
Profs.  Harnack,  Bury,  Schurer,  Schone, 
and  many  others  have  helped  and  sug- 
gested, as  well  as  the  editors'  learned 
colleague  at  Queen's  College,  Oxford,  Mr. 
Walker.  In  deciphering  they  themselves, 
from  their  vast  and  unique  experience, 
stand  almost  above  criticism.  It  is  indeed 
a  proud  thing  for  English  scholars,  espe- 
cially for  Oxford  men,  to  see  such  a 
volume  appearing  in  their  midst. 

As  a  matter  of  convenience,  we  should 
have  preferred  to  see  the  commentary  on 
the  texts  at  the  foot  of  each  page,  instead 
of  printed  in  the  sequel ;  but  there 
may  be  difficulties  or  expense  involved  in 
such  an  arrangement  which  prove  a  serious 
obstacle  to  it.  Still,  we  express  our  pre- 
ference, and  hope  the  editors  will  consider 
it  in  the  next  volume. 


SJiakespeare' s  Warwickshire  Contem- 
poraries. By  Charlotte  Carmichael 
Stopes.  (Stratford-upon-Avon,  Shake- 
speare Head  Press.) 

To  add  to  our  knowledge  of  things  and 
persons  that  may  illustrate  Shakspeare 
is  indeed  a  worthy  object  ;  and  Mrs. 
Stopes's  modest  aim  is  no  more  than  to 
help  '"  beginners  to  realize  the  sort  of 
people  amongst  whom  Shakespeare  began 
his  life,  and  ended  it."  Such  work  may 
be  extremely  useful,  especially  so  when 
it   is   undertaken,   as   in   this  *  case,    with 


considerable  local  knowledge  and  abun- 
dant painstaking  researoh  into  records. 
It  i--  not  to  be  expected  that  such  a  book 

should  be  without  errors,  but  the  materia] 
which  it  collects,  though  here  and  then- 
it  needs  sifting,  Lfl  distinctly  valuable. 
When  Mrs.  Stopes  begins  to  ;'iic-  or  to 
criticize  we  cannot  always  BOCepI  bet 
judgment  ;  but  so  long  as  she  ,  ,,11 
and  (piotes  manuscript  ami  contemporary 
authorities  we  are  very  glad  to  learn 
through  her  assistance. 

A  good  deal  of  what  is  now  published 
has  been  in  print  before,  but  this  is  virtu- 
ally a  new  book,  and  it  is  certainly  one 
which  every  Shakspearean  student  should 
read.  For  the  most  part  the  persons 
dealt  with  are  Warwickshire  or  Cotswold 
folk,  still  dwelling  in  their  own  land  ; 
but  the  first  chapter  contains  a  conspicu- 
ous exception,  for  it  is  concerned  with 
Richard  Field,  the  printer  of  '  Venus  and 
Adonis,'  and  his  master  Vautrollier. 
Mrs.  Stcpes  gives  a  list  of  the  books 
issued  by  the  Blackfriars  house,  and  adds  : 

"  If  any  one  carefully  studies  the  titles  and 
contents  of  the  books  issuing  from  this 
printing  press ,  he  would  not  have  far  to  go 
for  the  sources  of  most  of  Shakespeare's 
special  knowledge,  perhaps  for  all  that  he 
shows  in  his  early  work  beyond  Holinshed's 
Chronicles." 

The  suggestion,  though  perhaps  some- 
what exaggerated,  is  worth  following  up. 
Certainly  the  list  of  books  is  astonishingly 
wide,  extending  as  it  does  from  the  Fathers 
to  Plutarch's  '  Lives,'  and  the  'Dialectics  ' 
of  Aristotle  as  rendered  by  the  famous 
John  Case,  author  of  the  '  Spha?ra  Civi- 
tatis,'  whose  grim  visage  looks  down 
upon  the  high  table  of  St.  John's  College 
in  Oxford  to-day.  The  associations  of 
Field's  printing  house  were  at  any  rate 
interesting,  and  however  little  Shak- 
speare may  have  known  of  them,  it  is  a 
fair  inference  that  he  was  acquainted 
with  the  master,  a  Stratford  boy  by  birth, 
and  sawr  on  his  shelves  the  books  that  he 
had  printed  before  the  first  work  of  the 
young  poet  was  published. 

Later  chapters  go  over  more  familiar 
ground.  The  Lucy  tale,  for  example,  has 
been  written  down  almost  too  often,  and 
Mrs.  Stopes's  view  of  it  is  not  convincing. 
She  has,  nevertheless,  some  arguments  of 
interest.  For  example,  she  does  not 
believe  that  the  John  Shakspeare  found 
on  the  list  cf  recusants  was  the  poet's 
father,  because, 

'•  first,  Mrs.  Shakespeare's  name  is  not  asso- 
ciated with  her  husband's,  as  is  the  case 
with  the  Wheelers  and  other  known  recu- 
sants ;  second,  because  1592  is  just  the  time 
of  the  turn  of  the  tide,  in  which  prosperity 
came  back  to  the  house  of  Shakespeare, 
instead  of  departing  from  it.  But  the  other 
John  Shakespeare  of  Stratford-upon-Avon, 
Master  of  the  Shoemakers'  Company,  was 
then  a  ividowcr.  He  evidently  was  in  trouble 
at  the  time,  and  he  disappeared  from 
Stratford  immediately  after  this  recusant 
list  was  sont  in." 

As  to  the  deerstealing  story,  Mrs.  Stopes 
thinks  it  impossible,  because  Sir  Thomas 
Lucy  had  no  deer  at  Charlecote  ;  but  he 
had  elsewhere,  and  Justice  Shallow  is 
represented  as  a  Cotsall  man.  not  a 
Warwickshire     man     at     all.     On     other 


point  offers  to 

the  'Dictionary  of  National   Biography,' 

BS    when    .she    doubt-    the    .-toiy    of     I'. 

being  tutor  to  Thomas  Lucy,  and  shi 

that   it  has  given   contradictory  d:ite-,  for 

the  births  01  Richard  and  William  Lu 

The  stories  of  John  Somervile  (wl 
contrary  to  the  usage  of  the  monumi 

in    Wootton    Wawen    Church    and    of    I 

poet   of  'The  Chase,1   she  spells  with  a 

double  /)  and  of  Edward  Arden 
not  BO  well  known  ;  and  the 
certainly  worth  telling  again  as  il; 
trating  the  network  of  papist  plots,  real 
and  imaginary,  through  which  Fngliah 
gentlefolk  had  to  find  their  way  in  Eliza- 
beth's time,  the  inhumane  treatment 
of  suspected  persons,  and  the  "  casual  " 
nature  of  prison  discipline.  The  same 
points  are  illustrated  by  the  history  of 
the  Throckmortons  when  we  find  the 
daughter  of  the  Lieutenant  of  the  Tower 
going  in  and  out  of  their  rooms  as  she 
pleased.  It  is  a  fact  not  always  remem- 
bered that  the  Romanist  prisoners  of 
Elizabeth,  and  notably  the  recalcitrant 
bishops,  were  not  kept  under  very  close 
supervision,  except  in  special  cases.  As 
to  the  Ardens,  by  the  way,  Mrs.  Stopes, 
who  argues  sharply  with  some  of  her 
contemporaries,  does  not  refer  to  the 
specially  complete  investigation  in  Mr. 
French's  '  Shakespeareana  Genealogica  '  ; 
and  the  pedigree  she  prints  on  p.  1 10  gives 
a  wrong  date  for  the  execution  cf  Edward 
Arden,  and  is,  indeed,  contradicted  by  her 
own  text  a  few  pages  earlier.  Another 
interesting  family  is  that  of  the  Conways 
of  Arrow  and  Ragley.  Here  again  Mrs. 
Stopes  is  at  issue  with  the  '  Dictionary 
of  National  Biography '  as  regards  the 
date  of  Sir  John  Conway's  '  Meditations." 
which,  she  notes,  could  not  have  been 
written  during  his  imprisonment  at  Ostend 
in  1588.  Less  convincing — to  say  the 
least — is  an  argument  that  Dr.  John 
Hall,  Shakspeare's  son-in-law,  was  con- 
nected with  Idlicote  in  Kineton  hundred, 
rather  than  with  Acton,  Middlesex.  About 
Dr.  Hall's  medical  practice  (on  wliich  she 
says  not  a  little)  Mrs.  Stopes  has  the 
suggestion  that  when  he  treated  "  Mr. 
Drayton,  an  excellent  poet,  labouring  of  a 
tertian,"  it  was  really  the  occasion  of  the 
"  merry  meeting  "  with  Shakspeare  and 
Jonson  which  brought  on  the  illness — 
but  that  there  was  no  ill  consequence 
from  the  hard  drinking,  and  not  perhaps 
any  hard  drinking  at  all  : — 

"  It  is  much  more  probable  that  at  the 
unhealthy  springtime,  after  the  early  floods, 
Shakespeare  also  had  a  tertian  ague  or 
influenza,  from  which  his  son-in-law  could 
not  recover  him,  even  with  '  syrup  of 
violets.'  " 

Other  families  with  whom  Mrs.  Stopes 
deals  arc  the  Trussells  of  Billesley.  the 
Cloptons,  the  Grevilles,  and  the  Under- 
bills. She  has  short  chapters  also,  which 
should  be  capable  of  considerable  expan- 
sion, on  the  clergy  and  the  schoolmasters 
of  Stratford.  There  is  a  good  deal, 
indeed,  that  is  suggested  by  the  book 
which  is  worth  further  annotation.  Is  it 
entirely  hopeless  to  attempt  to  discover 
where  Shakspeare  was  married  ?     Can  we 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


37 


not  get  a  little  nearer  the  solution  of  the 
mystery  of  Anne  Whateley  ?  At  present 
these  things  remain  with  the  inquiries 
as  to  "  what  song  the  sirens  sang,  and 
what  was  the  name  Achilles  bore  when  he 
was  among  the  women  "  ;  yet  we  cannot 
but  believe  that,  as  in  the  case  of  Bishop 
Barlow's  consecration,  further  evidence 
may  any  day  be  discovered. 

Meanwhile  we  suggest  two  lines  on 
which  investigation  might  be  fruitful. 
They  occur  to  us  after  reading  Mrs. 
Stopes's  pages.  The  first  is  the  Oxford 
connexion  of  Shakspeare,  which  might 
be  elucidated  by  closer  investigation  of 
the  association  between  Fulke  Greville, 
on  whom  the  University  conferred  the 
degree  of  M.A.  in  1588 ;  his  servant 
Will  Davenant ;  Davenant's  father,  the 
innkeeper  ;  and  the  college  of  John  Case 
and  William  Laud,  to  the  library  of  which 
the  "  oinopolos  "  presented  a  book.  The 
second  is  the  career  of  Thomas  Jenkins. 
The  Chamberlains'  accounts  at  Stratford 
show  on  January  10th,  1578/9,  paid 
"  to  Mr.  Jenkins,  scolemaster,  for  his 
half-yere's  wage,  10/.,"  which  seems  to 
show  that  he  came  there  at  Lady  Day, 
1578.  Later  entries  refer  to  further 
payments,  ending  in  1579 ;  and  John 
Cotton  obtained  the  bishop's  licence  to 
teach  boys  at  Stratford  on  September  25th, 
1579 — at  first,  it  would  appear,  as  Jenkins's 
assistant,  and  afterwards  as  his  successor. 
There  seems  little  doubt  that  this  Jenkins 
was  he  who  took  the  degree  of  B.A.  at 
Oxford  from  St.  John's  in  1566,  and  that 
of  M.A.  in  1570 ;  who  had  from  the 
college  a  lease  of  the  house  which  it  held  in 
Woodstock  from  the  Queen's  Majesty, 
"  commenlye  called  Chawser's  Howse  "  ; 
and  whose  signature  is  found  in  the  college 
books  from  1566  to  1572.  If,  then,  this 
Jenkins  is  he  who  taught  at  Stratford, 
he  may  very  well  be  the  prototype  of  Sir 
Hugh  Evans,  and  there  is  another  con- 
nexion suggested  between  Shakspeare  and 
the  particular  college  in  Oxford  of  which 
he  could  certainly  have  known  through  the 
Davenants,  and  which  was  famous  for 
its  interest  in  play-acting,  as  we  know 
from  '  Narcissus  '  and  '  The  Christmas 
Prince.'  The  history  of  Jenkins  is  worth 
further  investigation  than  Mrs.  Stopes 
has  yet  given  it. 

There  are  many  other  interesting  by- 
ways which  this  book  suggests,  and  the 
names  that  crop  up  continually  show  that 
one  might  have  said  in  the  sixteenth  as  in 
the  twentieth  century,  "  How  small  the 
wcrld  is."  The  references  to  the  con- 
spirators of  the  Powder  Plot,  for  example 
(some  at  least  of  whom  may  have  been  very 
well  known  to  the  only  begetter  of  the 
porter  who  was  so  hard  on  an  "  equivo- 
cator  "),  are  interesting  ;  so  is  the  mention 
of  Elizabeth  Tanfield,  the  wife  of  that 
Chief  Baron  of  the  Exchequer  under 
Elizabeth  and  James  who  "  outlived  all 
the  judges  on  either  bench,"  the  grand- 
mother of  the  great  Falkland,  and  the 
original  of  the  exquisite  picture  at  Ditchley. 
We  are  easily  led  into  bypaths  ;  we 
should  like  to  pursue  the  history  of  the 
Conways  and  their  successors  as  it  can 
be    traced    in    Collins's    '  Peerage,'    that 


most  valuable  eighteenth-century  store- 
house of  family  history,  cr  the  later  history 
of  the  Somerviles  and  the  Knights,  Lady 
Luxborough  and  Jane  Davis.  Mrs.  Stopes 
does  not  carry  us  so  far  ;  but  her  very 
useful  and  suggestive  work  encourages  us 
to  hope  that  much  more  is  still  to  be 
found  out  about  the  literary  history  of 
Warwickshire  and  the  contemporaries  of 
Shakespeare. 


TRAVEL. 


The  Rowley  Letters  from  France  and  Italy. 
(T.  N.  Foulis.) — Frenchmen  in  these  days 
are  apt  to  complain  that  Paris,  invaded 
by  hordes  of  barbarians,  is  no  longer  entitled 
to  be  called  a  French  city.  Of  all  the  France 
that  lies  outside  the  capital  of  France  the 
'  Rowley  Letters  '  take  no  account.  In 
Italy  the  view  is  more  extended  :  we  are 
carried,  not  to  Rome  only,  but  also  to  Naples, 
Florence,  Perugia  and  Assisi,  Siena,  Bologna, 
and  Milan.  The  '  Letters,'  behind  which 
it  is  easy  to  discern  a  writer  of  genial  disposi- 
tion, with  a  taste  for  good  literature  and  an 
eye  for  the  humorous  side  of  life,  are  so 
amiably  written,  and  breathe  such  a  spirit 
of  enjoyment  of  things  seen,  that  it  appears 
ungracious  to  point  out  that  they  are  lacking 
in  any  savour  of  originality.  They  make 
pleasant,  if  not  informing  reading,  and  con- 
tain few  inaccuracies,  though  it  is  unfortunate 
that  the  writer  should  have  referred  to 
Sodoma,  the  alien  in  Siena,  as  "  Siena's 
own."  He  is  not,  evidently,  of  the  modern 
Franciscans.  One  "  whole  day  "  spent  in 
Assisi  appears  to  him  an  ample,  if  not 
excessive  act  of  devotion  to  its  "  cheerful 
saint." 

In  his  preface  to  Indian  Jottings  :  from 
Ten  Years'  Experience  in  and  around  Poona 
City  (Murray),  Father  Elwin  tells  us  that 
whilst  he  records  no  startling  events,  he- 
describes  the  ordinary  life  and  surroundings 
of  a  missionary  in  India.  That  is  so,  and 
his  descriptions  are  clear  and  good.  It 
is  positively  refreshing,  after  reading  the 
raptures  of  globetrotters  on  the  beauties 
and  delights  of  Oriental  cities  and  bazaars, 
to  come  on  his  plain,  unvarnished  tale  con- 
cerning Poona  City,  which,  he  says, 
"  may  be  taken  as  a  fair  type  of  a  purely  native 

city A  more  dilapidated,  filthy,  and  wretched 

place  than  the  Poona  of  to-day  could  not  well  be 
imagined That  any  human  beings  can  be  con- 
tent to  live  in  such  surroundings  is  incomprehen- 
sible, although  it  must  be  confessed  that  to  purify 
the  city  of  Poona  has  now  become  an  impossibility, 
because  the  subsoil  is  saturated  with  the  dirt  of 
ages.  It  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  an  undrained 
city.  On  either  side  of  the  narrow  streets  is  a 
gully,  sometimes  covered  in  with  rough  slabs  of 
stone,  with  large  chinks  between  them,  but  often 
not  covered  at  all.     In  these  gullies  every  sort  of 

abomination  has  accumulated  for  ages People 

empty  into  them  refuso  from  their  houses,  and 
they  do  not  seem  to  see  any  drawback  in  having  a 
foul  and  stagnant  drain  under  their  doorstep.  In 
the  hot  weather,  when  many  people  sleep  out  of 
doors,  more  often  than  not  they  spread  their 
blanket  on  the  stones  which  cover  this  drain,  and 
inhale  the  offensive  atmosphere  all  night.  During 
the  rains  the  contents  of  these  gullies  are  partially 
set  in  motion,  and  tho  evil  odours  which  arc  then 

let  looso  must  be  smelt  to  be  believed It  is  not 

surprising  that  Poona  has  become  a  veritable  hot- 
bed of  plague.'' 

All  this,  though  very  bad,  is  nothing  in 
tho  eyes  of  the  author  compared  with  the 
parlous  spiritual  condition  of  the  inhabi- 
tants. Of  this  he  writes  with  a  zeal  which 
might  be  envied  by  a  Puritan  or  Wahabi 
iconoclast.  The  people  are  heathen  :  their 
worship    is    the    abomination    of    idolatry  ; 


and  there  is  no  city  in  India  so  infested  with 
idols  as  Poona. 

"  But  no  amount  of  word-painting  or  power  of 
imagination  would  enable  any  one  who  has  never 
seen  it  to  form  a  correct  mental  picture  of  that 
squalid,  pathetic,  absorbingly  interesting,  and  yet 
altogether  diabolical  place  known  as  Poona  City." 

It  may  be  questioned  whether  this  aggressive 
attitude  is  expedient  or  seemly  in  a  country 
eminently  tolerant  of  all  manner  of  belief, 
including  the  author's. 

But  apart  from  this  the  jottings  show 
close  and  accurate  observation,  and  good 
judgment  in  the  deductions  made  from 
them.  The  Persian  wheel,  with  its  earthen- 
ware pots  dipping  into  a  well  and  with 
every  revolution  emptying  the  water  into 
a  trough,  whence  it  irrigates  the  fields  to 
the  accompaniment  of  creaking  wooden 
machinery,  recalls  old  memories.  So  also 
does  the  description  of  the  tall,  narrow 
platform  raised  in  the  fields,  on  which  boys 
are  stationed  to  scare  the  birds  or  beasts 
which  damage  the  crop.  The  question  of 
the  general  loyalty  or  disloyalty  of  Indians 
is  wisely  and  temperately  discussed,  and 
the  difficulty  experienced  by  the  Govern- 
ment of  India  in  getting  at  the  real  mind 
of  the  people  is  well  exhibited. 

When  writing  of  caste  the  author  gives 
the  impression  that  he  believes  it  io  be 
altogether  evil.  It  is  not  so  ;  it  has  saved 
the  purer  races  in  India  by  preventing  inter- 
marriage with  others  phj^sically  and  mentally 
inferior,  and  it  has  to  a  certain  extent  helped 
to  keep  the  higher  races  from  excess  in 
eating  and  drinking  and  insanitary  habits. 

We  commend  the  book  to  all  who  are 
interested  in  India ;  it  is  well  produced, 
and  the  illustrations  are  sufficient. 

A  result  of  making  the  journey  to  India 
and  Kashmir  quicker  and  easier  has  been 
to  increase  greatly  the  numbers  of  visitors 
from  this  country,  and  the  books  written 
by  them.  These  books  are  of  many  kinds  : 
there  are  standard  works  more  or  less 
official  ;  books  on  sport  and  travel  ;  and 
books,  among  which  we  class  A  Holiday 
in  the  Happy  Valley  :  with  Pen  and  Pencil, 
by  Major  T.  R,  Swinburne  (Smith  &  Elder), 
that  are  mainly  records  or  diaries  of  pleasant 
days  spent  in  novel  surroundings.  When, 
as  in  the  present  instance,  the  country  is 
Kashmir,  and  the  writer  has  the  merits 
of  accurate  observation  and  truthful  de- 
scription, and  is  moreover  no  mean  artist, 
the  result  can  scarcely  fail  to  be  satisfactory. 

Tho  route  followed  from  India  was  by 
Abbotabad  and  Mansera,  tho  more  usual 
road  being  joined  at  Chakoti,  a  rest-house 
picturesquely  situated  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  river  Jehlam,  there  contracted  in 
channel,  swift  and  turbulent.  Srinagar 
was  duly  reached,  early  impressions  were 
recorded,  and  excursions  made  to  well- 
known  places  of  attraction  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, such  as  the  Lolab  and  Lidar 
valloys,  Wangat,  and  Oulmarg.  The  de- 
cadence of  many  Kashmir  manufactures 
is  noted — that  of  the  shawl  trade  specially  ; 
and  there  are  many  remarks  as  to  recent 
changes  which  will  interest  those  who  knew 
the  country  in  old  days.  These  remarks, 
however,  lose  much  of  their  value,  because 
tho  yeai  in  which  they  wero  written  is 
nowhere  recorded.  This  is  a  common  fault; 
we  are  told,  e.g.,  with  much  precision) 
what  happened  on  May  1th  or  May  6th 
and  even  learn  the  events  of  various  hours 
and  minutes;  hut  the  year  is  not  Stated. 
Incidentally   a    clue   is   given,    for   on   arrival 

at  Srinagar  on  or  about.  April  6th  telegrams 
from  Lahore  reported  the  disastrous  earth- 
quake at.  Dharmsala  j  and  again  on  Octo- 
ber 30th,  at  Ddaipur  on  the  way  home, 
preparations  were  Being  made   for   tin-  visit 

9 


sa 


Til  E    A  tii  i;n  .k  I'  M 


No.  llv-,.  Jam.  11.1 


<>f  tli.'  Prinoe  of  Wales,  who  wu  expected 
in  tli>'  course  of  u  fortnight.     Neverthel 
roedciri  may  justly  complain  if  they  have 
to   employ    research    in   order   bo   eetablish 
Mich  dates. 

Borne  <>f  tic  author's  reflections  show 
sound  appreciation  of  circumstanoes ;    thus 

of  a  (lusty  journey  over  country  where 
scarcity  was  impending,  between  Delhi 
anil  Aura,  he  writes  :  — 

"  \\Y  have  given  pesos  and,  to  a  certain  extent, 
prosperity  to  the,  teeming  millions  of  India,  and 
they  have  increased  and  multiplied  until  the  land 
is  overhurthened,  and  Nature,  with  relentless  will, 
bids  Famine  and  Pestilence  lay  waste  the  cities 
and  the  plains.  Then  Science,  with  irrigation 
works  and  unproved  hygiene,  strives  hard  to  gain 
a  victory,  but  still  the  struggle  rages  doubtfully." 

The  illustrations,  all  coloured,  deserve 
mention  :  artistically,  their  merit  varies 
widely,  but  all  give  the  impression  of  great 
endeavour  to  ensure  fidelity  ;  typo  and 
binding  are  appropriate.  Appendixes  con- 
tain information  as  to  game  licences  and 
restrictions,  and  a  note  of  expenses,  which 
were  evidently  kept  within  reasonable 
limits.  The  index  and  notes  will  be  useful 
to  future  travellers  ;  and  the  map  serves 
its  purpose. 

Mr.  Boyd  Alexander's  expedition  From 
the  Niger  to  the  Nile  (Arnold)  is  one  of  the 
most  notable  achievements  on  record  since 
the  Emin  Pasha  Relief  Expedition  closed 
what  we  may  call  the  era  of  the  great  ex- 
plorers. Its  results,  chronicled  in  these 
two  volumes  without  undue  technicality, 
are  important  in  two  directions  —  geo- 
graphical and  zoological  ;  and  these  have 
been  so  fully  dealt  with  in  specialist  publica- 
tions as  to  absolve  us  from  the  necessity 
of  dwelling  on  them  in  any  detail.  The 
ethnographical  part  of  the  work  strikes 
us  as  somewhat  perfunctory.  Mr.  Alex- 
ander's route  brought  him  into  contact 
with  some  little-known,  if  not  in  some 
cases  entirely  unknown  tribes,  and  he  has 
made  careful  notes  of  all  the  information 
obtainable  about  them  ;  but  it  is  evident 
that  the  non-human  fauna  of  the  country 
interests  him  more  than  the  human.  This 
is  not  said  by  way  of  detraction — non  omnia 
possumus  omnes  ;  and  it  certainly  implies 
no  inhumanity  on  the  part  of  the  explorers. 
The  contrary,  indeed,  is  proved  by  the 
almost  uniformly  friendly  relations  main- 
tained with  the  natives,  and  the  fact  that 
the  "  boys  "  remained  with  them  to  the 
end  of  the  journey,  though  we  can  scarcely 
agree  with  the  author  in  calling  this  fact 
"  unprecedented,"  since  we  have  (to  take 
one  instance  only)  the  case  of  Livingstone's 
Makololo  followers.  It  is  surely  by  an  over- 
sight, by  the  by,  that  Bukar  is  said  (vol.  ii. 
p.  186)  to  be  "  one  of  the  original  lot  that 
started  with  us  from  Nigeria,"  as  there  is 
nothing  to  show  that  this  is  not  the  same 
Bukar  who  joined  the  expedition  on  Lake 
Chad,  as  related  on  pp.  88-90,  being  then 
a  slave  engaged  in  picking  indigo  for  the 
Lowan  of  Kowa.  A  curious  case  of  "  posses- 
sion "  or  "alternation  of  personality" 
(whichever  one  likes  to  call  it)  on  the  part 
of  a  Hausa  is  related  on  p.  280  (vol.  ii.). 
The  deaths  of  two  out  of  the  four  Europeans 
taking  part  in  the  expedition  lend  a  tragic 
interest  to  the  narrative,  of  a  kind  happily 
less  frequent  than  it  used  to  be  in  African 
travel-books.  With  regard  to  the  author's 
eloquent  defence  of  the  Congo  State  (vol.  ii. 
pp.  338-45),  while  giving  full  credit  for 
tho  generous  spirit  which  dictates  it, 
we  can  only  say  that  he  has  based  his 
conclusions  on  insufficient  evidence,  which, 
unimpeachable  so  far  as  it  goes,  is  utterly 
inapplicable  to  tho  whole  of  that  vast  terri- 
tory, and  leaves  the  matter  very  much  where 
it  was. 


Mr  <'"ii  tanoe  Larymore'e  hook,  A 
/'•  ident'a  Wift  m  Nigeria  (Rout ledge  & 
Sons),  is  brightly  written  indeed,  wi  feel 
that    tin-   somewhat    hackneyed   ex] 

fails    to    do    it     justice.        It     p  all     tin 

advantages  of  the  re  idi  at     i  lo  •  r  acquaint- 

uith    a    country    without     losing    the 

freshness  and  vividness  common]  >'•'! 

with  first,  impressions  only.  The  second 
part,  'The  Household,'  tells  one  just 
things  one  wants  to  know,  and  will 
be  invaluable  to  the  not  inconsider- 
able number  of  ladies  whose  destinies 
call  them  to  the  new  Protectorate.  The 
remarks  on  servants,  horses,  gardens,  poul- 
try, &c,  are  not  only  marked  by  excellent 
good  sense,  but  are  also  agreeable  reading 
even  for  those  who  have  no  personal  concern 
with  these  thorny  subjects.  It  is  perhaps 
sufficient  to  say  that,  having  once  taken  up 
the  book,  we  found  it  extremely  difficult 
to  lay  it  aside.  Many  passages  might  have 
been  marked  for  quotation,  but  we  must 
content  ourselves  with  a  bare  refei-ence  to 
two  especially  interesting  (and  incidentally 
instructive)  ones :  the  account  of  Capt. 
Moloney's  death  (pp.  54-6),  and  the  in- 
quiries made  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Larymore 
at  Bussa  as  to  the  drowning  of  Mungo  Park 
(pp.  174-5).  The  following  little  touch 
from  the  description  of  the  visit  to  Kata- 
gum  may  serve  to  show  the  spirit  in  which 
the  volume  is  written  : — 

"  They  made  friends  at  once,  and  the  Sariki  and 
his  immediate  followers  were  my  almost  daily 
visitors.  On  one  of  these  visits,  with  a  sort  of  shy 
reproach  he  touched  the  skirt  of  my  coloured  linen 
frock,  and  asked  gently  why,  when  I  came  to  his 
house  to  see  him,  I  did  not  wear  pretty  clothes 
like  that — his  people  only  saw  me  in  a  black  gown 
(my  habit !).  After  that  I  had  to  sacrifice  comfort 
to  friendship,  and  be  careful  to  ride  into  town  in 
my  lightest  muslin  !  " 

It  is  not  surprising  to  find  that  Mrs.  Lary- 
more left  Africa — "  the  country  we  both 
love  so  well  " — with  regret. 

Across  Widest  Africa.  By  A.  Henry 
Savage  Landor.  (Hurst  &  Blackett.) — 
Mr.  Savage  Landor  represents  a  type  of 
traveller  which  we  find  it  difficult  to 
regard  with  sympathy.  His  journey 
through  Africa  is  certainly  a  noteworthy 
achievement,  and  covers  a  large  extent  of 
little  trodden  ground.  But  the  reckless 
generalities  in  which  he  frequently  in- 
dulges, as  to  phenomena  which  occur  "  all 
over  tropical  Africa,"  naturally  make  one 
cautious  about  accepting  his  information 
unsifted.  Without  giving  way  to  an  un- 
reasonable optimism,  one  may  be  permitted 
to  wonder  whether  all  the  various  tribes 
met  with  were  so  repulsive  as  they  are 
painted  ;  and  when  we  find  a  reference  to 
"  the  natives  of  Asia,  with  whom  it  is  always 
a  pleasure  to  converse,"  we  cannot  lie]]) 
remembering  the  author's  Tibetan  experi- 
ences, and  suggesting  that  it  is  distance 
and  lapse  of  time  which  lend  the  enchant- 
ment. Mr.  Landor's  defence  of  the  Congo 
State,  like  Mr.  Alexander's,  scarcely  needs 
refutation  ;  it  is  sufficiently  discounted  by  a 
glance  at  his  route-map,  which  shows  that 
his  way  lay  for  only  a  short  distance  within 
the  northern  border  of  that  vast  territory. 
The  conditions  at  Banzyville  are  evidently 
far  from  typical,  and  the  high  character 
and  proved  capacity  of  the  Italian  officers 
in  charge  of  that  and  the  neighbouring  post 
afford  no  evidence  as  to  what  has  happened 
elsewhere.  Moreover  Mr.  Landor  is  either 
not  aware,  or  has  found  it  convenient  to 
ignore  the  fact,  that  the  Italian  Government 
has,  since  the  date  of  his  journey,  prohibited 
any  officers  in  its  service  from  engaging  in 
that  of  the  Congo  State. 

The  perusal  of  Mr.  Landor's  adventures 
frequently   inspires  the  wish   that  it  were 


possible  to  h<  nr  th<-  version  of  the  other  party 
■  in'  d.      for  our  own  Dart,  if  we  ar 

ird  the  episode  of  his  photographing 
terrified  women  at  the  ford  (vol  L  p.  153)  as 

characteristic    of    his    habitual    conduct,    we 

must   confess  that,  though  it  can  scarcely 

be   regarded    in    the   light   of  an    "atrocity,'' 

we    should    be     surprised     to     find    that 

his    relations   with    the     natives    had      I 
agreeable. 

All   due  qualifications   being   made,   there 
is  a  large  amount  of  interesting  reading  in 
these     two     handsome    and     well-ilhi-ti 
volumes.     Mr.  Landor,  it  may  1  rved, 

refuses  to  accept  the  theory  that  malaria 
is  propagated  by  mosquitoes,  or  sleeping- 
sickness  by  the  tsetse-fly.  But  medical 
experts  may  be  left  to  deal  with  his  views 
on  these  points,  if  they  think  it  worth  while. 

In  the  Strange  South  Seas.  By  Beatrice 
Grrimshaw.  (Hutchinson  &  Co.) — It  Is  a 
pity  that  a  lady  with  so  much  enterprise 
in  travelling  and  talent  for  literature  should 
have  been  seduced  by  a  bad  tradition  into 
writing  a  book  inferior  to  her  last.  Many 
things  in  it  are  truly  excellent  —  notably, 
certain  personal  descriptions,  and  the 
author's  judicious  observations  on  lepers, 
missionaries,  and  manners.  But  the  book 
is  tainted  throughout  with  the  taint  of 
journalism,  and  the  trail  of  the  tourist  is 
over  it,  in  spite  of  the  occasional  gird  at 
"  globetrotters  "  and  "  the  tripper  element " 
in  which  the  writer  indulges.  Our  author 
is  greatly  concerned  for  the  Man  Who  Could 
Not  Go,  and  she  w-ants  to  convey  to  him 
the  full  flavour  of  the  South  Seas. 

The  islanders  have  their  private  life,  and 
this  Miss  Grimshaw  is  very  far  from  divin- 
ing, or  even  trying  to  divine.  After  two 
years  among  the  Polynesians  she  still 
regards  them  chiefly  as  comical  characters  ; 
she  believes  that  Capt.  Cook  founded 
whatever  civilization  thejr  have  ;  she 
cannot  distinguish  half-castes  from  natives 
(as  witness  the  photographs  of  "natives" 
at  p.  30);  she  mistakes  Euiopean  music 
or  imitations  of  it  for  the  native  article  ; 
and  believes  that  Mormon  missionaries  are 
"  cariying  coals  to  Newcastle,"  whereas 
the  Polynesians  do  not  practise  polygamy, 
any  more  than  Mormon  missionaries  preach 
it. 

"  Murea "  should  be  spelt  Moorea  ; 
"  pareo,"  pareu  ;  "  papa,"  papaa  ;  "  tiere," 
tiare.  So  far  as  we  are  aware,  there  is  no 
other  record  than  that  on  p.  193  of  Endy- 
mion  having  been  snatched  into  the  air 
by  an  eagle. 

It  was  inevitable  that  a  book  should 
be  wTitten  about  last  summer's  famous 
motor-car  race  from  Pekin  to  Paris,  and  Luigi 
Barzini  has  performed  the  task  in  a  most 
creditable  manner.  His  record,  entitled 
Ptkin  to  Paris,  translated  by  L.  P.  de  Castel- 
veeehio,  with  Introduction  by  Prince  Bor- 
ghese  (E.  Grant  Bichards),  occupies  well 
over  six  hundred  large  pages,  and  is  furnished 
with  a  hundred  illustrations  from  photo- 
graphs, mid  a  good  map  showing  the  route 
traversed  by  Prince  Borghese's  Itala  oar. 
It  is  a  straightforward,  graphic  piece  of 
journalism,  and  provides  a  full  and  detailed 
account  of  the  adventurous  journey.  It  may 
be  considered  over-long  by  some,  but  the 
reviewer  has  found  its  interest  well  sustained, 
and  it  has  no  ''  padding." 

The  suggestion  of  a  race  for  motor-cars 
from  Pekin  to  Paris  was  started  in  the 
columns  of  the  Paris  Matin.  After  a  host 
of  enthusiastic  warnings,  offers,  and  pro- 
mises in  the  same  journal  came  a  concise 
statement  from  Prince  Borghese,  an- 
nouncing that  he  would  compete  in  the 
race  with  an  Itala  car.  Later,  the  author 
of  this  book,  a  journalist  on  the  staff  of  the 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


39 


Corriere  delta  Sera,  wis  commissioned  to 
proceed  to  Pekin,  and  accompany  the  Prince 
throughout  his  journey.  Thiee  other  cars 
and  a  tricycle  attempted  the  same  feat  ; 
but  Prince  Boighese's  was  the  vehicle  which 
actually  reached  the  winning-post,  the  Paris 
office  of  the  Matin,  on  August  10th,  after 
leaving  Pekin  on  June  10th,  and  completing 
the  entire  journey  on  its  own  four  wheels, 
though  not  always  under  its  own  power. 
Sixty  out  of  the  first  150  miles  from  Pekin 
had  to  be  accomplished  with  the  aid  of 
tow-ropes  attached  to  men  and  mules. 
Time  after  time  the  car  had  to  be  dug  and 
lifted  out  of  quagmires,  dragged  through 
rivers  or,  by  help  of  levers,  inch  by  inch, 
up  slippery  banks,  and  over  boulder-strewn 
mountain  sides.  In  his  Introduction  Prince 
Borghese  says  :  "  There  are  people  who  say 
that  our  journey  has  proved  one  thing 
above  all  others,  namely,  that  it  is  impossible 
to  go  by  motor-car  from  Pekin  to  Paris  !  " 
In  a  sense,  that  comment  is  justified  by 
these  pages,  notwithstanding  the  various 
means  of  progress.  Men  and  oxen, 
boats  and  rafts,  had  frequently  to  be 
employed  ;  and  the  Prince  had  to  an  ange 
beforehand  an  elaborate  system  of  supply 
stations  at  frequent  intervals  along  his 
route,  or  he  would  have  been  unable  to 
obtain  fuel  and  lubricants  for  his  machine. 
The  journey  did  not  prove  that  the  Paris 
to  Pekin  route  is  suitable  for  motor-cars, 
but  it  did  show  that  the  modern  automobile 
of  good  make  may  be  relied  upon  to  carry 
its  owners  wherever  other  wheeled  vehicles 
could  carry  them,  and  to  withstand  the 
strain  of  continuous  travel  in  difficult 
circumstances.  But,  whatever  the  practical 
value  of  Prince  Borghese's  journey, 
we  are  glad  to  have  this  account  of  it, 
for  the  simple  reason  that  it  forms  a 
deeply  interesting  book  of  travel.  The 
author  makes  no  display  of  technical  motor- 
ing knowledge,  but  the  car  used  is  well 
described  in  an  appendix. 

The  general  get-up  of  Tangerine  :  a 
Child's  Letters  from  Morocco,  edited  by  T. 
Ernest  Waltham  (A.  &  C.  Black),  is  remark- 
ably good,  especially  in  view  of  its  price. 
It  consists  of  juvenile  letters  composed 
during  a  holiday  spent  in  Tangier.  The 
writing  is  naive  and  agreeable  ;  it  is,  indeed, 
more  to  our  taste  than  the  preface,  which 
is,  we  think,  the  least  readable  portion  of 
the  book.  Mr.  Waltham  speaks  of  having 
bribed  Moors  in  Tangier  with  nothing  more 
sophisticated  than  a  few  bright  beads." 
We  venture  to  think  that  only  their  native 
courtesy,  and  the  strong  sense  of  dignity 
which  characterizes  the  Arabs  of  North 
Africa,  prevented  the  bribed  ones  from 
indulging  in  Mr.  Waltham's  presence  in  the 
merriment  his  bribes  must  have  provoked. 
He  has  allowed  inventions  of  purely  Euro- 
pean origin  to  appear  in  these  pages,  and 
we  gather  from  his  preface  that  his  own 
knowledge  where  the  real  Morocco  is  con- 
cerned is  no  more  adequate  than  that  which 
may  naturally  be  looked  for  in  the  letters 
themselves.  In  short,  we  have  here  a 
number  of  pretty  and  uncorrected  impres- 
sions formed  during  a  short  stay  in  the 
one  city  in  Morocco  which  is  not  character- 
istic of  its  primitive  side.  It  is  the 
city  of  Morocco's  foreign  residents — the 
gateway  through  which  one  may  pass  into 
tin!  real  Moghreb.  The  book  is  generously 
illustrated  by  a  rather  good  selection 
of  photography.  Many  of  the  subjects 
will  be  familiar  to  tourists  who  have  bought 
pictures  in  the  shops  of  Tangier's  Inner 
Sok  ;  but  some  of  them  are  fresh.  One 
seriously  labelled  '  A  Riff  Murderer  '  is 
amusing.  It  is  odd  that  the  Spanish  guide 
employed  to  escort  the  writer  of  the  e 
letters   on    excursions     should    have  so  far 


indulged  his  uncorrected  fancy  as  to  suggest 
the  belief  that  a  wild  man  from  the 
hills  who  threatened  to  shoot  would  permit 
himself  to  be  photographed  in  the  act  of 
aiming.  Children  ought  certainly  to  enjoy 
a  travel  book  which  is  designed  for  their 
especial  edification,  and  deals  with  a  land 
of  marvels. 

Greece  and  the  Aegean  Islands.  By  Philip 
Sanford  Marden.  (Constable  &  Co.) — Every 
book  on  Greece  is  interesting,  for,  as  our 
author  justly  remarks,  no  two  travellers, 
if  independent  of  one  another,  ever  visit 
exactly  the  same  series  of  places.  The  pre- 
sent tourist  leaves  out  Laconia  and  Messene. 
Thessaly  and  Eubcea  ;  on  the  contiary, 
he  gives  us  a  bright  sketch  of  Thera,  and 
something  concerning  Cos,  Cnidus,  Samos, 
&c.  He  went  about  in  a  steamer  with  an 
American  party,  who  were  in  a  great  hurry, 
and  he  tells  us  at  every  turn  that  there  was 
something  of  interest  a  few  miles  off,  and 
no  time  to  see  it.  This  feeling  of  perpetual 
scampering  spoils  our  enjoyment,  and  makes 
us  impatient  to  ask  the  question,  Why  on 
ear'h  should  a  man  in  a  hurry  imagine 
that  his  experiences  are  of  any  value  ?  Mr. 
Marden  honestly  tries  to  avoid  subjects 
which  he  does  not  understand,  and  to  tell 
us  merely  what  he  saw  as  he  ran  along  ; 
but  of  course  he  could  not  avoid  mistakes. 
He  tells  us  that  there  is  now  a  fierce  con- 
ti  oversy  going  on  as  to  whether  the  beehive 
stiuctures  about  Mycenaj  were  built  for 
treasure  houses  or  for  tombs.  No  man 
of  sense  has  the  smallest  doubt  that  they 
were  tombs,  or  that  precious  things  were 
deposited  with  the  dead.  The  author  tells 
us  in  his  preface  that,  "  in  mercy  to  non- 
Hellenic  readers,  he  has  sought  to  exclude 
with  a  firm  hand  quotations  from  the  Greek 
language."  We  feel  that  no  very  strong 
hand  was  necessary,  and  that  the  mercy 
was  not  confined  to  non-Hellenic  readers, 
when  we  meet  such  statements  as  this  : 
"  [Corfu]  in  Greek  still  bears  the  name  of 
Kerkyra,  a  survival  of  the  ancient  Corcyra, 
the  name  by  which  it  was  known  in  the  days 
when  Athens  and  Corinth  fought  over  it." 

In  many  other  places  we  find  super- 
ficial and  inaccurate  statements.  Mr. 
Marden  thinks  the  Museum  at  Athens 
incomparable  for  its  series  of  specimens 
of  Greek  sculpture  "  from  its  earliest  strivings 
to  its  highest  ultimate  success."  This  is 
not  so.  Archaic  things  it  has  in  plenty, 
also  Hellenistic  things  ;  but  of  the  golden 
age  very  little,  owing  doubtless  to  the 
Roman  plundering  in  the  centuries  imme- 
diately before  and  after  Christ.  He  de- 
scribes the  theatre  at  Epidaurus  as  an 
amphitheatre,  showing  that  ho  does  not 
know  the  meaning  of  this  term.  The  photo- 
graphs illustrating  the  book  aro  for  the 
most  pait  excellent  and  well  chosen  ;  the 
style  is  bright  and  clear,  but  very  trans- 
atlantic in  colour.  Thus  we  find  "  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  16th  century  b.c."  ;  Thera 
has  to  send  for  water,  "  aside  from  what 
she  collects  from  rain  "  ;  "  The  proprietor, 
so  it  developed  [i.e.,  turned  out]  spoke 
Italian  "  ;  "a  lantern  did  materialize  mys- 
teriously from  somo  nook  " — a  florilcgium 
which  wo  gather  from  twenty  pages  of  the 
book.  On  the  whole,  we  think  it  will 
amuse,  but  hardly  instruct,  the  reader. 


SHORT    STORIES. 


Lady  Catherine  Mjlnes  Gaskell  gives 
an  impression  of  knowing  .her  country  well. 
Apart  from  any  actual  merit  in  the  stories 
themselves,  Prose  Idyls  of  the  West  Hiding 
(Smith  &  Elder)  has  a  distinct  flavour  of 
its  own  which  suggests  a  breed  of  men  and 
women    and    a    typo    of    country    different 


from  those  of  the  rest  of  England.  The 
author  gives  no  elaborate  descriptions  of 
scenery,  but  by  the  far  more  effective  method 
of  touches  here  and  there,  hardly  noticeable 
in  the  flow  of  the  narrative,  suggests  wide 
distances,  and  lonely  moors  dotted  about 
with  dark,  strenuous,  industrial  towns, 
which  haunt  the  memory.  In  the  same  way 
her  people  have  an  air  of  ruggedness,  one 
might  almost  say  savagery,  which  makes 
them  hard  to  fathom  for  the  civilized 
denizen  of  softer  climes.  In  the  West  Riding 
clergymen  often  find  a  difficulty  in 
getting  on  with  the  inhabitants  :  this  is 
confirmed  remarkably  by  the  striking  story 
'  T'  Wife  Bazaar.'  which  illustrates  the 
methods  a  parson  has  to  adopt  before  he 
can  gain  respect  and  consideration  ;  and 
it  is  not  every  clergyman  who  is  able  or 
inclined  to  adopt  such  methods.  The 
stories  in  themselves  are  not  particularly 
interesting,  but  as  a  vivid  picture  of  the 
life  and  moral  atmosphere  of  a  country-side 
the  book  is  of  exceptional  merit. 

Mr.  J.  S.  Fletcher  is  most  at  home  in 
Yorkshire,  but  The  Ivory  God,  and  other 
Stories  (John  Murray),  are  not  predomi- 
nantly Yorkshire.  As  a  rule,  the  tales 
are  conventional  in  attitude,  though  the 
workmanship  is  efficient.  Whether  they 
have  a  supernatural  tinge  or  not,  they  are 
eminently  readable,  but  are  hardly  likely  to 
be  read  a  second  time.  One  must  suppose 
that  the  exigencies  of  magazine  litera- 
ture dictated  most  of  them.  Some  are 
frivolous,  and  others  are  tragic  ;  but  all 
are  deft.  Directness  and  simplicity  of 
narration  constitute  the  most  noteworthy 
feature  in  Mr.  Fletcher's  performance.  He 
has  a  better  instinct  for  the  short  story 
than  most  writers  of  fiction  ;  but  his  work 
appears  in  many  of  these  tales  to  have  been 
somewhat  perfunctory. 

Mr.  Algernon  Blackwood  has  a  perfectly 
ghoulish  taste  for  the  gruesome  and  the 
uncanny,  and  its  extreme  ghoulishness 
makes  it  hardly  suitable  for  art.  After 
reading  a  book  like  The  Listener,  and  other 
Stories  (Eveleigh  Nash),  one  is  set  wondering 
what  it  is  which  differentiates  such  stories 
from  those  of  the  great  masters  in  the  tale 
of  terror.  Poe  and  De  Quincey  and  Steven- 
son could  write  of  horrors  so  as  to  arrest 
the  attention,  but  they  were  never  repulsive, 
as  Mr.  Blackwood  is  in  some  of  his  stories. 
It  certainly  is  not  the  subject  which  makes 
the  distinction,  for  some  of  Mr.  Blackwood's 
horrors  might  well  have  been  welcomed  by 
those  authors  ;  it  is  rather  the  attitude 
of  mind  with  which  the  subjects  are  en- 
visaged. The  feeling  resulting  from  a 
really  attractive  tale  of  hoiTor,  if  one  may 
use  the  expression,  is  that  the  horror  is 
merely  used  as  an  instrument  to  reveal  the 
ordinary  workings  of  the  human  mind. 
Just  as  a  vivisector  sometimes  flunks  it 
necessary  to  give  pain  and  use  exceptional 
circumstances  to  discover  the  most  ordinary 
physical  processes,  so  real  artists  use 
the  distorted  and  the  horrible  to  explore 
the  normal  workings  of  the  mind.  But 
Mr.  Blackwood  seems  to  perform  his  tin- 
pleasant  operations  as  an  end  in  themselves. 
He  seems  to  be  only  concerned,  in  such 
stories  as  '  Tho  Listener,'  and  '  Miss 
Slumbubble  and  Claustrophobia,'  in  re- 
lating nauseous  terrors  ;  and  in  tho  drab 
monotony  of  his  victims  he  loses  sight  of 
any  psychological  meaning  which  might 
be  attached  to  them.  In  contrast,  however, 
to  his  other  stories  stands  '  Max  Hensig.' 
Sere  he  ^ives  real  action,  both  physical 
and  mental ;  ho  interests  the  reader  in  tho 
narrator    of    the    story,    and    immediately 

produces  a  sketch   where    the  horror  is  kept 
to  its  true  ancillary  position.     '  Max  Hensig  ' 


40 


Til  E     A  Til  KN  ,K  I'M 


X".  U85,  Jan.  11,  1908 


is    not     a    great     story,     still    it     win    worth 

telling. 

'The  range  of  Mr.  Stephen  Qwynn's 
subjects  in  The  Otade  fa  th<  Foreti  (Dublin, 
Miiiin- 1  .v  Co.)  is  oonaiderable,  Borne  oi 
them  being  oonoeived  more  or  Less  frivolously, 
and  others  with  a  serious  desire  to  Bet  forth 
Irish  problems  of  the  day.  In  tho  matter 
of  construction  and  art  tho  story  which 
gives  the  volume  its  title  is  the  Best.  It 
is  a  pure  comedy,  almost  a  romantic  farco  ; 
oertainly  a  comedy  of  errors  which  makes 
extremely  pleasant  reading.  The  second 
tale  is  intended  to  show  the  power  of  abnega- 
tion in  the  Irish  peasant,  and  has  its  pathetic 
side.  Tho  third  is  merely  a  conventional 
story  fit  for  ordinary  magazine  consumption. 
The  fourth  is  dasigned  to  deal  with  the  ques- 
tion of  tho  Irish  hunger  for  land,  the  fifth 
is  a  study  in  social  temperamonts,  the 
sixth  spoctacular,  and  tho  last  a  picture  in 
genre.  All  show  a  genuine  talont  in  the 
author,  without  rising  to  any  height  of 
achievement. 

Irish  Neighbours.  By  Jano  Barlow. 
(Hutchinson  &  Co.) — The  author  of  'Irish 
Idylls  '  has  lost  none  of  her  gifts.  Her 
tales  are  as  racy  of  the  soil  as  they  were 
when  they  first  reminded  us  of  Gait  or 
Ferrier  in  another  field.  The  present  series 
of  seventeen  stories  will  be  read  with  pleasure 
by  all  who  can  appreciate  the  workings  and 
expression  of  the  Irish  mind.  Perhaps  the 
first  story  is  about  the  best.  When  "  Mur- 
tagh  Gilligan  "  leaves  his  Western  cabin 
to  seek  his  fortune  in  the  East,  his  horror 
at  seeing  the  sun  "  rising  on  him  "  from  the 
sea,  where  he  had  been  wont  to  look  for 
sunset,  sent  him  back  on  foot  that  day  from 
the  ill-omened  region.  But  the  width  of 
view  ho  attained  was  worth  the  journey. 
There  is  an  admirable  small  boy  described 
in  '  An  Invincible  Ignoramus,'  the  longest 
of  the  tales,  dealing  with  a  higher  social 
circle.  Of  the  rest,  '  The  Libby  Anns,' 
three  generations  of  an  impoverished  family, 
who  are  relieved  at  once  by  the  appearance 
of  a  son  from  America  ;  '  A  Dinner  of  Salt 
Leaves,'  which  gives  a  pathetic  picture 
of  poverty  on  the  West  Coast  ;  '  The  Clock 
and  the  Cock,'  and  '  A  Test  of  Truth,'  have 
impressed  us  most. 

What  Ascott  R.  Hope  does  not  know  about 
schoolboys  is  hardly  worth  knowing.  His 
latest  volume,  Dramas  in  Duodecimo  (A.  &  C. 
Black),  is  a  collection  of  seven  short  stories, 
"  abstracts  and  brief  chronicles  of  youth." 
They  are  of  even  merit,  the  most  successful, 
perhaps,  being  '  The  Midsummer  Night's 
Crime,'  in  which  a  boy,  locked  up  all  night 
in  a  bathing-place,  believes  himself  to  have 
witnessed  the  perpetration  of  a  brutal 
murder  by  two  members  of  the  Yeomanry. 
After  the  Mayor  and  the  colonel  have  been 
summoned  from  the  Yeomanry  Ball  in 
breathless  haste  to  the  scene,  the  crime 
proves  to  bo  nothing  worse  than  the  drowning 
of  the  bath-keeper's  dogs.  The  mystery 
is  guarded  with  equal  skill  in  '  All  in  the 
Wrong,'  but  is  not  so  well  worth  guarding. 
'  Tho  Amateur  Dominie  :  Very  Tragical 
Mirth,'  speaks  for  itself.  The  arm-chair 
critic,  suddenly  called  on  to  stand  the  fire 
of  a  classroom  full  of  boys  of  rather  more 
than  the  usual  ingonuity  in  attack,  fares  no 
better  than  might  have  been  expected. 
Not  less  diverting  is  '  Tho  Red  Ram,'  which 
tells  how  an  Irish  professional  football 
player  is  passed  off  as  a  pupil  in  a  young 
gentlemen  s  academy  for  the  purpose  of 
playing  against  "  tho  College."  Altogether 
thero  is  abundant  evidence  that  the  author's 
hand  lias  not  lost  its  cunning.  Indeed, 
if  anything,  it  has  grown  too  cunning  ; 
for  the  practice  of  putting  a  separate  head- 
lino  at  the  top  of  every  other  page,  though 


it  gives  scop.-  to  a  memory  fertile  of  quota- 
tions,   distracts    the  reader  from    the    StOTy. 

and  is  therefore  not  to  be  commended. 
77k:    Crested    8eat,    by    .lames    Brendan 

Connolly     (Duckworth     &     Co.),     a     baker's 

dozen  of  stories  dealing  with  the  life  and 
work  of  the  fishermen  who  sail  from  Glou- 
cester, U.S.A.,  appeals  to  have  been  printed, 

as  well  a.s  written,  on  tho  other  side  of  the 
Atlantic.  It  is  full  of  the  slap-diush  faults 
which  go  with  over -hurried  production; 
and  its  sentiment  throughout  is  not  merely 
very  American,  but  childishly  anti-British. 
The  author's  purview  is,  in  fact,  extraordi- 
narily and  bittorly  parochial.  He  has  evi- 
dently imbibed  some  violently  anti-British 
notions  regarding  tho  Newfoundland 
fisheries,  and  is  cheerfully  oblivious  to  the 
fact  that  political  opinion  on  both  sides  of 
tho  Atlantic  holds  Great  Britain's  attitude 
on  this  question  to  have  been  quixotically, 
and  even  unjustifiably,  generous  to  the 
United  States.  He  also  shows  a  puerilo 
ignoranco  of  facts  familiar  to  most  people 
in  connexion  with  British  maritime  customs 
and  traditions,  and  appears  to  resent  the 
high  esteem  in  which  Newfoundlanders 
are  held  as  a  race  of  brave  and  able  sailor- 
men.  He  suggests  that  on  board  British 
ships  the  seamen  are  quartered  in  the  hold 
among  the  cargo,  and  that  British  officers 
refuse  food  and  shelter  to  castaways  picked 
up  at  sea.  Mr.  Connolly  has  a  real  gift  for 
the  spinning  of  simple  sea-yarns^;  and  it 
is  a  pity  that  he  should  waste  it  by  writing 
too  hastily,  or  allowing  local  prejudice  to 
dull  the  interest  of  his  narratives. 

Stories  and  Sketches,  by  Mary  Putnam 
Jacobi  (Putnam's  Sons),  are  apparently 
the  work  of  a  lady  who  later  devoted  herself 
to  medical  and  scientific  work,  and  have 
been  collected  since  her  death.  They 
mainly  strike  a  reader  of  to-day  as  illus- 
trating the  remarkable  advance  which 
has  been  made  in  the  short  story  since  the 
sixties  of  last  century.  There  was  in  those 
days  no  fear  of  tiring  tho  reader  with 
longueurs  or  the  absence  of  action.  Mrs. 
Putnam  Jacobi's  earliest  tales  were  written 
when  she  was  seventeen,  and  her  latest 
at  the  age  of  twenty-nine.  All  found  a 
welcome  in  American  magazines  of  repute  ; 
and  they  make  interesting  studies  from 
the  historical  point  of  view.  Undoubted 
talent  is  exhibited  in  them,  but  they 
belong  to  another  day  ;  and  probably  the 
author  was  wise  in  giving  up  literary  work 
for  the  scientific  life  to  which  she  adhered 
subsequently. 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

Sociological  Papers.  Vol.  III.  (Mac- 
millan  &  Co.) — The  Sociological  Society's 
third  volume  maintains  its  high  level. 
The  contributors  of  papers  are  G.  Archdall 
Reid,  W.  McDougall,  J.  L.  Tayler,  J.  Arthur 
Thomson,  Patrick  Geddes,  A.  E.  Crawley, 
R.  M.  Wenley,  W.  H.  Beveridgo,  G.  de  Wesse- 
litsky,  Mrs.  Sidney  Webb,  and  H.  G.  Wells. 
Tho  excellent  custom  is  continued  of  append- 
ing reports  of  discussions,  and,  together  with 
these,  tho  comments  passed  on  abstracts  of 
tho  papers  circulated  amongst  experts  unablo 
to  be  present  when  they  were  read. 
Some  valuable  material  (if  theory  rather 
than  bruto  facts  can  be  said  to  constitute 
"  material  ")  has  been  collected  in  this  way, 
notably  in  connexion  with  Mr.  Crawley's 
brief  but  suggestivo  paper  on  the  nature 
of  roligion.  Whilst  the  wide  range  of  topics 
covered  by  the  papers  suggests  that  sociology 
is  a  science  of  somewhat  uncertain  or  (shall 
wo  say  ?)  unlimited  scope — a  view  with 
which  ono  section  of  the  Society  would  appa- 


rently agree,  whibt  the  other  hulf  would  be 

violently  displeased      it   is  at   any  rat'-  all  to 

the  credit  of  the  Society  that  it  should  bring 

i her  into  one  area  of  discussion  com- 
petent thinkers  representing  so  many  dis- 
tinct interests.  indeed,  may  we  not  as 
would  be  peace-makers  venture  to  define 
a  science  as  simply  "  an  area  of  di  0  "  ! 

At  all  events,  this  is  L  ■  rare  than  to  say 
with  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  (p.  377)  :  "A  science 
is  a  thing  lacking  in  style,  making  no  OSS  of 
insight,  and  disregarding  values."  If,  how- 
ever, Mr.  Wells  is  disposed  to  bo  hard  on 
science,  Mr.  Bernard  Shaw  is  half  inclined 
to  be  its  patron,  speaking  of  "  the  Darwinian 
biology  "  as  "a  science  which  leaves  out 
the  main  factors  of  evolution,  and  still  has 
made  remarkable  contributions  to  our  know- 
ledge of  lifo."  Ho  proceeds,  in  that  auto- 
biographical vein  which  he  has  made  his  own: 
"I,  being  a  writer  of  fiction  like  Mr.  Wells, 
maintain  that  tho  dramatic  and  Utopian  method 
is  much  the  higher ;  I  begin  with  the  synthesis 
ready  made  in  my  own  imagination,  which  leaves 
men  like  Comte  and  Spencer  far  behind.  But  if  I 
make  the  accusation  that  they  leave  out  factors, 
they  can  accuse  me  of  that  too." 
But  biology,  whether  utterly  damned 
or  faintly  praised,  nevertheless  manages  to 
have  half  this  volume  pretty  well  to  itself, 
thanks  to  the  exploitation  of  the  new  science 
of  eugenics,  with  which  the  Sociological 
Society  has  identified  itself  from  the  first. 
And  that  even  the  man  of  science  can  be 
Utopian  after  his  fashion  is  shown  by  Mr. 
McDougall,  whose  "  practicable  eugenic 
suggestion "  is  that  civil  servants  should 
receive  an  increase  of  salary  as  often  as  there 
are  additions  to  their  families.  We  com- 
mend the  theme  to  Mr.  Shaw  for  his  next 
play.  The  scene  might  be  laid  in  Rome, 
where  the  jus  trium  liberorum  flourished 
under  the  emperors,  and  where,  if  we 
remember  rightly,  the  poet  Martial  was 
made  an  honorary  father-of- three. 

Devonshire  Characters  and  Strange  Events. 
By    S.    Baring-Gould.     (John    Lane.) — Mr. 
Baring-Gould    prefers   studies  of    travel,    or 
delving   in    forgotten    books    in    search    of 
curious  information,  and  collecting  folk-lore, 
to  writing  novels.     But  it  seems  as  if  there 
is  no  limit  to  his  industry  outside  the  old 
creative  province.     He  has  written  hymns  ; 
he   has   written   histories  ;     he   lias   written 
biographies ;     and   he   has   a   weakness   for 
just  sucli  books  as  his  latest.     Looked  at 
rawly,    it    may    be    set    down    as    superior 
bookmaking  ;   but  there  is  always  more  than 
that     in     Mr.     Baring-Gould's     work.     He 
exposes  himself  to  the  charge  in  many  pages, 
and  in  his  choice  of  many  episodes  ;    but  he 
lias  always  something  better  at  the  back, 
something    which    repays    the    reader    for 
quarrying.     Not    that    the    quarrying    is    a 
difficult   job  ;     on   the   contrary,   it   is   very 
easy  and  very  alluring.     One  can  turn  over 
these  chapters  on  Devon  oddities  and  Devon 
characters    with    the    certainty    of    finding 
them   readable.     But   it   is   often   tho  read- 
ablcness  of  I'it-Jlits.     For  example,  there  is 
the  story  of  Eulalia  Page,  meet  subject  for 
a  '  Newgate  Calendar/  or  that  of  Caraboo,  the 
impostor    who    pretended    to    be    a    Malay 
princess.     This  sort  of  provender  is  unworthy 
of  Mr.  Baring-Gould's  talent  and  time.     On 
the    other    hand,    the    author    enriches    his 
account   of   White    Witches   in   the   county 
with  personal  experiences  of  his  own  ;    and 
he  reduces  the  legend  of  Arscott  of  Tetcott 
to  its  proper  and  sordid  proportions.    Devon 
was  the  home  of  sea-captains,  and  several 
of  those  papers  are  concerned  with  Devon 
adventures  by  sea  and  land.     The  tales  of 
Sir  John  Fitz,   and  of  his  daughter,   after- 
waids    Lady    Howard,    were    well    worth    a 
place  here.     Tho  account  of  the  pirates  of 
Lundy  is  interesting  ;    the  strango  case  of 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


41 


Joanna  Southcott  deserved  resuscitation  ; 
and  there  is  a  good  paper  on  two  hunting 
parsons,  of  whom  Jack  Russell  is  one.  A 
friend  who  knew  the  North  Devon  of  those 
days  describes  it  thus  to  Mr.  Baring-Gould : — 

"  North  Devon  society  in  Jack  Russell's  day  was 
peculiar — so  peculiar  that  no  one  now  would 
believe  readily  that  half  a  century  ago  such  life 
could  be — but  I  was  in  the  thick  of  it.  It  was  not 
creditable  to  any  one,  but  it  was  so  general  that 
the  rascality  of  it  was  mitigated  by  consent." 

Mr.  Baring-Gould  testifies  to  the  efforts 
made  by  Bishop  Phillpotts  to  put  down  the 
hunting  habits  of  his  clergy,  but  the  poor 
bishop  has,  if  we  remember  aright,  inherited 
a  reputation  for  slackness  in  other  quarters. 
No  doubt  he  gave  up  his  task  in  despair. 
What  could  he  accomplish  in  the  face  of 
such  obstinate  men  as  the  Rev.  John  Russell, 
who  kept  his  pack  at  eighty,  and,  when 
abandoning  it  at  the  personal  request  of 
his  diocesan,  handed  it  over  to  his  wife  ?  The 
other  parson,  of  inferior  quality,  Froude,  has 
been  painted  by  Blackmore  in  '  The  Maid  of 
Sker,'  and,  we  believe,  without  exaggeration. 

This  book  is  thus  frankly  a  book  of  gossip, 
and,  as  we  have  said,  makes  capital  reading. 
It  deals  with  the  byways  of  history  and 
biography.  It  takes  no  account  of  the 
great  and  significant  names,  such  as  Raleigh, 
and  Drake,  and  Joshua  Reynolds.  It  deals 
exclusively  with  minor  characters.  In 
his  Preface  Mr.  Baring-Gould  appeals,  in 
the  interests  of  his  publisher,  for  information 
concerning  the  pictures  of  James  Gandy, 
a  pupil  of  Van  Dyck. 

As  regards  the  technical  side  of  Discoveries, 
by  William  Butler  Yeats,  the  latest  produc- 
tion of  the  Dun  Emer  Press,  we  are  glad 
to  observe  a  marked  improvement  in  every 
direction  in  type-setting  and  press-work. 
There  is  still  room  for  advance  in  the 
mechanical  work  of  getting  the  book  ready 
for  the  purchaser,  but  on  the  whole  the 
volume  is  very  creditable  to  the  Irish  ladies 
who  produce  it.  It  is  even  printed  on  paper 
made  in  Ireland.  The  essays  by  Mr.  Yeats 
deal  with  the  connexion  of  art  with  the 
life  of  everyday  people.  The  key-note 
to  '  Discoveries  '  is,  "  What  moves  natural 
men  in  the  arts  is  what  moves  them  in  life, 
and  that  is,  intensity  of  i  ersonal  life." 
This  has  been  said  before  many  times  in 
many  ways,  but  Mr.  Yeats  proceeds  to  build 
up  a  little  canon  of  criticism  applied  to  the 
needs  of  everyday  art,  interspersed  with 
dainty  cameos  which  serve  as  suggestions 
for  fresh  essays.  Every  one  who  is  an 
amateur  of  English  knows  the  quality  of 
Mr.  Yeats's  prose  :  it  seems  to  grow  more 
rhythmical  as  it  grows  more  simple  in 
expression.  It  would  be  a  pleasure  to  quote 
passages  for  their  beauty  of  sound,  but  it 
would  be  unfair  to  separate  them  from 
the  frame  in  which  they  are  set.  Let  us 
add  that  the  edition  consists  of  two  hundred 
copies  only. 

It  is  a  little  difficult  to  say  anything 
new  about  Sartor  Reaartus  as  issued 
by  the  Doves  Press.  Their  press-work 
and  type  -  setting  are  probably  the 
best  in  the  world  ;  their  paper  is 
not  unworthy  of  tho  work ;  and  their 
type,  whilo  not  unimpeachable,  is  modelled 
on  the  finest  originals — in  fact,  as  producers 
of  the  printed  book  they  stand  almost  alone 
at  the  head  of  their  craft.  It  is  still  more 
difficult  to  say  anything  new  of  Carlyle's 
book.  With  its  crabbed  vigour  it  has, 
perhaps,  influenced  more  young  men  than 
any  other  book  of  its  century.  When  Carlylo 
himself  spoko  slightingly  of  it,  he  was  pro- 
bably moved  by  tho  universal  homage  paid 
to  it  rather  than  to  his  later  and  more  rea- 
soned works.  One  wonders  how  many 
men  still  living  have  written  to  liim  about 


'  Sartor  Resartus  ' — the  number  must  be 
great.  To  Carlyle-worshippers  a  copy  of 
this  edition  will  be  nearly  as  valuable  as 
that  unique  example  printed  with  the 
initials  of  the  nouns  in  capitals,  German- 
wise,  not  now  to  be  found. 

A  bevised  and  enlarged  edition  has 
appeared  of  Mr.  Howells's  Venetian  Life 
(Constable),  which  we  praised  as  long  ago 
as  1866  for  the  "  certainty  of  hand,  and 
brightness  of  colour,"  shown  by  "  a  lively 
American  traveller."  Since  that  day  Mr. 
Howells  has  become  one  of  the  leading 
men  of  letters  in  the  United  States,  but 
he  has  no  reason  to  be  ashamed  of  his  early 
offspring.  A  new  chapter,  '  The  Author 
to  the  Reader,'  explains  the  genesis  and 
advance  of  the  book,  and  also  the  judicious 
alterations  which  have  been  suggested 
by  time  and  riper  reflection.  With  its 
excellent  type,  and  twenty  attractive  illus- 
trations in  colour  by  Mr.  Edmund  H. 
Garrett,  the  volume  should  be  in  demand 
as  one  of  the  best  of  books  on  Venice. 
Specialists  in  art  will  hardly  approve 
of  all  Mr.  Howells's  views,  but  that  side  of 
Venetian  life  is  amply  represented  by  other 
books. 

Suff  oik  Records  and  MS  S.:  Index.  Compiled 
by  H.  B.  Copinger.  (Manchester,  privately 
printed.) — The  five  volumes  of  Mr.  Copinger's 
lists  of  records  and  other  documents  dealing 
with  the  history  of  Suffolk  have  been  more 
than  once  praised  in  these  columns.  An 
additional  volume  has  now  been  issued, 
which  forms  a  complete  index  to  all  the 
names  of  both  persons  and  places  that 
have  been  mentioned,  It  makes  an  in- 
valuable supplement,  and  appears  to  be 
compiled  with  the  greatest  care.  We  have 
tested  it  in  a  variety  of  places,  and  have 
not  succeeded  in  finding  a  single  blunder 
or  omission. 

The  Literary  Year-Booh  for  1908  (Rout- 
ledge)  contains  a  good  deal  of  matter  which 
will  be  useful  to  editors  and  journalists, 
the  main  features  being  a  '  Directory  of 
Authors  '  ;  an  '  Index  of  Authors,'  arranged 
provisionally  under  the  subject-headings 
of  their  literary  works  ;  a  section  on  '  Law 
and  Letters ' ';  another  on  4  Libraries,' 
which  is  good,  and  may  be  regarded  as 
authoritative,  since  it  is  recognized  by  the 
Library  Association  ;  lists  of  publishers, 
agents,  &c.  ;  and  a  classified  '  List  of  Cheap 
Reprints.'  The  last  feature  is  of  real  value. 
We  cannot  say  the  same  for  the  new  classifi- 
cation of  authors  attempted,  nor  are  we 
satisfied  with  the  '  Directory '  on  which 
it  is  founded.  In  these  sources  of  informa- 
tion we  find  included  as  living  at  least 
five  writers  who  are  dead,  and  were  fairly 
woll  known  in  their  various  spheres  :  Romilly 
Allen,  Montagu  Burrows,  Moncure  Conway, 
Harry  Quilter,  and  W.  G.  Rutherford. 
The  first  has  been  succeeded  in  the  editorship 
of  The  Reliquary  by  Dr.  J.  C.  Cox,  who  is 
not  mentioned  under  any  of  the  archaeo- 
logical sections.  Omissions,  indeed,  aro 
so  numerous,  and  the  qualifications  for 
insertion  under  a  particular  heading  often 
so  feeble,  that  we  are  not  inclined  to  trust 
this  list  at  all.  There  is  a  heading  '  Intro- 
spection,' including  six  persons,  who  are 
stated  in  the  introduction  to  be  mainly 
guilty  of  "  window-garden  books."  It  is 
a  somewhat  obscure  description,  which 
may  apply  to  Mr.  A.  0.  Benson,  but  seems 
hardly  suitablo  to  our  old  contributor  Dr. 
Jessopp,  whose  name,  by  tho  by,  is  misspelt 
here  and  elsewhere.  Wo  fail  to  find  Mr. 
E.  V.  Lucas  under  '  Humoui ,'  Mr.  H.  H. 
Davies  under  '  Drama,'  Dr.  Galton  under 
'  Anthropology,'  or  Mr.  G.  W.  Forrest 
under  Indian  History.  Why  have  a 
section    with    ono    namo    in     '  Abyssinian 


History '  and  omit  '  Political  History,'  of 
which  much  has  been  written  of  late  ?  Tho 
section  on  '  Journalism  '  is  ludicrously  inade- 
quate, as  is  that  on  '  Latin  Language  and 
Literature.'  We  doubt  whether  such  a  list  is 
desirable  ;  but  if  it  is,  much  more  pains  must 
be  taken  with  it  to  make  it  at  all  representa- 
tive. The  same  remark  applies  to  the  '  Direc- 
tory of  Authors.'  It  does  not  show  sufficient 
supervision.  The  knighthood  is  noticed, 
for  instance,  of  Sir  John  Laughton,  but 
why  not  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  and  Sir  John 
Rhys  ?  The  proof-reading  throughout  of 
names  has  not  been  well  done. 


THE  BOOK  SALES  OF  1907. 

ii. 

Not  many  sales  were  held  during  February, 
and  the  military  and  naval  works  belonging 
to  Major-General  Terry,  to  which  reference 
has  already  been  made,  were  almost  the  only 
books  sold  during  that  month  to  which 
particular  attention  need  be  directed.  On 
March  15th  and  following  day  one  of  those 
miscellaneous  sales  which  are  frequently 
productive  of  sensational  prices  brought  a 
total  of  nearly  13,000/.,  about  half  tho 
amount  being  obtained  from  manuscripts 
consisting  chiefly  of  mediaeval  service- 
books,  impossible  to  describe  in  a  few  words. 
The  autograph  MS.  of  "  Scots  wha  hae  wi' 
Wallace  bled,"  on  a  folded  sheet  of  8vo  paper 
is,  however,  more  tractable.  It  was  found 
in  an  old  scrapbook  belonging  to  the  late 
Mr.  A.  Hamilton,  and  realized  355?.  A 
number  of  poems  and  letters  sent  in  one 
packet  by  Burns  to  his  friend  and  patron 
Alexander  Frazer-Tytler  sold  for  365/., 
and  some  other  MSS.  in  the  handwriting  of 
the  poet  for  3501.  These  are  large  amounts, 
but  the  feature  of  this  sale  consisted  of  a 
number  of  extremely  scarce  and  valuable 
books  relating  to  Sir  Martin  Frobisher  and 
Sir  John  Hawkins.  What  was  described 
as  the  first  edition  in  English  of  Frobisher's 
first  voyage,  but  may  have  been  the 
second  edition  of  his  second  voyage,  1578, 
sold  for  1,000/.  (new  calf,  one  leaf  wanting)  ; 
the  first  edition  of  the  second  voyage,  1577, 
for  760/.  (modern  calf  extra)  ;  and  the 
original  separate  edition  of  Frobisher's  third 
and  last  voyage,  1578,  for  920/.  (calf  extra)  ; 
while  the  original  and  only  separate  edition 
of  Hawkins's  second  voyage,  1569,  made 
630/.  (new  calf).  These  four  small  8vo 
books,  by  no  means  in  ideal  condition,  con- 
sequently realized  the  very  large  sum  of 
3,310/.  At  this  sale  '  King  Glumpus  '  (seo 
The  Athenaeum  of  February  23rd,  1907, 
p.  225,  and  March  2nd,  p.  254)  fetched  153/.  ; 
The  Exquisites,'  another  farce  with  illus- 
trations (coloured  in  this  instance)  by 
Thackeray,  1839,  8vo,  76/.  ;  a  copy  of 
'  A  Relation  of  Maryland,'  1635,  small  4to, 
with  the  large  folding  map  (often  wanting)  by 
Cecil,  400/.  (unbound,  blank  leaf  missing)  ; 
'  Paradise  Lost,'  1667,  a  sound  copy  in  the 
original  sheep,  125/.  ;  and  a  copy  of  the 
first  edition  of  '  The  Vicar  of  Wakefield,' 
2  vols.,  Salisbury,  1766,  92/.  (old  calf). 
Original  editions  of  a  number  of  works  by 
Charles  Lamb  also  fetched  good  prices. 
These  were  '  The  Adventures  of  Ulysses,' 
1808,  8vo.  31/.  (original  boards  without 
label);  "Talcs  from  Shakespeare,'  2  vols., 
8vo,  1807,  22!.  (morocco  extra)  ;  '  Blank 
Verse,'  1798.  Svo,  30/.  (boards,  not  original)  ; 
and  '  John  Woodvil,'  1802,  8vo,  a  presenta- 
tion copy,  35/.  (original  boards). 

The  sale  held  by  Messrs.  Christie,  Manson 
&  Woods  on  March  20th  was  of  a  miscel- 
laneous character,  and,  as  often  happens  in 
the  King  Street  rooms,  many  of  the  books 
were  extra-illustrated  or  in  some  other 
way    investod     with    a     peculiar     interest  ; 


IJ 


T  II  E     A.T  II  KX;Kr  M 


No. 


U85,  Jan.  11,  lfl 


for  example,  the  '  Parthenia,'  1646,  which 
had  some  oontemporary  MS.  music  inserted 
at  the  end,  40/.  (old  oalf),  and  an  illustrated 
oopy  of  '  The  Bristol  Riots,  by  a  Citizen*' 
enlarged  to  f<»!i<>  riae.  This  realized  ■(*>/. 
(unbound).  The  library  of  the  late  Dr. 
William  Roots  of  Kingston-on-Thames,  and 
other  properties  sold  by  Messrs.  Hodgson  on 

March    20th    and    following    day,    consisted 

primarily   of  Americana  and  books  in  <>l<l 

bindings,  the  whole  fortified  by  several 
manuscripts,  extra-illustrated  books,  and 
works  relating  to  Napoleon.  The  MS. 
usod  for  setting  up  in  type  Thackeray's 
essay  on  George  11.  in  'The  Four  Georges' 
reached  81/.,  though  it  had  the  author's 
corrections  only,  and  was  not  otherwiso  in 
his  handwriting.  The  highest  amount 
obtained  for  any  of  the  Americana  was  36/. 
for  Theodore  de  Bry's  '  Grands  Voyages,1 
Parts  I.  to  IX.,  first  edition  (except  Part  VI., 
second  edition),  the  whole  in  2  vols,  folio 
(morocco  extra)  ;  and  it  is  worthy  of  note 
that  the  original  drawing  by  "  Phiz  "  to 
illustrate  the  Trial  Scene  in  '  Pickwick  ' 
sold  for  the  handsome  sum  of  50/. 

A  portion  of  the  library  of  the  late  Mr. 
George  Gray,  formerly  Clerk  of  the  Peace 
for  Glasgow,  immediately  preceded,  in 
point  of  date,  the  Van  Antwerp  sale  to 
which  reference  was  made  in  the  former 
article.  Though  of  nothing  like  the  same 
importance,  it  contained,  nevertheless,  some 
scarce  works,  for  instance,  Zachary 
Boyd's  'The  Garden  of  Zion '  and  'The 
Second  Volume  of  the  Garden  of  Zion,' 
together  2  vols,  small  8vo.,  1644,  fairly 
good  copies,  70/.  (morocco  extra)  ;  an 
autograph  letter  of  Burns  on  four  pages  4to, 
respecting  some  "  Daughters  of  Belial  " 
who  had  made  themselves  obnoxious  to  his 
landlady  by  singing  and  rioting  on  the  top 
floor  of  her  house  in  Edinburgh,  141/.  ; 
and  another  copy  of  the  Kilmarnock  Burns, 
1786,  bound  this  time  in  morocco  extra, 
260/.  At  this  sale  the  first  three  editions 
(1746-52-74)  of  the  poetical  trifle  by 
Dougal  Graham  (a  bellman  in  Glasgow) 
relating  to  the  Rebellion  of  1745  sold  for 
171/.,  the  published  price  of  the  three  tracts 
being  but  1*.  4JeZ.  The  first  edition,  that 
of  1746,  is  represented,  so  far  as  is  known, 
by  the  single  copy  sold  on  this  occasion,  and 
the  other  two  are  also  excessively  rare. 

This  brings  us  to  the  portion  of  the 
library  of  Sir  Henry  Mildmay  sold  at 
Sotheby's  on  April  18th  and  two  following 
days,  remarkable  chiefly  for  some  fine  illu- 
minated manuscripts.  Shakespeareana,  and 
a  nearly  perfect  copy  of  Gower's  '  Confessio 
Amantis,  printed  by  Caxton  in  1483.  This 
sold  for  310/.,  but  was  eclipsed  by  several 
of  the  Shakspeare  volumes.  Thus  a  very 
short  and  imperfect  copy  (12  in.  by  7i  in.) 
of  the  First  Folio  sold  for  680/.  ;  and"  the 
'  Sonnets,'  1609,  4to,  for  800/.  (much  cut 
down,  old  morocco).  This,  in  the  light  of 
the  2,000/.  obtained  by  private  sale  for  a 
copy  of  the  1612  edition  of  '  The  Passionate 
Pilgrime  '    about    twelve    months    ago,    was 

Eernaps  cheap.  The  total  amount  realized 
y  Sir  Henry  Mildmay's  sale  was  7,455/., 
some  illuminated  '  Horae  '  in  script  of  English 
execution,  but  with  Franco-Flemish  minia- 
tures and  docorations,  selling  for  as  much  as 
1,300/.,  or  more  than  a  sixth  of  tho  whole. 

Other  important  libraries  sold  about  this 
time,  to  which  reference  must  be  incident- 
ally made,  included  those  of  the  late  Mr. 
Samuel  Adams  of  Now  Barnet,  sold  by 
Messrs.  Futtick  &  Simpson  on  April  25th 
and  following  day  ;  Mr.  Robert  T.  Gill  of 
Brighton,  most  of  whose  books  were  in 
modern  and  expensive  bindings,  usually 
calf  or  morocco  extra,  frequently  with  gilt 
edges  and  inlaid  with  leather  of  various 
colours  ;    and  the  late  Mr.   Henry   Charles 


Harford,  the  laal  being  the  most  important, 
and  productive  of  some  high  prioi  i.  Seven 
tracts  bound  together,  including  the  'Journal 
oi  Klajor  Georgt  Washington, '  1764,  sold 
for  -in;,/,  (hall  oalf);  Roger  Willian 
'The   Bloudy  Tenet  of   Persecution,1    1644, 

and    "The    Bloody   Tenet    \d    more    I  Moody,' 

1662,  in  1  vol.,  4to,  40Z.  (calf);  'Hamlet,' 
printed  by  W.  S.  for  John  Bmethwicke,  n.d. 
(1636  7),  4to,  172/.  (unbound,  damaged); 
Thomas  Gabriel's  '  Historical  Account  of 
Pensilvania,'   lf>os,   k;o/.  (original  boards); 

and  a  folio  volume  comprising  Capt.  John 
Smith's  'True  Travels,'  1630,  Sir  Richard 
Hawkins's  '  Observations  on  his  Voyage 
into  the  South  Sea,'  1622,  and  Ligon's 
'  History  of  Barbados,'  1657,  100/.  (calf). 

The  selected  portion  of  the  libiary  of 
Mr.  W.  Bromley-Davenport  of  Chelford, 
which  was  sold  at  Sotheby's  on  May  10th 
and  Uth,  was  catalogued  in  378  lots,  realiz- 
ing some  4,570/.  Of  this  total  2,175/.  was 
obtained  for  ancient  MSS.  ;  and  three  collec- 
tions of  illuminated  miniatures  and  initial 
letters  cut  from  fourteenth-  and  fifteenth- 
century  MSS.,  and  mounted  in  scrap-books, 
fetched  410/.  The  printed  books  were  also 
extremely  important,  either  on  their  own 
account  or  for  special  reasons.  Queen 
Catherine  of  Aragon's  copy  of  Agrippas 
'  De  Incertitudine  et  Vanitate  Scientiarum,' 
1530,  small  4to,  realized  37/.  ;  the  '  Bas- 
timens  of  France,'  by  Androuet  du  Cerceau, 
2  vols.,  folio,  1576-9,  40/.  (original  French 
calf)  ;  a  copy  of  the  first  edition  of  Francesco 
Berlinghieri's  '  Geographia  '  (1481),  folio, 
77/.  (imperfect,  old  vellum)  ;  '  Le  Livre 
de  Jehan  Bocasse  de  la  Louenge  et  Vertu 
des  nobles  et  cleres  Dames,'  first  French 
edition,  Paris,  Verard  (1493),  112/.  (old  calf )  j 
and  an  imperfect  copy  of  the  first  edition  of 
the  '  Book  of  St.  Albans,'  1486,  consisting  of 
51  leaves  only  (instead  of  90),  61/.  (morocco). 

This  sale,  though  important,  was  put 
into  the  shade  by  that  held  on  May  31st 
and  following  day,  also  at  Sotheby's,  when 
moie  than  16,000/.  was  realized  for  a  com- 
paratively small  number  of  books.  The 
explanation  is  that  this  collection  comprised 
the  exact  kind  of  works  for  which  money 
does  not  appear  to  be  a  suitable  equivalent, 
that  is  to  say,  early  and  important  editions 
of  the  older  English  classics.  The  prices 
fetched  by  many  of  these  were  enormous, 
e.g.,  Shakspeare's  First  Folio,  1623,  2,400/.  ; 
the  Third  Folio,  first  issue,  having  the 
portrait  on  the  title  and  the  verses  opposite, 
1663  (instead  of  the  issue  1664),  1,550/.  ; 
John  Bale's  '  Tragedye  or  Enterlude  many- 
festing  the  Chefe  Promyses  of  God  unto 
Man,'  1538,  4to,  170/.  ;  the  same  author's 
'  A  Newe  Comedy  or  Enterlude  concerning 
Thre  Lawes,'  1562,  4to,  101/.  (damp -stained) ; 
the  '  Comedie  termed  after  the  Name  of 
the  Vice,  Common  Conditions,'  n.d.  (1576  ?), 
255/.  ;  '  Everie  Woman  in  her  Humour,' 
1609,  4to,  103/.  ;  Fulwell's  '  Like  will  to 
Like,'  1587,  4to,  101/.  ;  Greene's  '  George 
a  Greene,  the  Pinner  of  Wakefield,'  1599, 
4to,  109/.  ;  John  Hey  wood's  '  The  Four 
P's,'  Copland,  n.d.,  4to,  151/.;  John  Phillips's 
'  Pacient  and  Meeke  Grissill,'  n.d.,  4to, 
250/.  ;  '  The  First  Part  of  the  Contention 
betwixt  the  two  famous  Houses  of  Yorke 
and  Lancaster,'  1594,  4to,  tho  foundation 
of  Shakspeare's  '  Henry  VL,  Part  II.,' 
1,910/.;  'The  Merchant  of  Venice,'  1600, 
4to,  510/.;  'King  Lear,'  1608,  4to,  250/.; 
'  Hamlet,'  W.  S.  for  John  Smethwicke,  n.d., 
4to,  180/.;  'Arden  of  Faversham,'  1592, 
4to,  1,210/.  ;  and  others,  most  of  them 
unbound,  as  all  tho  above  were.  At  this 
salo  also  a  superb  copy  of  La  Fontaine's 
'Fables  Choisies,'  Paris,  1755-9,  4  vols., 
folio,  from  tho  library  of  the  Comto  d'Artois, 
sold  for  140/.  ;  tho  original  MS.,  in  3  vols., 
of  Sir  Walter  Scott's  '  History  of  Scotland  ' 


6101.  ;  a  complete  copy  of  Tfn  8nob,  eleven 
numbers  on  paper  of  various  colours,  1102.  ; 
an  imperfect  copy  of  Caxton'e  "The  Golden 

ode,'  ii  rn  oak  board 

and    Myron's    'Fugitive    Pieces'    of    1806, 

to   which   reference   was  made   in   the  former 

article,  182/.  (original  wrappers).  This  was 
Byron's  own  corrected  copy,  made  for  the 
published  edition  of  the  '  Hours  of  Idle- 
in  Imi7,  and  was  accompanied  by  a 
letter  of  directions  to  the  printers,  S.  &  J. 
Ridge  of  Newark — an  interesting  relic. 

Noting  en  passant  Sir  Francis  Seymour 
Hoden's  '  Etudes  a  l'Eau-forte,'  the  scries 
of  25  proof  etchings  on  China  paper,  1866, 
which  realized  200/.,  we  come  to  Mr.  Percy 
Fitzgerald's  large  collection  of  dramatic 
literature,  sold  at  Sotheby's  on  June  14th. 
The  total  readied  was  nearly  1,000/.,  though 
individual  prices  were  not  high,  most  of 
the  plays  having  been  bound  in  calf  or  half- 
calf,  and  often  cut  into.  The  copy  of 
Shakspeare's  First  Folio,  some  leaves  in 
facsimile  and  others  from  the  Second  Folio, 
sold  for  135/.  ;  the  first  collected  edition 
of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  '  Works,'  1647, 
folio,  for  28/.  ;  the  scarce  first  edition  of 
Dekker's  '  The  Whore  of  Babylon,'  1607, 
small  4to,  for  24/.  (defective  and  stained)  ; 
'  The  Two  Noble  Kinsmen,'  1634,  small  4to, 
for  25/.  10s.  (mended,  morocco)  ;  and  Sir 
John  Suckling's  '  The  Discontented  Colonell,' 
first  edition,  n.d.,  small  4to,  for  24/.  (boards). 
Mention  must  also  be  made  of  one  of  the 
four  large,  fine-paper  copies  of  Scott's 
'  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,'  sold  on  the 
14th  of  June  for  72/.  This  copy  had  a 
drawing  and  also  a  MS.  poem  by  Scott 
inserted. 

The  remaining  portion  of  the  season, 
which  virtually  ended  on  July  27th,  was 
occupied  with  a  dozen  collections,  notably 
those  of  Mrs.  Craigie  ;  Mr.  Stuart  Samuel, 
already  referred  to  as  containing  some 
valuable  manuscripts ;  the  Dukes  of  Al- 
temps,  removed  from  Rome  ;  and  a  miscel- 
laneous assortment  sole,  on  July  26th  and 
27th,  including  some  Bronte  relics,  about 
which  much  was  written  at  the  time.  Of 
these,  Mr.  Samuel's  library  was  the  most 
important  ;  in  fact,  it  constituted  one  of 
the  most  interesting  sales  of  the  year.  It 
was  at  this  sale  that  Browning's  '  Pauline,' 
1833,  containing  a  long  autograph  note  by 
the  author,  brought  225/.  (morocco  extra)  ; 
and  the  8  parts  of  '  Bells  and  Pomegranates,' 
presentation  copies,  120/.  (two  covers  mis- 
sing). Mr.  Samuel  laid  great  stress  on  books 
containing  manuscript  alterations,  additions, 
and  inscriptions,  and  had  collected  a  large 
number  of  these  much-desired  volumes.  Such 
prices  as  70/.  for  '  Alice's  Adventures  in 
Wonderland,'  1865  ;  30/.  for  '  Through  the 
Looking-Glass,'  1872  :  45/.  for  Coleridge's 
'Sibylline  Leaves'  (1817);  99/.  for  'Bleak 
House  '  ;  and  53/.  for  Richardson's  '  Clarissa,' 
8  vols.,  1748,  besides  others  too  numerous 
for  mention,  were  all  justified  by  one  or 
other  of  the  highly  exceptional  circumstances 
to  which  reference  has  been  made. 

The  new  season,  which  opened  early  in 
October,  and  will,  following  the  usual  prac- 
tice, close  with  the  last  days  of  next  July, 
has,  even  thus  far,  been  productive  of  a  great 
deal.  A  number  of  books  from  the  library 
of  Macrcady  were  sold  on  October  21st  ; 
and  the  sale  of  a  portion  of  the  library 
of  tho  Earl  of  Sheffield  ;  some  scarce 
Americana  sold  by  Messrs.  Hodgson  on 
November  21st  ;  the  collection  of  works 
relating  to  Napoleon  disposed  of  by  the 
same  firm  on  December  10th;  and  above  all 
the  early  editions  of  Shakspeare  belonging 
to  Earl  Howe,  sold,  in  part  at  least,  by 
Messrs.  Sotheby  on  the  21st  of  the  same 
month,  will  be  well  within  the  memory, 
having    been    referred    to    recently    in    Tlie 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


43 


Athenaeum.  There  would  be  little  use  in 
traversing  again  such  familiar  ground, 
and  all  that  need  now  be  said  of  these  sales 
is  that  they  accentuated  the  points  raised 
in  the  preceding  article,  and  singled  out 
the  fashionable  books  of  the  day,  for 
which  hardly  any  price  within  the  ever- 
widening  bounds  of  reason  can  be  considered 
too  high.  It  is  these  books,  and  the  often 
apparently  outrageous  prices  they  fetch 
all  over  the  country,  which  stimulate  a 
search  for  hidden  literary  treasure  in 
all  kinds  of  out-of-the-way  and  unsus- 
pected quarters.  This  search  results 
sometimes  in  the  discovery  of  exceed- 
ingly important  volumes,  which  have 
been  condemned  by  a  combination  of 
circumstances  to  a  lengthy  period  of  neg- 
lect, though  these  circumstances  may  be 
regarded  as  having  contributed  in  a  great 
measure  to  their  salvation.  Certain  it  is 
that  during  the  last  twelve  months  these 
books  of  great  price  have  come  from  some- 
where in  vastly  increased  numbers.  They 
have  swollen  the  average,  upset  calculations, 
and  fortified  a  decidedly  erroneous  belief 
that  old  books  of  whatever  kind  are  becoming 
the  exclusive  property  of  the  rich.  During 
the  last  twelve  months  some  160,000Z.  worth 
of  books  have  been  sold  in  the  London 
rooms,  and  in  this  estimate  are  not  included 
innumerable  products  of  third-  and  fourth- 
rate  sales,  which  have  been  advisedly  left 
unnoticed.  The  general  average  now  stands 
at  about  H.  5s.,  taking  one  lot  with 
another  the  year  through,  and  this  is  a 
notable  increase  on  the  preceding  average 
of  about  21.  12.s.  The  sudden  rise  is  entirely 
due  to  the  unusual  number  of  scarce  and 
important  books  of  which  I  have  spoken  as 
having  been  sold  during  the  year  just  come 
to  an  end.  J.  Herbert  Slater. 


'THE    LICENSED    TRADE.' 

The  Cathedral,  Manchester. 
YorjR  reviewer,  who  noticed  Mr.  Pratt's 
book  in  your  issue  of  January  4th,  has 
repeated  some  statements  of  his  author 
which  are  no  longer  true.  The  number  of 
Prohibition  States  in  America  is  not  now 
three,  but  six,  Georgia,  Oklahoma,  and 
Alabama  having  lately  adopted  Prohibition. 
It  is  highly  probable  'that  others  will  follow 
soon.  But  the  progress  of  temperance 
legislation  in  America  and  our  Colonies  is 
not  to  be  measured  by  the  rise  or  fall  of 
State  Prohibition.  Another  method,  that 
of  Local  Option,  has  been  found  a  readier 
and  sounder  plan,  under  which  vast  areas 
in  the  States  and  in  Canada  are  now  "  dry  " 
areas.  It  will  be  remembered  that  Local 
Option  is  the  plan  favoured  by  British 
reformers. 

I  am  anxious  that  your  readers  should 
know  the  exact  truth.  I  write  as  a  scholar 
and  as  a  reformer  also,  and  I  find  that 
literary  people  are,  as  a  class,  the  least 
acquainted  with  the  facts  and  arguments 
that  concern  temperanco  legislation. 

E.  L.  Hicks. 


JOHN    CUMMING    NIMMO. 

Mr.  John  C.  Nimmo,  whose  death  was 
briefly  recorded  in  The  Athenaeum  last  week, 
was  intimately  connected  with  tin-  publishing 
business,  for  he  Rained  his  experience  in 
the  firm  of  his  brother,  Mr.  William  ['. 
Nimmo,  and  was  allied  by  marriage  with  tho 
firms  of  Bartholomew,  Philip,  and  Whitaker. 
After  his  brother's  death  he  continued 
in  business  at  14,  King  William  Street, 
Strand,  in  partnership  with  Mr.  Bain,  until, 


after  a  short  time,  the  latter  left  Eng- 
land to  take  charge  of  the  Toronto  Library. 
From  the  year  1884  Mr.  Nimmo  managed 
his  business  alone,  and  applied  himself 
chiefly  to  the  production  of  library  editions 
and  elaborate  illustrated  works  produced 
with  scrupulous  finish.  Among  his  earlier 
publications  were  complete  editions  of  the 
chief  Elizabethan  dramatists,  edited  by 
Mr.  A.  H.  Bullen.  The  purchase  from 
Messrs.  Fawcett  of  Driffield  of  the  well- 
known  books  of  the  Rev.  F.  O.  Morris 
added  a  valuable  series  of  works  on  natural 
history  to  his  catalogue  ;  while  later, 
in  a  felicitous  moment  both  for  himself 
and  for  English  literature,  he  commissioned 
Mr.  J.  A.  Symonds  to  translate  Cellini's 
'  Autobiography,'  thus  initiating  a  friendly 
acquaintance  that  ended  only  with  Mr. 
Symonds's  life.  Mr.  Nimmo's  other  great 
achievement  was,  as  noted  last  week,  the 
issue  of  the  "  Border  Edition "  of  the 
Waverley  Novels,  under  the  editorship  of 
Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  with  a  large  number 
of  etched  illustrations  of  singular  merit.  The 
best  etchers  of  England  and  France  found  him 
a  liberal  patron,  since  no  one  else  used  the 
medium  for  book  illustration  so  freely  or  so 
well.  He  was  also  one  of  the  first  to  adopt 
consistently  the  net  system  of  publishing. 
In  later  years  failing  health  and  other 
troubles  impaired  Mr.  Nimmo's  activity, 
but  he  deserves  to  be  remembered  as  one 
who  really  loved  books,  and  spared  neither 
his  energies  nor  his  money  to  make  his 
publications  perfect.  C.  J.  H. 


SHAKESPEARE'S   BIRTHPLACE 
TRUST. 

January  3rd,  1908. 

I  think  the  public  will  be  interested  to 
learn  that  the  Trustees  of  Shakespeare's 
Birthplace  have  just  succeeded  in  adding 
to  their  collections  two  rare  editions  of 
Shakespeare's  works,  to  take  their  place 
beside  the  two  equally  rare  volumes  which 
were  acquired  last  year.  The  Trustees 
have  now  purchased  perfect  copies,  in 
admirable  condition,  of  the  original  edition 
(in  quarto)  of  Shakespeare's  '  A  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,'  1600,  and  of  the  second 
edition  (in  quarto)  of  '  The  Merry  Wives 
of  Windsor,'  1619. 

The  recent  history  of  these  newly-acquired 
quartos  increases  the  interest  normally 
attaching  to  such  bibliographical  rarities. 
The  two  volumes  long  formed  part  of  the 
famous  Rowfant  Library  of  Frederick 
Locker-Lampson.  It  will  be  remembered 
that  in  1904  the  whole  of  that  splendid 
collection  was,  to  tho  general  regret,  sold 
to  a  bookseller  of  New  York,  who  subse- 
quently disposed  of  the  Shakespearoana 
to  an  American  connoisseur.  But  the 
migration  proved  temporary.  In  the  spring 
of  last  year  the  American  collector  resold 
most  of  the  Locker-Lampson  Shakespeareana 
in  London.  Among  the  volumes  tliat 
were  then  offered  for  sale  were  the  two  which 
have  now  become  the  property  of  the 
Trustoes,  and  are,  in  virtue  of  that  transfer 
of  ownership,  now  dedicated  in  perpetuity 
to  tho  use  of  the  British  public.  Tho 
Trustees  believe  that  the  British  public 
will  share  their  satisfaction  in  bringing 
the  maritiino  wanderings  of  these  rare 
memorials  of  Shakespeare's  work  to  a  happy 
termination  on  this  sido  of  the  Atlantic, 
and  in  thus  providing  at  least  two  of  Locker- 
Lampson's  Shakespearean  quartos  with  a 
permanent  haven  in  this  country. 
Sidney  Lee, 
Chairman  of  the  Kxecutivo  Committee, 
Shakespeare's  Birthplaco  Trustees. 


THE    DOUGLAS    CAUSE. 

Fox  Oak,  Hersham,  Surrey. 
In  the  course  of  a  very  complimentary 
criticism  of  my  book  '  The  Story  of  a  Beauti- 
ful Duchess,'  your  reviewer  (Athen.,  Dec.  28) 
puts  the  pertinent  question,  "  Why  should 
Lady  Jane  Douglas  have  burdened  herself 
with  twins ....  when  a  single  baby  would 
have  answered  her  purpose  ?  "  and  since 
the  same  idea  may  occur  to  others  who  read 
my  account  of  this  most  extraordinary 
mystery,  I  trust  I  shall  be  allowed  to  add  a 
few  words  of  explanation.  The  reason  why 
I  do  not  "  grapple  with  that  point  "  is,  I 
believe,  a  sound  one.  Usually,  no  conjecture 
is  more  likely  to  prove  fallacious  than  that 
which  seeks  to  impute  a  logical  motive  to 
the  great  criminal,  and  it  seems  to  me 
preferable,  when  possible,  to  elucidate  the 
crime  rather  than  to  indulge  in  psychological 
speculations.  Once  upon  a  time  a  young 
girl  was  accused  of  poisoning  a  discarded 
lover,  the  motive  alleged  by  the  prosecution 
being  that  she  wished  to  prevent  him  from 
making  public  some  compromising  letters. 
Was  she  actuated  by  this  irrational  incentive? 
and  did  she  not  realize  that  if  she  killed  the 
man  the  fatal  correspondence  must  be  read 
by  the  person  who  took  charge  of  his  effects  ? 
On  another  occasion  a  guardian  was  indicted 
for  the  murder  of  his  ward,  who  had  assigned 
to  him  a  life-assurance  policy  or  had  made 
a  will  in  his  favour.  At  first  sight  the  motive 
appears  obvious.  Yet  must  not  the  accused 
have  known — for  he  was  a  shrewd  man  of 
the  world — that  the  youth  was  under  age, 
and  thus  his  signature  on  a  legal  document 
was  worthless  ?  Since  learned  tribunals 
have  been  puzzled  to  decide  whether  or  not 
there  was  a  motive  for  the  crime  in  these 
particular  instances  (and  it  is  possible  to 
cite  a  score  of  similar  ones),  I  hesitated  to 
form  conjectures  that  seemed  equally  danger- 
ous, and  were  quite  unnecessary. 

Of  course  Lady  Jane  Douglas  had  a 
motive  in  wishing  for  offspring.  She  ac- 
knowledged that  this  was  the  object  of  her 
marriage.  Her  brother  had  told  her  that 
they  would  be  his  heirs.  It  was  the  best 
way  of  obtaining  his  forgiveness.  But 
though  this  motive  was  strong,  it  would 
be  unfair  to  urge  it,  merely  on  suspicion, 
unless  there  was  evidence  that  she  had 
adopted  supposititious  children.  The  chain 
of  evidence,  however,  is  a  tough  one,  as, 
I  believe,  readers  of  my  book  will  admit  ;  and 
it  appears  superfluous  to  offer  conjectures 
with  regard  to  subsidiary  motives  that 
might  possibly  weaken,  and  could  not 
strengthen,  a  strong  case.  Still,  as  your 
reviewer  has  suggested  that  my  work  in 
this  respect  is  defective,  I  will  make  good 
the  omission,  and  try  to  imagine  why 
Jane  Douglas  "  burdened  herself  with 
twins ....  when  a  single  baby  would  have 
answered  her  purpose." 

1.  It  was  better  to  choose  twins  in  caso 
one  child  should  die.  This  foresight  was 
justified  by  events.  One  of  the  children 
did  die. 

2.  The  arrival  of  twins  would  seem  more 
plausible,  for  people  would  say  that,  although 
it  was  conceivable  that  a  woman  might  adopt 
one  child,  it  was  unlikely  she  would  be  able 
to  beg,  borrow,  or  steal  two  children.  No 
great  criminal  lacks  audacity. 

3.  It  is  not  certain  (hat  she  contemplated 
the  adoption  of  two  children.  From  the 
first  she  had  contrived  a,  loophole.  If  tho 
Duke  of  Douglas  had  forgiven  her  at  once, 
she  would  have  been  able  to  say  that  the 
delicate  Sholto  had  died. 

4.  She  may  have  thought  that  the  presence 
of  twins  would  mako  her  situation  inoro 
pathetic. 

5.  It  would  appear  that  she  did  not  tell 
her  friends  of  the  birth  until    three  or  four 


II 


T  II  E    A  T  II  E  \  M  i'  M 


No.   U85,  -Ian.  11.1 


diiys  after  the  adoption  "f  the  boy  Archibald. 
During  that  time  i1  may  have  been  thought 
that  be  <li<l  noi  bear  sufficient  reeemblanee 
to  herseli  or  bar  husband.  Eenoe  1 1 1 « -  story 
of  twins,  bo  as  to  give  the  opportunity   of 

finding  a  inure  Buitable  child. 

<i.  History  shows  that  the  oraftiest 
criminals  make  the  greatest  blunders.  Thus, 
intent  upon  ber  orune,  she  may  not  have 
realised  what  a  great  burden  she  was  taking 

Up.    Having  once  put  her  hand  to  the  plough, 

she  was  obliged  to  go  on.     Still,  she  did  not 

bunion    berself    with    the    second    child    till 

just  before  her  return  to  England  to  play 
her  grand  coup. 

Any  of  these  conjectures  are  as  credible  as 

tin-  contention  that  she  could  not  havo 
adopted  two  children  because  fiho  would 
deem  one  sufficient.  Moreover,  it  is  unfair 
to  contend  that  the  case  for  the  prosecution 
is  weakened  because  the  motives  of  the 
accused  reveal  a  lack  of  perspicuity. 

Your  reviewer  pays  an  ill  compliment  to 
my  lucidity  when  he  speaks  of  the  need  of 
"  hush-money."  Lady  Jane  Douglas  con- 
cealed her  identity  when  she  took  the 
children.  She  may  have  bought  the  first 
from  the  poor  Mignons,  but  in  either  case 
it  would  have  been  absurd  to  attempt  a 
bribe.     She  placed  her  trust  in  secrecy. 

Finally,  I  should  like  to  add  that  in  my 
account  of  this  strange  mystery  I  do  not 
claim  to  have  proved  beyond  the  possibility 
of  doubt  that  thechildrenweresupposititious, 
but  I  do  claim  to  have  proved  that  the 
claimant  Archibald  Douglas  did  not  establish 
his  birthright,  and  that  the  verdict  of  the 
Court  of  Session  was  a  just  one. 

Horace  Bleackley. 


LIST  OF  NEW  BOOKS. 
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Theology. 
Authority  in  Religious  Belief,  and  other  Essays,  2/  net. 

These  essays  have  already  been  published  separately  as 

'  Unitarian  Tracts,'  and  are  by  twelve  authors. 
Bush  (J.),  A  Memorial,  2/6  net.     Edited  by  his  Wife  -with  a 

brief  Memoir  by  the  Rev.  Arthur  Hoyle. 
Cheetham  (S.),  A  History  of  the  Christian  Church  since  the 

Reformation,  10/6 
Churchman's    Penny    Library:     About    some    Favourite 

Hymns,   by  P.   P.   K.    Skipton ;    Songs    of    Dawn,  by 

A.  R.  G.  ;   Thoughts  on  some  of   the  Collects,  by  E 

Romanes,  Id.  each. 
Congregational  Year-Book,  1908,  2/6 
International  Journal  of  Apocrypha,  January,  dd.  net 
Maclaren  (A.),  The  Second  Book  of  Kings  from  Chap  VIII 

and  the  Books  of  Chronicles,  Ezra,  and  Neheniiah,  7/6 

In  Expositions  of  Holy  Scripture. 
Mauro  (P.),  The  World  and  its  God,  1/.    Second  Edition 
Peabody  (F.  G.),  Mornings  in  the  College  Chapel,  Second 

Series,  5/  net. 
Schofteld  (A.  T),  Christian  Sanity,  3/6 
Scott  (Rev.    A.   Boyd),    Pilgrim's    Passage.      Eight    short 

addresses. 
Smith  (EM.),  The  Mystery  of  Three,  3/6.     A  Bible  study. 
Whitworth  (Rev.  W.  A.),  The  Sanctuary  of  God,  and  other 
„..,  sermons,  4/G  net.     Edited  by  Willoughby  Carter. 
WilUuns  (Rev.  C.  R.),  Arrows  shot   at  a  Venture,  2/6 net 

Essays  on  literary  ami  religious  subjects. 
Fine  Art  and  Archaeology. 
American  Annual  of  Photography,  1908,  3/ 
Arundel  Club  Publications,  1907,  21/.     Among  the  contents 

are  two  works  by  Velasquez,  which  were  supposed   for 

some  rears  to  lie  lost. 
Oroot  (C.  Hofstede  de)  and  Valentiner  (Dr.  W.  R.),  A  Cata- 
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Dutch  Painters  of  the  Seventeenth  Century,  Vol.  I.,  25/ 

net.     Based  on  the  work  of  John  Smith.'    Translated 

and  edited  by  Edward  G.  Hawke. 
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(  hureties,  5/ 

Palestine   Exploration  Fund,   Quarterly   Statement,  Janu- 
ary, •.•  8  *  ' 

Tinworth  ((!.),  Krom  Sunset  to  Sunset  :  Our  Saviour's   Last 

pay  of  Suffering,  1/.    Represented  in  11  panels,  with 

illustrative  texts  of  prophecy  and  fulfilment. 
Poetry  and  Drama. 
Colum  (PA  Wild  Earth,  1/  net.     A  book  of  verse. 
Cousins  (. I.  II.),  The  Awakening,  and  ot  her  Sonnets,  1/ 

Darley  (<;.),  The  Complete  Poetical  Works,  1/  net  Re- 
printed from  the  original  editions  in  the  possession  of 
the  Darley  family,  and  edited  with  an  Introduction  by 
Ramsay  Colles  m  the  .Muses'  Library.  For  notice  of 
Darley's  'Nepenthe,'  see  Allien.,  Sept.  18,  1897,  p.  377. 


1         1  .I.  1.  s. ,|.      1 ,    .  .   i,\  riqasL    Mis  n  Vm 

p  >r  Jean  rUchepin. 

ithmhaoil  (H  >.  The  Qllly  of  Christ,  1/  net.   With  three 

symbols  bi  A    M    Wentworth  Sboilds. 
Morris  (Sir  Lewis),  Works,  6/.     New  Edition. 
Mullin  (I.),   The  Lands  of  the  Moon  and  other  Poena, 

net. 

I'm i.-  (.).),  The  Crooning!  of  ■  Cowboy,  and  dUmi  \'  1 

1     net. 

Poets  and  the  Poetry  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  :  Humour 
George  Crabbe  to  Edmund  R  v.  Christian,  I/O  net. 

New  Edition.     Edited  bj  Alfred  11.  Miles. 
Robinson  (A.  c ),  Launcelol  and  Guenever,  1/  net. 
Shakespeare:  King  John, Kins; Richard  11  ,  7/B  net  each. 

Renaissance  Edition, 

Ways  of  God,   I"',    net.     One    hundred  poems  on   the  great 

problems  of  existence,  selected  by  Adam  L  Gtowi 

Music. 

Guild  of  Play  Booh  Of  festival  and  Dance,  Written  by 
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Oldmeailow  (E),  Great  Musicians,  3/0  net.  With  32  illus- 
tration-. 

Bibliography. 

Catalogue  of  the  Pamphlets,  Books,  Newspapers,  and 
Manuscripts  relating  to  the  Civil  War,  the  Common- 
wealth, and  Restoration,  collected  by  George  Thomason, 
1640-1661,  2  vols.,  30/ 

Gray  (G.  J.),  A  Bibliography  of  the  Works  of  Sir  Isaac 
Newton,  5/net.  Also  contains  a  listof  books  illustrating 
liis  works,  with  notes.    Enlarged  Edition. 

Wenckstern  (I'r.  von),  Bibliography  of  the  Japanese 
Empire,  Vol.  II.,  1894-1906.  A  classified  list  of  the 
literature  in  European  languages  relating  to  Japan,  with 
a  list  of  the  Swedish  literature  on  that  country  by  Miss 
Yalfrid  Palmgren. 

Political  Economy. 

Gibson  (A.  H.),  Bank  Rate :  The  Banker's  Vade  Mecum, 
2/6  net. 

History  and  Biography. 

Baring-Gould  (Rev.  S.)  and  Fisher  (Rev.  J.),  The  Lives  of 
the  British  Saints,  Vol.  I.,  10/6.  Treats  of  the  saints  of 
Wales  and  Cornwall,  and  such  Irish  saints  as  have 
dedications  in  Britain. 

Brown  (R.),  Notes  on  the  Earlier  History  of  Bart  on -on- 
Humber,  Vol.  II.,  15/ net. 

Clarke  (William) :  a  Collection  of  his  Writings,  with  a 
Biographical  Sketch,  7/6.  The  volume,  which  is  edited 
by  Herbert  Burrows  and  John  A.  Hobson,  is  divided 
into  three  sections:  Political  Essays,  Appreciations, 
and  Culture  and  Criticism. 

Gilson  (Capt.  C.  J.  L.),  History  of  the  1st  Battalion  Sher- 
wood Foresters  (Notts  and  Derby  Regiment)  in  the  Boer 
War,  5/  net.  With  Introduction  by  Lieut. -General 
Sir  H.  L.  Smith-Dorrien,  10  plans,  and  4  portraits. 

Gosse  (Edmund),  Ibsen,  3/6.     In  Literary  Lives  Series. 

Green  (Mrs.  J.  R.),  Town  Life  in  the  Fifteenth  Century, 
2  vols.,  20/ net. 

Hughes  (T),  History  of  the  Society  of  Jesus  in  North 
America,  Colonial  and  Federal,  Vol.  I.  Part  I.  21/  net. 
Documents,  1605-1838. 

Perry  (B),  John  Greenleaf  Whittier,  3/6  net.  A  sketch  of 
his  life,  with  selected  poems. 

Sainsbury  (E.  B.),  A  Calendar  of  the  Court  Minutes,  <tc,  of 
the  East  India  Company,  1635-9,  12/6  net.  With  Intro- 
duction and  notes  by  William  Foster. 

Schurz  (C  ),  Abraham  Lincoln,  42/  net.  A  biographical 
essay. 

Wister  (O.),  The  Seven  Ages  of  Washington,  8/6  net.  An 
illustrated  biography. 

Geography  and  Travel. 

Haggard    (H.    Rider),    A  Winter   Pilgrimage,    3/6.      New 

Edition.    For  former  notice  see  Athen.,  Nov.  9,  1901, 

p.  623. 
International  Geography  (The),   by  Seventy  Authors,  15/. 

Edited  by  Hugh  Robert  Mill,  with  489  illustrations. 
Jesse  (Louie),  Historical  Games  for  Children,  3/6 

Education. 

School  World,  1907,  7/6  net.  A  monthly  magazine  of 
educational  work  and  progress. 

Philology. 

Harry  (J.  E.),  Problems  in  the  Prometheus.  In  University 
Studies  of  the  University  of  Cincinnati. 

Thimin  (Capt.  C.  A.),  Egyptian  Self-Taught  (Arabic),  2/. 
Contains  alphabet  and  pronunciation,  vocabularies, 
<Sc.    Third  Edition,  revised  by  Major  R.  A.  Marriott. 

School-Books. 
Black's  Picture  Lessons  in  English,   Book  III.  6d.     With 

14  illustrations  in  colour. 
Carter  (M.   E.),  The  Groundwork  of  English  History,  2/. 

In  the  University  Tutorial  Series. 
Endecott  (F.  C),  A  School  Course  in  Physics  :  Light  and 

Sound,  2/6 
Joppen  (C),  Historical  Atlas  of  India,  3/  net.     For  the  use 

of  High  Schools,  Colleges,  and  private  students. 
Macmillan's    Supplementary    Headers-  Senior   Adventures 

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Sinbad   the  Sailor:  Junior— Fairy  Tales,   I.   and   II.  j 

Tales  from  Andersen,  id.  each. 
Mitchell  (<i-  W.),  An  Introduction  to  Latin  Prose,  3/6 
Nesfield  (.1.  C),  Key  to  Aids  to  the  Study  and  Composition 

of  English,  4/6  net. 

Science. 
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GOWans'S  Nature  Hooks  :   Pond  anil    Stream  Life,  by  W.  B. 

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Roscoe    (II-    E.)    and    Sehorlemnu'r    (C),    A    Treatise    on 

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Stansbie  (J.    If),    Iron  and  Steel,   6/  net.     In  the   West- 
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Stevens  (W.  C),  Plant  Anatomy,  10/0  net. 


./w.  n, I.    liniikt. 
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Penrbyn  SUtnlaws 
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Hume  (Ferfjus),  l  be  Sat  re.i  Herb,  6/ 

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Mal\erv(0.  ('.),  The  Speculator,  8/.     A  story  of  modern  life 

ana  society. 
Meade  (L.  i).  Little  Josephine,  c/.    With  coloured  frontU- 
by  1    1    Sberie, 

Ritchie  (Mrs    I),  c,.).  Man  and  the  Cassock,  6/ 
Shift]  (M.  P.),  The  White  Weddia| 

General  Literature. 
Bodleian  Library'  Staff-Kalendar,  1908. 
family   Recorder.     A  neatly  planned  book  of  forms  for  re- 

cordinj  persona]  history,  arranged  by  sir  William  BulL 
Humane  Review,  January,  1/ 
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More  (K.  Mervin),  Despatches  from  Ladies'  Clubland,  8/ 
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12  numbers,  1  dol. 
Peat's  Fanner's  Diary  and  Account  Book,  1908,  3/ 
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Shaw  (A.),   Political  Problems  of  American  Development, 

7/6  net.     Columbia  University  Lectures. 
Short  Passages  from  the  Works  of  Carlyle,  2/6  net.    Selected 

by  Sarah  Spencer. 
Spectator,    Vol.    V.,    1/    net.       With    Introduction     and 

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Universal  Library. 
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G.  F.  Monkshood. 
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Jeffery(G.),  A  Summary  of  the  Architectural  Monuments 

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archaeological  survey  of  the  island. 
Religion  and    the  Church.      A    letter  to    a  friend    from 

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Art  Library,  Victoria  and  Albert  Museum,  lj<f.    Cata- 
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FOREIGN. 

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Docteurs  les  plus  cedebres  :  Vol.  V.  Dix-septieme  Siecle, 

Revue  litteraire,  7fr.  50. 
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lEiterarg  (Bnssip, 

Mr.  Unwin  will  publish  very  soon  a 
study  of  '  The  Novels  of  George  Meredith,' 
by  Mr.  E.  E.  J.  Bailey.  Its  object  is  to 
show  the  analogies  between  Mr.  Meredith's 
work  and  that  of  earlier  novelists,  and 
to  illuminate  its  growth  and  aims. 

Miss  Eleanor  G.  Hayden  has  just 
completed  a  new  volume,  entitled  '  Islands 
of  the  Vale.'  It  deals  with  the  history, 
past  and  present,  of  some  half-a-dozen 
villages  in  a  sequestered  tract  of  one  of 
the  Home  Counties,  and  is  enlivened  with 
local  gossip  and  rustic  comedy.  The  book, 
which  Messrs.  Smith  &  Elder  hope  to 
publish  in  April  or  May,  will  be  illustrated 
by  Mr.  J.  M.  Macintosh. 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


45 


Mr.  J.  L.  Garvin,  till  lately  editor  of 
The  Outlook,  has  become  editor  of  The 
Observer,  with  a  proprietary  interest. 

'  A  Family  Chronicle  '  is  the  title  of 
a  volume  which  Mr.  Murray  publishes 
during  the  coming  week.  It  is  a  history 
of  three  generations  of  Englishwomen, 
and  is  based  on  notes  and  letters  collected 
by  Barbarina,  Lady  Grey.  It  covers  a 
period  of  about  a  hundred  years,  and 
contains  reminiscences  of  Fanny  Kemble, 
Bulwer  Lytton,  Lord  Lynedoch,"  Bobus  " 
Smith,  and  others  who  shone  in  society 
and  the  world  of  letters  during  the  last 
century. 

Mr.  Murray  has  also  in  the  press  a  new 
novel  by  Miss  Macnaughtan,  entitled 
1  The  Three  Miss  Grsemes,'  which  will  be 
published  shortly.  It  is  a  study  of  three 
girls  and  their  aunt.  Miss  Macnaughtan's 
earlier  novels,  '  The  Lame  Dog's  Diary  ' 
and  '  The  Expensive  Miss  DuCane,'  are 
now  issued  by  Mr.  Murray. 

A  correspondent  writes  : — 

"  It  does  not  seem  to  have  been  observed 
that  the  view  which  is  taken  in  your  notice 
last  week  of  '  Father  and  Son,'  that  the 
1  Father  '  in  the  book  is  an  illustration  of 
the  fact  that  '  Puritanism  never  has  known, 
and  never  will  know,  how  to  deal  with 
children  except  by  making  them  prigs,' 
is  not  at  all  borne  out  by  a  very  interesting 
paper,  full  of  humour  and  knowledge  of 
boy  life,  and  not  at  all  priggish  or  Puritanical, 
in  Longman's  Magazine,  March,  1889, 
pp.  512-24,  by  the  late  Mr.  Philip  Henry 
Gosse,  F.R.S.,  on  '  A  Country  Day-School, 
Seventy  Years  Ago.'  The  stories  of  school 
life  therein  show  that  the  writer  thorougly 
understood  it,  and  make  the  reader  wonder 
if  the  '  Father  '  did  not  understand  the 
'  Son  '  better  than  the  Son  now  thinks  he 
did,  and  was  quite  so  severe  or  mirthless 
as  the  book  would  make  one  fancy." 

Messrs.  Kegan  Paul  &  Co.  have  in 
the  press,  and  will  issue  shortly,  a  new 
volume  of  poems  by  Mr.  William  Gerard, 
the  author  of  '  Dolcino  '  and  other  verse. 

A  new  monthly  magazine  for  book- 
lovers,  The  Bibliophile,  is  announced  for 
March  next,  with  offices  at  Thanet  House, 
Strand.  A  good  list  of  supporters  is 
published,  and  the  names  range  from  Lord 
Burghclere  to  Mr.  George  Wyndham, 
M.P.,  and  from  Mr.  F.  T.  Bullen  to  Mr. 
Arthur  Symons,  the  writers  with  special 
knowledge  of  books  including  Mr.  Cyril 
Davenport,  Mr.  Sidney  Lee,  Mr.  A.  W. 
Pollard,  and  Mr.  H.  B.  Wheatley.  The 
price  of  the  magazine  is  to  be  sixpence. 

Rumour  has  been  busy  for  some  time 
over  the  fate  of  the  post  of  Historiographer 
Royal  for  Scotland,  rendered  vacant  by 
the  death  of  Prof.  Masson.  A  final 
decision  has  now  been  made  in  favour 
of  the  continuance  of  this  modest  post 
with  its  180Z.  a  year  ;  and  the  names 
most  discussed  in  connexion  with  the 
appointment  are  those  of  Prof.  Hume 
Brown,  Mr.  Andrew  Lang,  Dr.  Hay  Flem- 
ing, and  Mr.  It.  S.  Rait. 

Mr.  James  Watson  writes  from 
Peebles  : — 

"  In  reviewing  Dr.  Patrick's  'Statutes  of 
tho  Scottish  Church  '  you  question  whether 
the  word  '  wane,'  as  found  in  'The  Three 
Priests   of    Peebles,'    moans    to   curse  ;     and 


you  suggest '  vary  '  as  its  proper  signification. 
Your  suggestion  is  plausible,  if  the  first 
occurrence  of  the  word  in  the  poem  is  only 
taken  into  consideration  ;  but  the  word  is 
repeated  with,  apparently,  a  very  different 
meaning.  When  the  '  cunning  dark,'  ap- 
pointed by  the  clergy  to  answer  the  King's 
question,  is  about  to  discharge  the  duty 
laid  on  him,  he  repeats  the  question,  and 
varies  the  lines  you  quoted,  thus  : — 

And  quhair  foir  now  al  that  cuir  can  warie, 
Methink  ye  mene  quairfoir  sa  may  not  we? 

That  is,   the  clergy  or  bishop  cannot  now 

heal  the  sick  and  comfort  the  sorrowful,  as  in 

olden  times.     The  '  dark's  '  answer  further 

shows  that  this  is  the  meaning  attached  to 

'  warie  '  in  the  poem.     He  says  : — 

Tims,  greit,  excellent  King  !  the  Halie  Gaist, 

Out  of  your  men  of  gude  away  is  cheeist ; 

And,  war  not  that  doutles  I  yow  declair, 

That  now  as  than  wald  hail  (heal)  baith  seik  and  sair? 

We  regret  to  notice  the  death  of  Mr. 
William  Carnie,  of  Aberdeen,  whose  name 
has  been  familiar  in  literary  and  musical 
circles  all  over  Scotland  for  more  than 
half  a  century.  His  '  Northern  Psalter,' 
issued  before  the  Churches  had  provided 
official  collections  of  their  own,  proved 
the  most  successful  book  of  psalm  and 
hymn  tunes  ever  published  in  Scotland. 
He  was  connected  with  the  Aberdeen 
press  for  many  years,  and  three  volumes 
of  his  '  Reporting  Reminiscences '  were 
published  recently.  His  little  volume  en- 
titled '  Waifs  of  Rhyme  '  depicted  happily 
Scottish  rural  life  and  character.  Mr. 
Carnie's  portrait,  painted  by  Sir  George 
Reid,  and  now  in  the  Aberdeen  Art 
Gallery,  was  publicly  subscribed  for  some 
years  ago. 

Arrangements  are  in  progress  for 
new  lectureships  at  Edinburgh  University 
in  Geography  and  Economic  History, 
and  Mercantile  Law.  Mr.  W.  Warde 
Fowler  has  been  appointed  Gifford  Lec- 
turer, as  from  October,  1909. 

The  privately  printed  book  on 
'  Brougham  and  his  Early  Friends,' 
consisting  of  numerous  hitherto  unknown 
letters,  will  occupy  three  volumes  instead 
of  two,  as  formerly  announced,  and  will 
appear  in  the  early  spring.  The  addi- 
tions ate  due  to  the  later  discovery  of 
many  letters  of  importance.  The  whole 
is  collected  and  arranged  by  Mr. 
R.  H.  M.  B.  Atkinson  and  Mr.  G.  A. 
Jackson.  Subscribers  should  send  their 
names  to  Messrs.  Darling  &  Pead,  of  32, 
Harrington  Road,  South  Kensington. 

In  Chambers's  Journal  for  February, 
Mr.  Henry  Leach  has  retold  the  '  Love- 
Story  of  Queen  Victoria '  from  the 
recently  issued  '  Letters.'  Mr.  George 
Pignatorre  writes  about  '  Old  and  New 
Cairo';  and  the  Rev.  A.  J.  Foster  on 
1  Woburn  Past  and  Present,'  with  a 
sketch  of  the  earlier  Russells  and  the 
Duke  of  Bedford's  collection  of  birds  and 
beasts.  Lady  Napier  gives  her  views  on 
the  subject  of  '  Back  to  the  Land.'  An 
old  postmaster,  Mr.  R.  S.  Smyth,  of 
Londonderry,  traces  'The  Course  of  a 
Post- Letter ' ;  and  Mr.  Frederick  A. 
Talbot  writes  on  the  new  processes  in  tho 
manufacture  of  '  Powdered  Milk.' 

Mr.  Douglas  Crichton  is  engaged 
in  writing  a  history  of  the  family 
of   Crichton,  and   his  record  will  include 


researches  into  the  career  of  the  Admir- 
able Crichton. 

Messrs.  Blackwood  will  publish 
shortly  the  series  of  papers  contributed 
by  Mr.  Hector  Macpherson  to  the  Edin- 
burgh Evening  News  (of  which  he  is 
editor),  under  the  title  cf  '  A  Century  of 
Political  Development.' 

A  lecture  will  be  delivered  at  King's 
College,  Strand,  by  Dr.  B.  P.  Grenfell, 
on  the  28th  inst.,  on  '  Recent  Discoveries 
of  Papyri  at  Oxyrhynchus.'  The  lecture 
will  be  illustrated  by  lantern-slides,  and 
will  be  free  to  the  public. 

Messrs.  Sealy,  Bryers  &  Walker 
write  from  Dublin  : — 

"  We  beg  to  thank  you  for  the  review 
of  Canon  O'Hanlon's  '  History  of  Queen's 
County,'  Vol.  L,  on  the  28th  ult.  With 
reference  to  the  complaint  contained  in 
last  paragraph,  we  have  to  point  out  that 
the  inclusion  of  a  map  of  the  modern 
Queen's  County  would  not  have  been  appro- 
priate to  a  volume  which  deals  with  the 
teriitory  before  the  '  County  '  was  formally 
constituted.  Consequently  the  map  is  re- 
served for  Vol.  IJ.  The  preface  in  which 
the  maps  are  mentioned — Father  O'Leary's 
— is  a  preface  to  the  whole  work,  not  to 
a  portion  of  it.  We  think  this  is  readily 
recognizable  from  the  wording." 

Last  Thursday  Mrs.  Stopes  opened  the 
year  at  the  Toynbee  Hall  Shakespeare 
Society  with  a  lecture  on  '  The  Friends 
of  Shakespeare's  Sonnets.'  She  brought 
forth  a  mass  of  evidence  that  the  youth 
referred  to  was  no  other  than  the  Earl  of 
Southampton.  That  first  step  granted  as 
a  fact,  she  went  on  to  suggest  associated 
explanations  of  some  of  the  problems  of 
the  Sonnets. 

A  work  is  in  preparation  by  Mr. 
Edmund  G.  Gardner — the  author  of 
'  Dante's  Ten  Heavens  '  and  '  Dukes  and 
Poets  of  Ferrara  ' — on  '  Dante's  Lyrical 
Poems,'  which  is  to  include  both  a 
study  in  mystical  and  erotic  poetry  and 
an  attempt  to  construct  a  critical  text  of 
the  fifteen  canzoni,  the  famous  series  of 
odes.  The  volume,  which  is  to  be  pub- 
lished by  Messrs.  Constable,  will  contain 
also  the  ballads,  sonnets,  and  other  rime, 
or  minor  poems. 

Mr.  A.  E.  This elton  writes  : — 
"  In  his  edition  of  '  Shakespeare's 
Sonnets,'  Mr.  W.  H.  Hadow  writes  :  *  It  is 
known  that  during  the  closing  years  of  the 
sixteenth  century  he  [i.e.  Shakospearo]  was 
on  terms  of  friendship  with  the  young 
William  Herbert,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  a 
munificent  patron  of  letters  who,  in  Mr. 
Wyndham's  phrase,  was  then  "  one  of  tho 
brightest  particles  in  the  shifting  kaleido- 
scope of  Court  and  Stage  "  '  (p.  ix). 

"  I  have  always  understood  that  the 
only  diroct  evidence  that  Shakspeare  was 
on  torms  of  friendship  with  tho  nobleman 
in  question  is  contained  in  '  The  Epistle 
Dedicatorio  '  of  the  First  Folio  ;  but  this 
being  written  in  1G23,  is  surely  a  weak 
foundation  for  inferring  such  friendship 
during  the  closing  years  of  the  sixteenth 
century." 

On  Monday  last  Mr.  James  Mason,  an 
industrious  author  and  editor,  of  Beacon 
Cottage,  Braunton,  Devonshire,  died  at 
Barnstaple. 


h; 


T  II  i:     AT  II  KWK  V  M 


No.  U85,  Jan.  11,  1908 


Tin:  death  is  annoonoed,  in  his  seventy- 
eighth  year,  of  Mr.  William  Wilson,  of 
Sanquhar,  Dumf riesBhire,  who  at  one  time 
published  a  local  newspaper  and  edited 
» local  magazine,  but  was  better  known 
by  his  work  on  the  '  Folk-lore  of  Upper 
Nithsdale.' 

Tin:  mi  >t  interesting  name  in  the 
\,-«  Yi.tr  list  of  French  honours  is  that 
Of  .Madame  Maivelle  Tinayre,  to  whose 
powerful  work  we  have  frequently 
directed  the  attention  of  our  readers. 
The  other  new  "  Chevalier  i"  of  the 
Legion  d'Honncur  include  M.  Jules 
Huret  of  the  Figaro  ;  M.  Albert  Guignon, 
author  of  'Son  Pere ' ;  M.  Maurice 
Leblanc  ;  M.  Edouard  Schure ;  and  M. 
Gabriel  Trarieux,  the  dramatist. 

Prof.  Baldassare  Labanca,  of  the 
University  of  Rome,  has  entrusted  the 
translation  of  his  '  Difficolta  antiche  e 
nuove  degli  studi  religiosi  in  Italia '  to  an 
Oxford  man,  the  Rev.  Louis  H.  Jordan. 
Prof.  Labanca  will  prepare  a  new  Pre- 
face, and  the  translator  is  to  add  an 
Introduction,  dealing  somewhat  fully 
with  the  outlook  for  the  historical  study 
of  religion  in  Italian  universities. 

Recent  Government  publications  of 
some  interest  include  Report  of  the 
Board  of  Education  for  1906-7  (6d.)  ; 
Vol.  XXIV.  of  Hertslet's  Commercial 
Treaties  (15s.)  ;  and  Correspondence 
respecting  the  Peace  Conference  at  the 
Hague  (Is.  Qd.). 

Next  week  we  shall  pay  special  atten- 
tion to  educational  literature  and  school 
books  and  problems,  including  reports 
of  the  Head  Masters'  Association,  the 
Assistant  Masters'  Association,  the  L.C.C. 
Conference  of  Teachers,  and  the  Modern 
Language  Association  ;  and  an  article  on 
'  Classical  Teaching,'  by  a  schoolmaster 
of  experience. 

SCIENCE 

— * — 

CHEMICAL    LITERATURE. 

Inorganic  Chemistry.  By  E.  I.  Lewis. 
(Cambridge,  University  Press.) — This  volume 
is  the  outcome  of  an  attempt,  by  the  Che- 
mistry Master  at  Oundle  School,  to  provide 
a  course  in  chemistry  for  a  class  of  boys  of 
whom  some  have  been  promoted  from  a  lower 
science  set,  and  the  others  come  direct  from 
the  classical  side.  Also  an  endeavour  is 
made  to  follow  a  strictly  logical  method  : 
no  compound  of  unknown  composition  is 
used  for  chemical  purposes,  unless  to 
discover  its  composition  ;  after  this  it  may 
be  freely  used.  This  postpones  the  most 
convenient  methods  of  preparing  many 
gases,  but  on  the  whole  appears  to  work 
advantageously.  The  book  is  intended  for 
the  revision  of  lessons,  chaptor  by  chaptor, 
and  at  the  end  of  the  chapters  in  the  first 
half  of  it  are  problems  and  exercises,  somo 
of  them  of  a  high  standard,  suitable  for  a 
second  revision. 

After  an  introductory  chaptor  follow 
chapters  on  water,  air,  common  salt  and  its 
components,  chlorides  and  the  liko,  loading 
to  the  conception  of  equivalent  mass 
and  the  laws  of  chemical  combination. 
Tho  next  section  loads  up  to  the  atomic 
theory  with  the  aid  of  tho  consideration  of 
sulphur    and    carbon     and    somo    of    their 


oompounds,  and  Faradayala*  tofelectrolj 
Chapters  on  the  application  of  the  atomic 
theory  oomplete  Pari  I.,  and  in  these, 
matters  like  combined  orator,  acids  and 
bases,  hydrocarbons,  and  oomponndi  of 
nitrogen  are  dealt  with  and  u  amples. 

Pari  II.  leads  up  to  the  periodic  cla 
tion  of  die  elements  with  the  help  of  a  larger 
amount    of    information     concerning     the 

elements      already      dealt      with,      and      the 

introduction  of  a  few  others;  but  the  metals 

and    their    compounds    aro    not    treated    in 
detail. 

Tho  author  has  set  himself  a  difficult 
task  in  trying  to  draw  up  a  scheme  suitable 
for  such  a  mixed  class  of  hoys  as  that  he 
montions,  but  wo  think  he  has  accomplished 
it  with  success,  and  certainly  with  groat 
care  and  skill.  The  book  will  provo  useful 
in  other  schools  than  that  from  which  it 
originated. 

The  figures  of  apparatus,  which  are 
numerous,  are  neat  and  clear.  A  chap- 
ter on  respiration  and  nutrition  is  a 
useful  addition  to  such  a  book,  and  the 
author  throughout  has  endeavoured  to 
make  use  of  illustrations  and  examples  from 
everyday  life.  The  experiments  relating  to 
oxidation  and  hydration  illustrated  by  the 
rusting  of  iron  are  excellent.  The  work  is 
exact  and  slips  are  very  rare,  but  Rochelle 
salt  (p.  358)  contains  water  of  crystallization, 
four  molecules. 

A  Course  of  Practical  Organic  Chemistry. 
By  T.  Slater  Price  and  Douglas  F.  Twiss. 
(Longmans  &  Co.) — The  head  of  the 
Chemical  Department  of  the  Birmingham 
Municipal  Technical  School  and  the  Lecturer 
on  Chemistry  at  the  same  institution  have 
done  well  in  publishing  this  textbook,  which 
covers  the  course  of  practical  organic 
chemistry  given  at  that  school.  It  is  true 
that  the  course  is  arranged  mainly  for  the  use 
of  students  working  for  particular  examina- 
tions, those  of  the  Board  of  Education  and 
for  a  B.Sc.  degree  ;  this  is  perhaps  inevitable, 
but  the  Board  of  Education  has  recently 
revised  and  improved  its  syllabus,  so  that  the 
evil  is  minimized.  The  book  is  divided  into 
three  parts,  corresponding  with  the  three 
stages  of  the  Board's  examination.  The 
preparations  seem  to  have  been  carefully 
and  wisely  selected,  using  as  far  as  possible 
instances  which  do  not  take  too  long  a  time, 
and  are  therefore  the  more  suitable  for 
evening  classes.  The  number  of  examples 
given  in  each  stag©  is  far  more  than  the 
average  student  will  be  able  to  get  through 
in  an  ordinary  course,  but  the  teacher  can 
make  a  selection  and  distribute  the  work 
among  groups  of  two  or  three  who  have  tho 
opportunity  of  seeing  each  other's  work. 

The  tests  are  well  selected  and  carefully 
described,  and  we  are  sure  that  the  book  will 
provo  useful  in  many  schools  and  colleges 
where  a  course  in  practical  organic  chemistry 
is  followed.  On  p.  107  it  should  have  been 
made  plain  that  in  using  the  bromine-water 
tost  for  phenol  the  bromine  must  be  in  excess. 
A  History  of  Chemistry.  By  Dr.  Hugo 
Bauor.  Translated  by  R.  V.  Stanford. 
(Arnold.)— This  little  book  of  about  230 
octavo  pages  "is  intended  to  supply  students 
of  chemistry  with  an  outlino  of  the  general 
development  of  the  scionce."  It  does  not 
pretend  to  be  a  complete  history,  and  in 
such  a  small  book  it  is  no  doubt  very  diffi- 
cult to  assign  proper  proportions  of  tho 
space  to  be  allotted  to  different  parts  of 
tho  subject.  Every  chemist  may  have  a 
different  idea  as  to  the  relative  importance 
of  various  historical  facts,  but  probably  all 
will  agree  that  tho  Periodic  Law  is  wort  hi  oore 
than  ono  pago  in  such  a  history  of  chemistry. 
Many  chemists  who  have  done  lasting  work 
in  tho  advancement  of  the  science  are  either 


not  mentioned  or  mentioned  bul  rfljrj 

i  j/.,  Bon  lit  is  not  Included,  and 

\\ .  Crooki  i  referred  to  only  as  having 
determined  the  atomic  weight  of  thallium; 
whilst  several  of  the  alchemist*  and  mtro- 
ehemiata  have  comparatively  long  noil 
With  these  perhaps  inevitable  drawbacks  bo 
a  short  history,  the  hook  is  well  and  finally 
written.  A  lew  pages  are  devoted  to  the 
ohemistry  of  the  ancients  and  the  period 
of    alchemy  ;     then    follow     the     periods    of 

iatro-chemistry  and  of  phlogistic  chemistry: 
■   together  occupy   somewhat  less  than 
half  the  hook. 

Part  II.  begins  with  the  period  of  Lavoi- 
followed  by  the  period  of  the  development  of 
organic  chemistry,  which  covers  the  time 
from  the  artificial  production  of  urea  by 
Wdhler  in  1828  until  towards  the  end  of 
the  last  century  :  to  this  period  is  naturally 
devoted  the  most  space,  about  6G  pages. 
A  few  pages  on  the  chemistry  of  the  present 
day,  with  indexes,  conclude  the  volume.  The 
addition  of  a  page  or  two  on  the  progress 
of  physiological  chemistry  and  agricultural 
chemistry  would  be  an  advantage. 

The  translation  is  well  done,  but  on 
pp.  138  and  139  it  should  have  been  made 
clear  that  the  sugar  which  can  be  obtained 
by  treatment  of  starch  with  acids  is  not  the 
same  sugar  which  is  extracted  from  the 
sugar-beet.  Tho  last  sentence  in  the  book, 
whilst  indicating  correctly  tho  nature  and 
use  of  the  little  volume,  perhaps  does  not 
exactly  convey  the  same  idea  to  an  English 
reader  as  the  original. 


LORIMER    FISON. 


The  death  on  December  29th  of  the  Rev. 
Lorimer  Fison  at  his  home  near    Mel  bourne, 
Victoria,  removes  one  of  the  foremost  pioneers 
of  Australian  anthropology.    An  Englishman 
by  birth,  he  was  educated  at  Caius  College, 
Cambridge,  but  did  not  proceed  to  a  degree. 
After   some   years   of   varied   experience    in 
Australia,    he    connected    himself    with    tho 
Wesleyan  missions  there,   and  was  sent  as 
a  missionary  to  Fiji,   where  he  afterwards 
became  the  head  of  a  college  for  the  natives. 
Here    his    courage,    his    tact,    his    linguistic 
gifts,    and    his    earnestness    placed    him    in 
the   first   rank   among   missionaries.     Here, 
too,  he  began  his  career  as  an  anthropologist 
by  contributing  to  the  truly  epoch-making 
work    of    the    American   ethnologist    L.    H. 
Morgan      on      systems      of      consanguinity 
("  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge," 
vol.     xvii.).     After    acquiring    an    intimate 
knowledge  of  the  Fijians,  Mr.  Fison  removed 
to  Australia,  and  entered  on  a  wider  series 
of  investigations  into  the  social  organization 
and  marriage  relationships  of  the  Australian 
tribes.     He  had  the  good  fortune  to  secure 
the  co-operation  of  Dr.  A.  W.  Howitt.  and 
the   two   published     conjointly    the   volume 
'  Kamilaroi  and  Kurnai  '  (Melbourne,  1880), 
which  laid  tho  foundation  of  the  scientific 
study    of    the    Australian   aborigines.     Pro- 
fessional  occupations  prevented   Mr.   Fison 
from  devoting  as  much  time  as  he  wished 
to    ethnology,    but    he    contributed    several 
valuable  papers  to  the  Journal  of  the  Anthro- 
pological  Institute   on  Fijian  customs   and 
the    classifieatory    system    of    relationship. 
In    1904   ho   published   a   volume   of   native 
Fijian  stories  ('  Tales  from  Old  Fiji,'  London, 
the  De  La  More  Press).     About  the  same 
time  his  health,  which  had  been  infirm  for 
some  years,  finally  broke  down,  and  thence- 
forth he  was  entirely  laid  aside  from  active 
work.      But  the  clearness   of  his  mind   and 
his   keen   interest   in   his   favourite   subjects 
never    failed.      The    grant    of   a    pension    on 
the  Civil  List  was  a  proper  and  timely  recog- 
nition  of   his   eminent    services   to   science. 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11, 


1908 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


47 


The  imj  ortance  of  these  services  cannot  be 
fairly  estimated  by  the  amount  of  his  pub- 
lished writings,  though  that  was  not  in- 
considerable. He  perceived  the  far-reach- 
ing significance  of  L.  H.  Morgan's  work, 
and  if  the  principal  conclusions  of  that 
great  investigator  should  ever  be  generally 
accepted,  as  it  appears  probable  that  they 
will  be,  no  man  will  have  contributed  more 
effectively  to  their  demonstration  than 
Lorimer  Fison,  since  it  is  mainly  to  his 
example  and  influence  that  we  owe  an 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  social  organization 
of  the  Australian  tribes  in  which  Morgan's 
theories  find  their  firmest  support.  This 
is  a  service  to  the  science  of  man  of  which 
it  would  be  difficult  to  over-estimate  the 
importance. 

Personally  Mr.  Fison  was  a  man  of  the 
most  upright  and  amiable  character.  To 
know  him  was  to  esteem  and  love  him.  He 
was  a  charming  letter- writer,  for  he  possessed 
a  happy  gift  of  describing  what  he  had  seen 
in  clear,  correct,  and  graphic  English.  He 
leaves  an  invalid  widow  and  a  family  of 
two  sons  and  four  unmarried  daughters. 

J.  G.  F. 


SOCIETIES. 


Microscopical. — Dec.  18. — Mr.  Conrad  Beck, 
V.P.,  in  the  chair. — Mr.  J.  E.  Barnard  exhibited 
some  specimens  of  luminous  bacteria  in  culture 
tubes,  and  also  large  quantities  in  a  solution  in  a 
flask.  On  the  room  being  darkened  the  light  given 
off  by  the  bacteria  was  at  once  apparent,  and  the 
contents  of  the  flask,  when  shaken,  became  very 
luminous.  The  light  produced  was  nearly  mono- 
chromatic, lying  between  the  lines  F  and  t*  of  the 
spectrum.  The  whole  energy  of  these  bacteria 
seemed  to  be  utilized  in  producing  light,  no  heat 
whatever  being  detected.  —  Mr.  Eustace  Large 
exhibited  under  microscopes  a  number  of  specimens 
of  natural  twin-crystals  of  selenite.  The  way  in 
which  the  specimens  had  been  prepared,  and  the 
effects  produced  by  the  varying  angles  at  which 
the  twin-plane  cut  the  cleavage-plane,  were  further 
illustrated  by  diagrams  and  models.  Specimens 
were  exhibited  under  reflecting  polariscopes  made 
for  Mr.  Large  by  the  firm  of  C.  Baker;  under  some 
of  these  were  most  artistic  subjects  made  from 
selenite,  one  representing  a  vase  of  flowers,  and 
another  flowers  and  fruits  with  animals,  such  as 
parrots,  chameleons,  &c. ,  which  changed  colour 
when  a  film  of  mica  below  the  design  wa3  rotated. 
Mr.  Large  also  exhibited  a  small  double-image 
prism  made  from  a  fragment  of  Iceland  spar,  and 
mounted  on  the  nose  of  an  objective,  by  means  of 
which  two  images  of  a  suitable  object  placed  on 
the  stage  with  a  selenite  plate  were  obtained  in 
complementary  colours. — A  paper  by  Mr.  E.  M. 
Nelson  on  Gregory  &  Wright's  microscope  was 
read  by  the  Secretary.  This  microscope  was  de- 
scribed and  illustrated  in  a  rare  book  published  by 
Gregory  &,  Wright  in  1786,  and  was  called  a  "new 
universal  microscope,  which  has  all  the  uses  of  tho 
single,  compound, opaque,  and  aquatic  microscopes." 
The  illustration  shows  it  to  be  similar  to  one  pre- 
sented to  the  Society  in  1899  by  Dr.  Dallinger,  which 
was  then  thought  tohave  been  made  by  Benj.  Martin; 
but  it  now  seems  likely  that  it  was  made  by 
Gregory  &  Wright,  who  were  probably  Martin's 
successors. — Another  paper  by  Mr.  Nelson,  on  '  A 
Correction  for  a  Spectroscope,'  was  also  read  by 
the  Secretary.  It  described  a  device  proposed  by 
the  author  by  which  the  object-glass  of  the  tele- 
scope may  be  automatically  rotated  so  as  always 
to  receive  the  rays  from  any  part  of  the  spectrum 
without  obliquity. — A  paper  by  Mr.  Jas.  Murray 
on  'Some  African  Rotifers'  was  read  by  Mr.  (J.  F. 
Rousselet.  This  described  about  twelve  species  of 
bdelloid  rotifers  from  Old  Calabar,  Uganda,  and 
Madagascar,  among  which  were  one  new  species 
and  two  new  varieties.  In  the  discussion  that 
followed,  Mi-.  Weschd,  referring  to  the  new  species 
from  Uganda,  Callidina  pituuger,  said  that  he 
thought  the  lateral  appendages  were  remarkable, 
and  that  they  might  he  of  similar  function  to  the 
blades  on  the  shoulders  of  Polynrthru  platyptera, 
giving  a  sudden  movement  to  the  animal  to  enable 
it  to  escape  danger. 


Aristotelian. — Jan.  6. — Prof.  G.  Dawes  Hicks, 
V.  P.  in  the  chair. — Mr.  G.  E.  Moore  read  a  paper 
criticizing  '  The  Pragmatist  Theory  of  Truth,'  as 
represented  in  Prof.  W.  James's  recent  book. 
Prof.  James  seems  anxious  to  advocate  three  views 
about  truth,  viz.  (1)  a  view  about  the  connexion  of 
truth  with  utility,  (2)  a  view  about  the  "  muta- 
bility "  of  truth,  (3)  a  view  about  the  part  played 
by  man  in  "  making  truth."  As  regards  (1),  he 
does  not  seem  merely  to  hold  the  commonplace 
that  most  true  beliefs  are  useful,  and  most  useful 
ones  true,  he  seems  to  identify  truth  with  utility. 
And  to  this  identification  there  are  three  objections, 
(a)  As  a  matter  of  empirical  fact,  it  is  not  the 
case  that  all  true  beliefs  are  useful,  and  all 
useful  ones  true  ;  for,  whatever  sense  we  give  to 
"  utility,"  there  are  certainly  many  exceptions 
either  to  the  one  proposition  or  to  the  other,  and 
probably  to  both,  (b)  He  implies  that  any  belief 
which  was  useful  would  be  true,  no  matter  what 
other  conditions  it  might  fail  to  satisfy  ;  that, 
therefore,  beliefs  in  the  existence  of  things  might 
be  true,  even  if  the  things  did  not  exist,  (c)  He 
implies  that  just  as  a  given  belief  may  be  useful  at 
one  time,  and  not  useful  at  another,  so  it  may  be 
true  at  one  time,  and  not  true  at  another.  And 
this  leads  to  (2),  as  to  which  he  seems  to  hold,  not 
merely  (what  is  true)  that  a  fact  may  exist  at  one 
time  and  not  exist  at  another,  and  that  the  same 
words  may  be  true  at  one  time  and  false  at  another, 
but  also  that  a  belief  with  regard  to  what  happened, 
is  happening,  or  will  happen  at  a  particular  time, 
may  be  true  at  one  time,  and  not  true  at  another. 
It  seems  self-evident  that  no  true  beliefs  are 
mutable  in  this  sense.  Finally,  (3)  ho  seems  to 
hold  that  wherever  a  man  plays  a  part  in  making 
a  particular  true  belief  exist,  he  also  plays  a  part 
in  making  it  true.  But  it  seems  to  be  the  ease 
that  man  only  plays  a  part  in  making  his  beliefs 
true  so  far  as  he  plays  a  part  in  making  exist  the 
things  which  he  believes  to  exist  ;  and  hence  it  is 
very  doubtful  whether  he  plays  any  part  at  all  in 
making  true  an  immense  number  of  his  true 
beliefs. 


Mo.w 


MEETINGS  NEXT  WEEK. 
Royal   Academy,    4.— 'Criticism,'   No.    II.,    Sir    Hubert   von 
Herkomcr. 

—  London  Institution,  5.—'  The  Evidence  for  Life  in  Mars,'  Mr. 

A.  R.  Hinks. 

—  Surveyors'  Institution,  8.—' Foreshore  Erosion  and  Reclama- 

tion,' Prof.  H.  Robinson. 

—  Geographical,  8,;!0.— '  Among  the  Volcanoes  of  Guatemala  and 

St.  Vincent,'  l>r.  Tempest  Anderson. 
Ties.    Royal  Institution, .!.— 'The  Internal  Earof  Different  Animals,' 
Lecture  L,  Dr.  A.  A.  Gray. 

—  Asiatic,  4.— 'The  Coinage  of  Nepal,'  Mr.  E.  H.  Walsh. 

—  Colonial  Institute,  8.— 'Ceylon  of  To-day,'  Sir  Henry  Blake. 

—  Institution  of   Civil  Engineers,  8.— Discussion  on  '  Kcyham 

Dockyard  Extension.' 

—  Zoological,  S.30. 

Wed.     Meteorological,  7. .10. —Annual  Meeting;   Presidents  Address 
on  '  Map-Studies  of  Rainfall.' 

—  Entomological,  8.— Annual  Meeting. 

—  Folk-lore.  8.— Annual  Meeting  ;  President's  Address. 

—  Microscopical.  8.— 'On  the  Microscope  as  an  Aid  to  the  Study 

of  the  Biology  of  Insects,  with  Special  Reference  to  the 
Food,'  Mr.  W.  Wesche. 

—  Society  of  Arts,  8.— 'Screen-Plate  Processes  of  Colour  Photo- 

graphy,' Dr.  0.  E.  Kenneth  Mecs. 
Tiiius.  Royal  Institution,  3.— 'The  Building  of  Britain,'  Lecture  I., 
Prof.  W.  W.  Watts. 

—  Royal  Academy,  4.— 'Art  loves  Chance,  and  Chance  loves  Art,' 

Sir  Hubert  von  Hcrkomer. 

—  Royal  Society,  4.30. 

—  Society   of   Arts,  4.30.— 'Indian  Agriculture,'  Mr.  II.  Stavely 

Lawrence. 

—  Historical,  5.— 'Some  Unpublished  Notices  of  the  Family  of 

Yorke  under  George  III..'  .Mr.  Basil  Williams. 

—  London  Institution,  6.—'  Flames,'  Mr.  I.  S  Scarf. 

—  Linncan.  8.  — '  Brassica  Crosses'  and  'Notes  on  Wild  Types  of 

Tuber-bearing  Solanums,'  Mr.  A.  W.  Sutton;  'Revision  of 
the  Genus  llligera,  Blutne,'  Mr.  S.  T.  Dunn;  '  New  Ooniferas 
of  Formosa,'  Mr.  BunzO  Hayata. 

—  Chemical,  8.30. — *  Colour  and  Constitution  of  Azo-Coinpound*,' 

Part  11.,  Messrs.  ,J.  .T.  Pox  and  .).  T.  Hewitt;  The  Oxidation 
of  Aromatic  Hydrazines  by  Metallic  Oxides,  Permanganates, 
and  Chromates,'  Mr.  V   I>.  Chattaway  ;  and  oilier  Papers. 

—  Society    of    Antiquaries.    8.30.  —  '  Rcceut     Excavations    on 
Lansdown,  Bath.   Mr.T.  S.  Hush. 

Institution    of    Civil     Engineers,    s.  —  'The    Principles    of 

Engineering    Geology,'    Lecture     II.,     Dr.     II.    Lapworth. 

(Students'  Meeting. I 
Institution  of  Uechanii  a]  Engineers,  R  —'Third  Report  to  the 

Gas-F.ngine  Research  Committee,'  Prof.  F.  W.  Burstall. 
Royal  Institution,  9.—' The  Centenary  of  Daty's  Discovery  of 

the  Metals  of  the  Alkalis,'  Prof.  T.  E.  Thorpe. 
Royal    Institution,    ".  —  'The    Electrification    of    Railways,' 

Lecture  I.,  Prof.  Gisbeit  Kapp. 


Fki. 


^rirnrc  (Tu.sr.ip. 

Mr.  Young  J.  Pentland  of  Edinburgh 
has  relinquished  his  publishing  business 
in  favour  of  Mr.  Henry  Frowde,  Oxford 
University  Press,  and  Messrs.  Hodder  & 
Stoughton.  The  copyright  volumes  trans 
ferred  include  several  important  scientific 
manuals.  These  will  for  the  future  be  pub- 
lished i',\  the  two  (inns  just  mentioned, 

Pbof.    Albert    Hoffa,    the    well  known 
orthopaedist,    whose   death    at   the    age   of 


forty-seven  is  announced  from  Cologne, 
was  born  at  Richmond  in  South  Africa. 
He  studied  at  Marburg  and  Freiburg  i.  B., 
was  professor  at  the  University  of  WiArzburg, 
and  was  subsequently  appointed  Director 
of  the  Poliklinik  for  Orthopaedic  Surgery 
at  Berlin.  He  was  the  author  of  a  number 
of  valuable  works,  among  them  '  Lehrbuch 
der  orthopadischen  Chirurgie,'  '  Technik 
und  Massage,'  and  '  Frakturen  und  Luxa- 
tionen.' 

The  Geological  Society  will  this  year 
award  its  medals  and  fluids  as  follows  : 
the  Wollaston  Medal  to  Prof.  Paul  Groth, 
of  Munich  ;  the  Murchison  Medal  to  Prof. 
A.  C.  Seward  ;  and  the  Lyell  Medal  to  Mr. 
R.  D.  Oldham.  The  Wollaston  Fund  goes 
to  Mr.  H.  H.  Thomas  ;  the  Murchison  Fund 
to  Miss  Ethel  G.  Skeat  ;  and  the  Lyell  Fund 
to  Mr.  H.  J.  Osborne  White  and  Mr.  T.  F. 
Sibly. 

The  death  is  announced  in  the  seventy- 
ninth  year  of  his  age,  of  Prof.  Asaph  Hall. 
Born  in  Connecticut  on  October  15th,  1829, 
he  became  an  assistant  in  Harvard  College 
Observatory  in  1857,  and  was  appointed 
one  of  the  astronomers  of  the  Naval  Observa- 
tory in  1862,  and  Professor  of  Astronomy 
at  Ann  Arbor,  Michigan,  in  1901.  He  took 
part  in  several  eclipse  and  other  scientific 
expeditions,  and  enriched  many  depart- 
ments of  astronomy  by  his  labours  ;  but 
he  will  always  be  best  remembered  by  his 
discovery  of  the  two  little  satellites  of  Mars 
(a  planet  till  then  supposed  to  be  moonless) 
at  Washington  in  1877,  for  which  he  was 
awarded  the  Gold  Medal  of  the  Royal 
Astronomical  Society  of  London  in  1879. 

In  the  course  of  Madame  Ceraski's 
examination  of  photographic  plates  taken 
by  M.  Blajko  at  the  Moscow  Observatory, 
she  detected  variability  in  another  star 
in  the  constellation  Auriga,  and  the  fact 
of  change  was  afterwards  confirmed  by  visual 
observations.  When  brightest,  the  star 
is  of  only  the  eleventh  magnitude  ;  but  at 
other  times  it  is  invisible,  even  on  plates 
on  which  stars  of  12£  magnitude  are  de- 
picted. In  a  general  list  it  will  be  reckoned 
as  var.  181,  1907,  Aurigse. 

M.  Gonnessiat  has  been  appointed 
Director  of  the  Algiers  Observatory,  to 
replace  the  late  M.  Trepied  ;  and  M.  Bourget 
of  Toulouse  succeeds  M.  Stephan,  who  has 
resigned  the  Directorship  at  Marseilles, 
as  mentioned  in  our  '  Science  Gossip  '  on  tho 
14th  ult. 


FINE   ARTS 


OLD  MASTERS  AT  THE  ACADEMY. 

At  Burlington  House  an  exhibition  of 
somewhat  mixed  quality,  yet  full  of  interest 
for  picture-lovers,  demonstrates  once  more 
the  large  number  of  tint-  works  which  remain 
in  private  collections  in  this  country.  As 
on  several  occasions  recently,  one  of  the 
most  attractive  features  in  the  show  is  the 
croup  of  early  pictures  in  the  first  room. 
Of  these  the  Mary  Tudor  (I)  of  Lucas  de 
Heere,  contributed  by  Sir  Cuthbert  Quilter, 
if  not  new  to  London  exhibitions,  is  none 
the  less  welcome  for  its  technical  finish  and 
refinement    of    vision.     The    same    subtle 

spirituality  marks  the  Gabrirllc  de  Bourbon 
(Hi)  of  Francois  Clouet ;  while  the  two 
portraits  of  men  (S  and  11)  hanging  to 
balance  one  another,  and  catalogued  respect- 
ively as  "  Early  Flemish  "  and  Corneilfe  de 
Lyons,  are  hardly  less  perfect.  Chancellor 
ll<  nart,  by  Corneille  de  Lyons,  is  a  delicately 
rendered    head    in   the   manner  of   Clouei  : 

the  other  approximates  rather  to  the  style 
of    Malaise    in    its    tones    of    deep    green    and 


L8 


T  II  i;     AT  II  KN.K  U  M 


No.   U85,  .Ian.  11,1 


black  and  i(>  Strong  DIM  for  certain  kind     "I 

modelling.  Very  interesting  is  the  com- 
parison of  tin-t'  two  portraits,  each  appa- 
rently the  result  "i  the  most,  deternuned 
literalism,  but  in  effect  so  different. 

Here  we  have  a  quartet  of  portraits  of  the 
highest  beauty  and  power,  ami  these  arc. 
flanks!  by  others  only  a  little  less  perfeot. 

The    two    main    heads     (17    and     IS),    rather 

blaok  m  colour,  contributed  by  Mr.  H.  S. 
Benson,  are, )  articularly  the  former,  inferior 
to    these    in    decorative    beauty,    though 

hardly  in  human  expressiveness  (thoy  look 
German  rather  than,  as  they  are  described, 
sixteenth-century  French)  ;  and  two  admir- 
able works  of  British  origin  also  fall  just 
lx  low  tho  standard  of  the  best  of  their 
neighbours.  Lord  William  West  (2),  by  William 
Stretes,  is  a  vigorous,  healthy  presentment 
of  a  vigorous  personality.  It  has  not  the 
calm  completeness  with  which  Holbein 
might  have  endowed  such  a  picture,  and 
the  frame  cuts  it  awkwardly  ;  but  of  a 
noble  school  it  is  a  good  example,  if  wanting 
the  final  envelope  of  grandeur  and  style.  The 
two-sided  panel  of  the  ninth  Baron  Glamis 
and  his  secretary  (21)  shows  two  portraits 
of  boys  by  an  unknown  painter  of  great 
refinement :  only  the  treatment  of  a  hand 
in  each  case  suggests  a  limitation  in  his 
training  outside  the  special  requirements  of 
portraiture. 

All  these  portraits  breathe  an  atmosphere 
of  seriousness  and  distinction,  and  the 
pictures  other  than  portraits  on  the  wall 
beside  them  are  not  less  decorative,  if  they 
have  hardly  the  same  intense  sincerity.  The 
fifteenth-century  triptj'di  (13),  contributed 
by  Mr.  Fairfax  Murray,  and  No.  19  (The 
Adoration  of  the  Kings,  by  Herri  Met  de 
Bles),  lent  by  Messrs.  Duveen,  are  picturesque 
rather  than  expressive  ;  the  latter  in  par- 
ticular, like  certain  Italian  work  of  the  same 
time,  with  its  grotesque  and  fantastic  wealth 
of  detail,  its  hard,  calligraphic  audacity  of 
curls  and  twists,  appeals,  and  must  always 
have  appealed,  to  our  love  rather  of  the 
astonishing  than  of  the  beautiful.  Both 
these  triptychs,  however,  as  well  as  the  little 
Temptation  by  Gerhardt  David  (12),  add 
picturesqueness  and  glamour  to  this  first 
wall  of  the  exhibition,  which  holds  a  collec- 
tion of  unusual  interest. 

The  rest  of  tho  room  is  certainly  not  up 
to  tho  same  standard.  Vittore  Crivelli  is 
represented  by  a  Virgin  and  Child  (22) 
which  shows  him  as  but  a  weaker  repro- 
duction of  his  greater  brother.  We  prefer 
the  sound,  if  somewhat  uninspired  Two 
Saints  (23),  lent  by  the  Earl  of  Plymouth — 
Giottesque  in  their  simplicity  and  avoidance 
of  non-essentials.  Most  of  the  other  pictures 
in  the  room  are  of  slightly  decadent  character, 
even  when,  as  with  tho  early  Italian  Exe- 
cutioner with  the  Head  of  John  the  Baptist 
(29)  or  the  Virgin  and  Child  said  to  be  by 
Botticelli  (32),  the  imputed  date  is  earlier 
than  that  at  which  an  historian  would 
allow  decadence  to  have  set  in.  The  latter 
of  these  pictures  is  superficially  very  attrac- 
tive. A  rich  piece  of  decoration,  and 
evidently  inspired  by  themaster,  its  draughts- 
manship has  neither  tho  intense  significance 
of  his  more  realistic  mood  nor  the  perfect 
rhythm  of  his  more  mystic  imaginings.  We 
should  regard  it  as  the  work  of  a  clever 
follower  belonging — and  still  more  obviously 
the  Adoration  (30),  ascribed  to  Bonifazio, 
and  tho  Venetian  Virgin  and  Child  (34) — 
to  tho  class  of  work  which  aims  only  at 
the  easy  reproduction  of  some  pictorial 
recipe  of  established  popularity.  Both  these 
are  rather  cloying  in  their  determination  to 
be  rich  and  mellow  at  any  cost,  but  in  the 
latter  lingers  the  charm  of  a  Bellinesque 
design  not  without  distinction.  A  little 
dull,    but    of    excellent    quality,    arc    two 


portraits  bj    Moroni  (88)  and   Domenlohino 
(.'!)  respectively  ;    while  the  presentments  of 

Mich  ml  Angela  (l)  and  Polm  //••<  (24)  ; 
their  interval    more  from  their  sitters  than 
from  the  intrinsic  merits  of  the  painting. 

In  ill"  second  room  a  tiny  full-length  by 
<  lonzalee  I  toques  (40)  is,  in  slightly  common- 
place fashion,  a  miracle  of  execution,  and 
much  to  he  preferred  to  the  alleged  Terburg 
(39)  hung  above  it.  This,  in  our  opinion, 
is  a  OOpy.  A  "still  life"  by  Snyders  (44)  and 
Flowers  and  Fruit  by  Van  Os  (76)  have  an 
obvious  splendour  which  brightens  this 
gathering  of  the  dingier  little  Dutch  masters. 
The  Interior  of  a  Church  (48),  by  Emanuel 
do  Witte,  is  one  of  tho  better  of  these,  cool 
and  refined  among  a  not  very  distinguished 
company  of  Teniers  and  Ostade  and  Wouver- 
mans  and  the  like,  of  which  certain  land- 
scapes— a  beautiful  little  Cuyp  (77),  a  some- 
what too  thin  Van  Goyen  (71),  and  an 
example  of  that  rarely  seen  painter  Hercules 
Segers  (72) — are  not  the  least  interesting. 
A  Cavalier  Drinking  (64),  by  Jan  le  Ducq, 
stands  apart  from  its  surroundings  by  its 
reserve,  a  technical  fastidiousness  as  of  some 
enameller  carrying  out  with  calm  perfection 
a  prearranged  scheme  of  coat  after  coat  of 
creamy,  lacquer-like  pigment.  Only  a  slight 
turbulence  in  the  contours  of  the  silhouette 
seems  a  little  out  of  sympathy  with  the 
mood  of  a  picture  which  is  in  some  respects 
worthy  of  Vermeer.  It  fills  to  a  certain 
extent  the  place  which  expectation  had 
prepared  for  the  Soldiers  Quarrelling  ascribed 
to  Antonio  and  Louis  Lenain.  But  that  has 
none  of  the  purity  of  taste  and  noble  serious- 
ness of  aim  which  make  the  appearance  of 
these  painters  late  in  the  history  of  French 
art  something  of  an  anachronism. 

The  first  half  of  the  contents  of  the  large 
third  room  is  not  a  particularly  inspiriting 
collection,  though  passing  under  such  names 
as  Turner  and  Claude,  Rembrandt  and 
Titian,  Rubens,  Tintoretto,  and  Van  Dyck. 
This  is  not  meant,  of  course,  to  imply  that  the 
attributions  are  in  every  case  erroneous. 
That  tho  much-damaged  head  in  Capt. 
Hey  wood  Lonsdale's  portrait  of  a  lady  (126) 
was  worked  on  by  Rubens  is  as  certain  as 
that  little  else  in  the  picture  was  ;  and  were 
it  possible  satisfactorily  to  clean  it,  there 
might  still  emerge  a  fine  piece  of  painting. 
The  four  Claudes  are  probably  genuine, 
though  second-rate,  and  the  "  Rembrandt  " 
(125)  is  very  like  a  Rembrandt  in  everything 
but  the  state  of  mind  it  betrays  in  the  painter; 
while  the  "Turner"  (116)  has  presumably 
excellent  documentary  evidence  behind  it, 
or  it  would  never  have  been  accepted  as 
such  at  all.  On  the  other  hand,  we  cannot 
accept  as  Titian's  the  coarsely  painted 
portrait  of  Cliarlcs  Quint  (127).  Such  a 
detail  as  the  lips  is  incredible  when  we  think 
of  the  nicety  and  precision  with  which  that 
hand  would  have  moulded  them.  The 
armour,  indeed,  in  this  picture,  as  the  sleeve 
in  a  picture  recently  added  to  the  National 
Gallery,  supports  an  attribution  whichin  both 
instances  the  painting  of  the  head  denies. 
Neither  do  we  see  much  of  the  hand  of 
Rubens  in  tho  dowdy  Queen  Esther  (132) — 
whose  train  makes  tho  most  comical  failure 
at  imparting  dignity  of  any  train  ever 
painted — or  of  the  power  of  Van  Dyck  in 
the  cold  and  heavy  King  Cliarlcs  I.  and  his 
Family  (130). 

Among  such  indifferent  surroundings, 
the  standard  of  which  is  not  notably  raised 
by  a  couple  of  Murillos  of  typical  mawkish- 
ness,  Sustermans,  with  a  pair  of  virile 
works,  1ms  the  bearing  of  a  great  master. 
His  lady's  portrait  (121)  is  like  a  Van  Dyck 
of  the  ( Genoese  period,  exoept  that  in  the  face 
the  paint  is  not  so  "  short,"  and  has,  for  all 
its  clear-cut  contour,  something  of  the 
perfect  fluidity  which  with  Van    Dyck  came 


later,     it  is  full  of  .  and, 

We  fancy,  i-  an  earlier  \\ork  than  the  Portrait 
of  a  Man    (12S),  which  bus  u  more  challi 

ing  pi'   <  dj  e,  with  more  obvious  virtual  and 

faul-  only     painter     in     the     room 

wiio     can       stand       beside      Su-termans      w 
Holds,    whose     group      of     Th<      Misses 
Payne  (147)  is  altogi  ther  delightful  u 
and  the  painting  of  the  figures.    Perhai 
r     parallelism     is    desirable     beta 
the   impaste  of  the  paint  and  the  pla 
structure  of  the  group,  for  as  it  Ls  the  side 
of  the  harpsichord  lias  an  annoying  want  of 
solidity.      Yet  the  error,  if  it  is  one,  i- 
allied    to    the    unwonted    daintiness    of    t 
unique  work,   which   makes  it  so  refreshing 
a    contrast     to    the    cloying     sentiment     of 
Sir     Joshua's     more     popular     manner,     as 
exemplified   in  Lady  Elizabeth   Herbert    and 
her  Son  (145).     The  portrait  group  lent    by 
Lieut. -Col.  Home  Drummond  (150)  Ls  another 
Reynolds  of  unusual  dignity,  worthy  of  the 
best  tradition  of  Van  Dyck  ;   while  a  Master 
Bunbury  (155)  shows  him  for  once  treating 
childhood    with    complete    literalness    and 
naturalism.     Romney     alongside     of     such 
works  appears   here    only    as    a  wonderful 
practitioner. 

In  Room  IV.  are  a  subtly  charming  Gains- 
borough, Sir  John  Sebright  (163)  ;  Cotman's 
powerfully  designed  Windmills  (181);  an 
unobtrusive  grey  river-piece  by  Solomon 
van  Ruysdael  (185),  most  justly  expressed, 
with  boats  that  really  move  ;  and  an 
impressive  portrait  of  Aubrey  de  Vcre  of 
doubtful  authorship  (161).  The  principal 
feature  of  the  room,  however,  is  Crome's 
splendid  Poringland  Oak  (170),  an  example 
of  the  careful  and  loving  delineation  com- 
bined with  broad  vision  which  modern 
landscape  painters  seem  no  longer  even  to 
desire.  The  sky  is  the  least  satisfactory 
part  of  it,  as  it  is  the  finest  part  of  the  smaller 
view  of  Norwich  alongside  (177). 

It  is  a  commonplace  to  say  that  the  room 
devoted  to  the  work  of  the  late  James  Clarke 
Hook  would  gain  if  the  figures  could  be 
eliminated  from  most  of  them.  This  is 
not  due  to  any  want  of  a  figure-painter's 
training,  but  is  owing  to  a  curious  colour- 
blindness that  allowed  him  to  paint  figures 
in  the  most  monotonously  hot  tones,  even 
in  a  setting  flooded  with  cool  blue  light. 
The  Day  for  the  Lighthouse  (187)  would  be  a 
delightful  work  but  for  this  blemish,  the 
complex  range  of  tone  in  sea  and  sand  and 
sky  being  rendered  with  admirable  truth, 
and  married  to  a  draughtsmanship  at  the 
same  time  broad  and  closely  searching. 
He  rarely  did  a  sky  so  fine  as  in  this,  which 
is  on  the  whole  the  best  and  most  typical 
of  his  works  here,  though  Brimming  Holland 
(189)  keeps  a  more  satisfactory  level,  because 
for  once  the  figures  are  cool  in  colour  and 
just  in  tone. 

Here  is  a  lengthy  catalogue  of  the  contents 
of  the  galleries,  yet  perhaps  the  most 
important  feature  has  still  to  be  considered, 
for  the  collection  of  the  works  of  Hogarth 
and  Zoffany  in  the  Water-Colour  Room 
offers  a  uniquo  opportunity  of  studying  a 
certain  side  of  British  art.  A  word  may 
first  be  said  about  the  large  group  The  Pitt 
Family  (93),  attributed  to  Gainsborough. 
principally,  we  imagine,  on  the  strength  of 
the  landscape  part  of  it,  which  undoubtedly 
has  many  of  his  characteristics.  Tho 
figures  as  definitely  lack  them,  for  even 
in  the  earliest  and  most  careful  of  Cains- 
borough's  work  we  find  that  manner  of 
approaching  form  always  by  following  the 
surface  which  in  later  life  led  him  to  the 
broken  stroke  feeling  its  way  over  every 
feature,  which  is  his  strongly  personal 
characteristic  among  English  eighteenth- 
century  painters.  Here  we  have  an  artist 
.    -entially   less  sensitive  to  tactile  impres- 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


49 


sions,  but  with  a  stronger  grasp  of  absolute 
dimensions.  He  knows  his  form  more  con- 
fidently than  Gainsborough,  and  feels  his 
way  less.  Toms,  Reynolds's  assistant,  has 
been  suggested  as  the  man  ;  but  if  it  be 
indeed  his,  it  is  an  extraordinarily  fine 
example.  One  or  two  of  the  women's  heads 
are  not  specially  successful,  but  the  ordon- 
nance  of  the  whole  composition  is  admirable, 
and  the  child  with  the  dog  a  delightful 
episode. 

The  Hogarths  are  supremely  interesting, 
and  full  of  fine  passages  ;  but  it  cannot  be 
denied  that  seen  together  they  give  an 
impression  of  carelessness — of  cheerfully 
accepted  imperfection.  The  Green-Room, 
Drury  Lane  (79),  and  the  small  Judges  (84) 
are  technically  perfect  things,  showing  a 
high  power  of  realization  (the  latter,  inimit- 
able in  its  rendering  of  the  heavy,  somnolent 
atmosphere,  anticipates  Daumier).  Such 
works  as  The  Beggar's  Opera  (85),  too,  or  the 
Woman  swearing  a  Child  to  a  Respectable 
Citizen  (81),  or,  more  evidently  slight,  the 
Staymaker  (100)  and  the  scenes  from  '  Hudi- 
bras  '  (97,  99,  101),  are  as  beautifully  con- 
structed technically,  though  they  remain 
sketchy  in  their  rendering  of  nature.  With 
almost  all  the  others,  however,  we  are  driven 
to  select  for  admiration  certain  fragments 
of  a  composition  unsatisfactory  as  a  whole, 
even  if  it  bears  everywhere  the  evidence  that 
its  painter  possessed  both  the  technique  and 
intellectual  power  necessary  for  complete 
execution.  Of  these  fragmentary  passages 
we  may  cite  the  falling  comedians  in 
Southwark  Fair  (87)  ;  the  two  side  groups 
of  the  Music  Piece  (89)  ;  and  the  passage 
containing  the  gentleman  and  the  negro 
servant  exquisitely  set  in  the  background 
of  the  Wollaston  Family  (106).  Such  paint- 
ing speaks  of  an  artist  of  princely  gifts 
touchingly  absorbed  in  his  work,  and  it  is 
difficult  to  understand  how,  with  his 
feeling  for  the  finest  harmony  and  means 
of  achieving  it,  he  could  again  and  again 
paint  interiors  from  which  the  different 
groups  and  figures  flash  out  in  an  arbitrary 
and  petty  fashion.  Nature  seldom  offered 
to  art  the  raw  material  for  a  better  workman. 

Zoffany  was  a  man  of  less  varied  gifts,  but 
in  a  smaller  way  his  Dr.  Hanson  of  Canter- 
bury (95)  is  perhaps  a  more  perfect  picture 
than  any  here  by  Hogarth.  Its  colour  is 
deep-toned  and  tranquil  ;  its  character- 
drawing  keen,  but  unobtrusive  ;  its  land- 
scape, from  whatever  hand,  perfectly  in 
accord  with  the  figure.  It  is  a  picture  we 
should  like  to  see  in  the  National  Gallery. 
The  Children  of  the  Fourth  Duke  of  Devon- 
shire (108)  has  more  the  look  of  a  Zoffany 
than  of  a  Hogarth,  as  it  is  described  ;  nor  are 
its  qualities  those  we  should  expect  a 
painter  to  drop  into  in  the  last  few  years  of 
his  life.  The  manner  in  which  the  figures 
are  set  in  the  background  is  excellent  ;  but 
we  submit  that  internal  evidence  would 
never  point  to  Hogarth  as  the  painter. 

A  small  collection  of  water-colours  includes 
attractive  drawings  by  Turner  and  De  Wint  ; 
but  the  outstanding  feature  of  the  show  is 
a  serious  and  dignified  work,  The  Byre  (219), 
by  William  Hunt,  an  artist  rarely,  if  ever, 
seen  to  such  advantage. 


NOTES    FROM    PARIS. 

There  is  great  mystery  about  the  pre- 
parations now  being  made  by  our  artists 
for  the  "  Salon  "  of  an  Industrial  Ex- 
hibition to  take  place  in  London.  Whatever 
the  members  of  our  Committee  say,  the 
British  people  must  not  expect  to  see  a 
collection  of  works  which  will  afford  a  com 
plete  view  of  modern  French  art.  The 
Committee,  being  mostly  composed  of 
painters   and    sculptors    who    work    for    the 


Ministere  des  Beaux-Arts,  show  already 
in  their  invitations  a  marked  preference 
for  official  artists.  To  these  they  generously 
distribute  the  four  hundred  places  at  their 
disposal.  The  discontented  pretend  that 
such  generosity  is  to  the  detriment  of  that 
talent  which  obtains  the  public  preference 
in  France.  Dissensions  are  already  occur- 
ring among  the  organizers.  Rodin,  in  par- 
ticular, refuses  to  form  part  of  the  Com- 
mittee, in  which  he  has  not  been  offered 
the  first  place.  He  will  not  act,  but  doubt- 
less he  will  be  represented  by  an  example 
belonging  to  the  Luxembourg  or  some 
other  State  museum.  The  well-informed 
believe  that  he  will  alter  his  decision. 

While  the  Government  offers  no  grant, 
the  Exhibition  still  remains,  in  France, 
official.  It  appears  also  that  an  ex-Member 
of  our  Parliament  has  supplied  this  want 
by  giving  100,000  francs  to  the  Committee 
for  the  erection  of  a  pavilion  worthy  of 
sheltering  the  contributions  of  French 
artists,  some  of  which  he  hopes  to  buy  to 
adorn  his  country  house. 

To  console  themselves  for  not  taking 
the  best  part  in  this  Exhibition,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  International  Society  (founded 
by  Whistler)  give  to  their  own  shows 
a  more  than  ordinary  importance.  It  is 
probable  that  they  will  decide  to 
have  in  London  a  '  Retrospective  Exhibi- 
tion of  Fair  Women  '  from  1848.  As  a 
result  of  a  similar  exhibition  held  at  Bagatelle 
last  summer,  M.  Jacques  Blanche  makes 
appeal  to  all  our  collectors  of  portraits, 
and  has  been  promised  the  famous  Cabanels 
and  other  popular  pictures.  C.  G. 


THE    AURELIAN    WALL    AT    ROME. 

Not  only  archaeologists,  but  also  the 
educated  public  generally,  have  heard 
with  poignant  regret  of  the  lecent 
partial  demolition  of  the  Aurelian  wall 
between  the  Porta  Pinciana  and  the  Porta 
Salara,  by  order  of  the  Municipality  of 
Rome.  Indeed,  to  point  to  an  equally 
flagrant  destruction  of  one  of  the  most 
famous  historic  relics  of  the  past,  one  has 
to  go  back  to  the  days  when  the  mediaeval 
Popes  and  barons  used  the  monuments  of 
Imperial  Rome  as  quarries  whence  they  ex- 
tracted the  stone  with  which  they  built  their 
palaces  and  towers.  Students  of  art  and 
history — Italians  as  well  as  foreigners — have 
too  often  in  our  own  time  had  to  protest 
against  the  damage  done  to  ancient  build- 
ings in  Italy  by  injudicious  restoration.  In 
those  cases,  at  least,  the  restorers  put  forth 
(it  may  charitably  be  supposed,  in  good 
faith)  the  stock  arguments  we  know  so  well. 
Nothing  of  this  can  be,  or  has  been,  ad- 
vanced in  the  present  instance.  The  level- 
ling of  the  wall  serves  no  end  of  convenience 
or  necessity.  It  is  simply  the  mischievous 
prank  of  irresponsible  individuals,  who,  find- 
ing themselves  masters  of  Rome,  take  this 
opportunity  of  asserting  their  despotic 
authority. 

Foreigners  will  naturally  ask  why  the 
Municipality  of  Home,  was  given  over  to  the 
party  whose  aims  and  ends  are  known  to 
all  intelligent  Italians.  They,  at  any  rate, 
cannot  have  been  unaware  of  the  doctrines 
which  for  the  last  dozen  years  have  been 
proclaimed  by  Socialist  and  Anarchist 
journals,  and  which  have  been  diffused 
broadcast  over  the  country,  penetrating  oven 
to  the  smallest  villages.  It  is  a  literature 
which  is  almost  unknown  to  foreigners,  but 
which,  in  the  face  of  recent  events,  should 
no  longer  be  ignored,  for  it  exercises 
a  deplorable  influence  on  the  Italian  work- 
ing mon  and  the  peasantry.  As  to  the 
doctrines  of   the,   two   wings   of  the  revolu- 


tionary party  respecting  the  monuments, 
they  virtually  point  to  their  abolition. 
They  have  come  to  the  conclusion  that  Italy 
is  to  enter  on  a  new  career,  and  it  follows 
that  she  must  be  cut  adrift  from  the  past, 
and  as  a  preliminary  step  her  records  and 
monuments  must  be  wiped  out.  In  short,  it 
is  an  effective  illustration  of  the  first  article 
in  Major  Pawkins's  creed,  "  Run  a  moist  pen 
slick  through  everything,  and  start  afresh." 

But  that  the  Socialist  doctrines  on  these 
matters  were  not  mere  theoretical  opinions 
was  shown  when,  three  years  ago,  the  party 
succeeded  in  capturing  the  municipal  govern- 
ment of  Bologna.  One  of  their  first  acts  on 
that  occasion  was  to  place  the  City  Library 
under  the  management  of  a  distributore — an 
attendant  who  gives  the  books  to  the  readers 
— and  to  abolish  the  office  of  the  Keeper  of 
the  City  Museum.  They  dared  not  shut  up 
the  Museum  and  Library  offhand,  but  they 
took  the  first  step  towards  it.  This  must 
have  been  known  to  the  Government,  and  it 
might  naturally  have  been  expected  that  it 
would  at  least  keep  the  conservation  of  the 
national  monuments  in  its  own  hands.  Only 
a  short  time  back  the  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction  made  a  pompous  announcement 
of  his  intentions  with  reference  to  the  monu- 
ments and  the  national  art  treasures.  One 
item  of  the  performance  was  the  "  archaeo- 
logical promenade  "  (!),  which  was  to  be  con- 
structed in  Rome.  It  would  be  interesting 
to  learn  if  the  demolition  of  the  Aurelian  wall 
forms  part  of  the  scheme.  Public  opinion 
has  surely  a  right  to  know  this.  Further, 
who  in  future  will  be  responsible  for  the  pre- 
servation of  the  ancient  monuments  at 
Rome  ?  To  whom,  since  all  are  in  danger, 
can  the  appeal  for  their  preservation 
be  made  ?  It  is  related  that  one  of 
the  most  picturesque  and  historically 
important  stretches  of  the  old  Byzantine 
walls  of  Constantinople  owes  its  preserva- 
tion to  the  prompt  action  of  an  English 
ambassador  to  the  Porte  in  the  last  century. 
The  story  is  that  his  excellency,  who  was 
a  man  of  fine  taste  and  culture,  was 
accustomed  to  take  his  daily  ride  along 
the  road  outside  the  walls  of  Stamboul, 
which,  indeed,  offers  a  series  of  pictures 
remarkable  for  their  grave  beauty  and 
touching  associations.  One  fine  afternoon 
the  ambassador,  observing  an  unusual  stir 
at  an  especially  interesting  part  of  the 
Byzantine  fortifications,  rode  up  to  the 
spot,  and  there  learnt  that  preparations 
were  being  made  to  demolish  the  wall  for 
building  materials  (the  permission  to  do  so 
had  been  given  by  the  Sultan  to  his 
mother).  Straightway  the  ambassador  rode 
to  the  Imperial  Palace  and  demanded  an 
audienco  with  the  Sultan.  The  details  of 
the  reception  or  the  arguments  employed 
by  his  excellency  were  unknown  ;  the  result, 
however,  was  that  the  nefarious  project  was 
forthwith  abandoned.  In  the  present  case 
the  appeal  must  be  made  to  intelligent 
Italians  throughout  the  country.  Already 
we  hoar  that  the  more  important  journals, 
both  of  Northern  and  Southern  Italy,  are 
unanimous  in  their  condemnation  of  the 
outrage.  In  Rome  itself  one  authoritative 
voice  has  given  expression  to  the  national 
"sorrow,  shame,  and  disgust,"  but  Prof. 
Boni  is  a  North  Italian,  and  not  a  Roman. 
Readers  of  Gregorovius's  '  History  of  the 
City  of  Rome  in  the  Middle  Ages '  will 
remember  that  in  the  course  of  his  narra- 
tive the  historian  cites  letters  from 
foreigners  describing  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Romans  at  various  times 
of  the  mediaeval  period,  and  that  the 
writers  are  pretty  unanimous  and  outspoken 
in  their  verdicts.  Apparently,  in  certain 
re  peots,  the  Romans  are  not  much  given  to 
change. 


.-)() 


T  ii  E    AT  ii  i:\m-:  r  m 


No.  418.,,  .Ian.  11,  1908 


3ft nr- Art  (CJoiiGip. 


Tin  Burlington  Magatint  printi  this 
month  its  tlurd  editorial  article  oonoerning 
the  deeore>tion  of  the  Palace  of  Westminster, 
bing  a  competition  by  selected 
members  of  societies  rather  than  individuals. 
A  beginning  might  bo  made 

"bjT  the   selection   of    twenty  t"\ir    artists;    twelve 

of  these  would  be  nominated  by  the  Royal  Aca- 
demy, and  twelve  by  the  outside  societies,  each 
society  naturally  picking  the  two  or  three  memU-rs 


of   its   body  who,  by  the  consent  of  their  fellows, 

"  iea 
work. 


were   best  qualified    to    produce    fine  decorative 


The  scheme  seems  to  us  so  reasonable  as 
to  deserve  the  earnest  attention  of  Parlia- 
ment and  the  public. 

Mr.  William  Strang  has  been  elected 
Vice-President  of  the  International  Society 
in  succession  to  Mr.  Lavery.  Mr.  Strang 
is  well  fitted  for  the  post,  for  he  belongs 
to  the  select  class  of  English  artists  who 
have  a  continental  reputation. 

The  death  at  Cagnes  is  announced  of 
M.  Eugene  Vidal,  a  member  of  the  French 
Societe  Nationale  des  Beaux-Arts,  to  the 
Salon  of  which  he  was  a  regular  contributor, 
usually  of  portraits,  but  sometimes  of  fancy 
subjects  and  landscapes.  He  is  represented 
at  the  Luxembourg  by  a  pastel  '  Jeune 
Fille  au  Corset  rose  '  ;  at  the  Cercle  Volney 
by  '  La  Fleur  de  Montmartre  '  ;  and  in  the 
Museum  at  Algiers  by  one  of  his  most 
successful  portraits,  Cardinal  Lavigerie. 

The  Dublin  Municipal  Gallery  op 
Modern  Art  will  be  opened  to  the  public 
on  the  20th  inst.  The  collection,  both  of 
pictures  and  sculpture,  is  exceptionally  good, 
and  includes  five  examples  of  the  art  of 
Rodin,  a  Renoir,  two  important  Manets,  a 
beautiful  early  portrait  by  Watts,  a 
fine  collection  of  Barbizon  pictures,  and 
excellent  things  by  Mancini  and  other  con- 
temporary painters. 

Amongst  recent  additions  to  the  National 
Gallery  of  Ireland  are  a  small  portrait  of 
Carlo  Pellegrini  by  Bastien  Lepage  ;  two 
examples  of  the  Horemans  (father  and  son), 
the  gift  of  Mr.  Hugh  Lane  ;  a  fine  land- 
scape by  the  Irish  painter  Mr.  Nathaniel 
Hone ;  and  some  interesting  early  views 
of  Dublin. 

The  Georgian  Society,  which  has  just 
been  founded  in  Dublin,  has  for  its  object 
the  securing  of  a  permanent  record  of  the 
fast-disappearing  details  of  the  older  houses 
of  Dublin,  which  are  in  many  cases  excellent 
examples  of  eighteenth-century  work.  A 
provisional  committee,  composed  of  members 
of  the  Architectural  Association  of  Ireland 
and  others  interested  in  the  project,  has 
been  formed,  and  has  recommended  the 
reproduction  of  sketches,  photographs,  and 
measured  drawings.  The  annual  subscrip- 
tion is  a  guinea,  and  the  Hon.  Secretary  is 
Mr.  Page  L.  Dickinson,  1 3,  South  Frederick 
Street,  Dublin. 

We  have  received  the  first  number  of 
Vita  a"  Arte,  a  new  monthly  review  of  art 
ancient  and  modern,  published  at  the 
Piazza  Abbadia,  4,  Siena.  There  is  a  strong 
list  of  supporters,  and  the  review  is  well 
illustrated.  Corrado  Ricci  writes  on  the 
Medusa  head  attributed  to  Leonardo  in  the 
Uffizi,  and  Angelo  Conti  on  '  La  Statua 
d'  Anzio  '  ;  while  Giovanni  Papini  begins  a 
series  of  '  Disegnatori  Italiani  '  with  a  notice 
of  Alberto  Martini,  whose  imaginative  work 
shows  promise,  but  is  not  much  to  our  taste. 

Prof.  Ronald  M.  Burrows's  work  on 
'  The  Discoveries  in  Crete,'  which  we  noticed 
at  length  last  year,  has  reached  a  second 
edition,  and  contains  the  latest  information 
on    these    discoveries,    bringing    the    story 


down     to     the     last     months    of     1!MI7. 

volume  is  published  by  .Mr.  Mum 


The 


KXIIIIIITIONH. 


Hai.  (Jiui.  111.— Alloa  In  WoadarWnd,  Dmwtaga  bg  Mr  Atlhur  IU.  k 
li.im.  Private  View,  I..  Oalli  i  ick. 

—  Kl.lilnan    l>>     II      1'      9      0*111    and   olli.r..    l.ltli<.|rrm|iiia    l'\ 

Btetnlen  and  others,  Boulpturi  •  l>»  T  Stirling  i,  . 

and  01  ed  by  C   K.  A    Voyaey,  Kowlei  Gallery. 

—  LfimUcai*    l'uintinu.   l,y   Dm   lata   lloir-.  I'rirate 

\  lav,  I.,  i.  .-t.  i  (.  Oil 

—  Oxford,  Uambrldga,  London,  and  aomt  French  T<.wim,  v. 

Colours   by   Mi.   lluii^lii.   Fletcher,  Privnta  view,  (joupll 
Gallery. 

—  Paintings    and    Drawings   by   Gainsborough,    Bomney,   and 

11. mulcts;  al»o   Miniatures  and   Uiiiuahoruugli   Kngrai  iiii/s. 
Bydar  GaileiT. 

—  Pictures  bj  BeOOI  Pineda  after  Velasquez.  South  Kensington 

Art  Gallarlaa. 

—  \  anloe  and  Holland,  Water-Ooloari  by  Mr.  Wynne  Apparley, 

Prlrate  View.  Leicester  Galleriea. 
Fm.       Society  of  Women  AltUTta,  Prlrata  W»W,  '■■■.  BuSblk  Street. 


MUSIC 


iKttsual  dosatp, 

Nicolai's  '  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  ' 
was  revived  by  the  Carl  Rosa  Opera  Company 
at  Co  vent  Garden  on  Thursday  of  last  week. 
Apart  from  the  scene  of  the  drinking  bout 
in  the  second  act,  the  opera  has  many 
pleasant  features,  and  the  singers  selected 
for  the  occasion  acquitted  themselves  ably. 
Miss  Doris  Woodall  and  Miss  Elizabeth 
Burgess  sang  the  duet  for  the  merry  wives 
with  much  vivacity  ;  and  Miss  Ina  Hill, 
the  representative  of  Sweet  Anne  Page, 
was  also  efficient,  her  share  in  the  duet 
with  Fenton  being  rendered  with  fluency  and 
charm.  Here  Mr.  Edward  Davies  lent  valu- 
able aid.  Mr.  Arthur  Winckworth  was 
amusing  as  the  fat  knight,  using  Ins  sonorous 
voice  effectively  ;  and  Mr.  Charles  Victor 
gave  a  clever  sketch  of  the  jealous  Ford. 

Goring  Thomas's  '  Esmeralda '  was 
revived  on  the  following  evening.  Origin- 
ally produced  at  Drury  Lane  by  Carl  Rosa 
in  1883,  it  was  given  seven  years  later,  in  a 
French  version,  at  Covent  Garden,  with 
Madame  Melba,  M.  Jean  de  Reszke,  and  M. 
Lassalle  in  the  cast.  The  writing  for  the 
voices  is  fanciful  and  charming,  but  the 
continual  employment  of  the  same  orchestral 
devices  tends  to  diminish  interest  as  the 
work  proceeds.  In  the  first  act,  with  its  wild 
scenes  in  the  Beggars'  Quarter  of  Paris,  the 
work  made  a  decided  impression  ;  in 
the  last,  inspiration  was  almost  entirely 
lacking.  Miss  Elizabeth  Burgess  as  the 
gipsy  heroine  sang  her  music — which,  like 
that  for  Phoebus,  is  essentially  French  in 
character — with  notable  intelligence  and 
warmth.  The  impassioned  and  melodious 
love  duet  for  Esmeralda  and  Phoebus  was 
ably  interpreted  by  Miss  Burgess  and  Mr. 
Walter  Wheatley.  Miss  Ina  Hill  sang  the 
dainty  phrases  of  Fleur-de-Lys  in  vivacious 
style  ;  and  the  roles  of  Frollo  and  Quasimodo 
were  safely  entrusted  to  Mr.  Winckworth 
and  Mr.  Victor.  Mr.  Goossens  conducted, 
and  the  choruses  were  splendidly  sung. 
Altogether,  the  season,  which  concludes 
to-night,  has  been  carried  through  in  a 
manner  that  reflects  credit  on  the  Carl  Rosa 
artists  and  the  management. 

On  Tuesday,  December  31st,  M.  Gailhard 
ceased,  after  many  years,  to  be  director  of 
the  Paris  Opera.  The  house  will  remain 
closed  until  about  the  25th  of  this  month. 
The  first  opera  which  the  new  directors, 
Messrs.  Messager  and  Broussan,  intend  to 
produce  will  be  Gounod's  '  Faust,'  with  new 
scenery  and  new  costumes. 

Fraulein  Else  Gipser  at  her  pianoforte 
recital  at  Bechstein  Hall  on  Wednesday 
evening  placed  at  the  head  of  the  programme 
Max  Reger's  Variations  and  Fugue  on  a 
Theme  by  J.  S.  Bach.  There  is  much  that 
is  vague,  and  at  times  one  might  almost  say 
flashy,  in  the  music,  while  what  is  good  in  it 
comes  not  from  the  heart,  but  from  the  head. 


The  nrork  is  long,  ai  •  mely  difficult ; 

but  Fraulein  Gipser  interpreted  it  with 
unflagging  energy,   though   here  end  th< 

the  toic-  ua-  hard.     Her  intetpr  eta  lion 

Sonata  in  i..  Op.   lD'j,  was  more 

satisfactory.  She  was  best  in  the  Varia- 
tions, with  the  exception  <>f  the  last  one, 
the  rendering  of  vrhieh  was  rough. 

AMONG  the  Beethoven  documents  recently 
discovered  by  Major-Auditor  Hajdecki  is  a 
memorial,    in    the    composers    handwritc 
concerning  the  guardianship  of  his  nep). 
addressed     to     toe     Vienna    magistrate.      It 
was  known  that  such  a  document  had  1 
written,    but   not    what    had    become    of   it. 
In  it  Beethoven,  among  other  things,  states 
that  in    1818  he  took  his  nephew  Karl  to 
the  pastor  at  Modling,  who  had  been  recom- 
mended   to    him    as   a   good    preceptor    for 
young  boys.     "  Unfortunately,  I  soon  found 
out,"  he  says, 

"  that  I  was  mistaken  in  the  Herr  Pfarrer.  On 
Monday  this  clergyman  had  not  slept  off  the 
effects  of  his  Sunday's  drinking  bout,  and  was  like 
a  wild  animal.  I  was  ashamed  for  our  religion 
that  such  a  man  should  be  a  preacher  of  the 
GrospeL" 

A  copy  of  a  letter  by  Beethoven  to  this 
Vienna  magistrate  was  found  in  the  Berlin 
Library  by  Dr.  Alf.  C.  Kalischer,  and  pub- 
lished by  him  in  Die  Musik  (Heft  6,  1902), 
which  is  evidently  connected  with,  and 
possibly  forms  part  of,  the  document  from 
which  the  above  and  other  extracts  have 
been  published  in  Die  Zeit.  In  the  Berlin 
letter  there  is  also  a  reference  to  the  "  Pfarrer 
von  Modling,  in  ill  repute  with  his  parish- 
ioners." 

The  death  of  M.  Maurice  Maquet  at  the 
early  age  of  forty -four  will  be  deeply  felt,  not 
only  at  Lille,  where  in  1889  he  founded  a 
Societe  de  Musique,  but  generally  in  the 
north  of  France.  The  society,  composed  of  a 
large  choir  and  orchestra,  gave  concerts  every 
year  under  the  direction  of  M.  Maquet,  at 
which  important  works  by  Bach,  Berlioz, 
Cesar  Franck,  Brahms,  Saint-Saens,  and 
others  were  performed. 

The  Cologne  Male  Choral  Society  will 
visit  England  next  May,  giving  performances 
in  London,  and  also  in  Sheffield  and  other 
Yorkshire  towns.  Their  last  visit  to  England 
was  in  June,  1853,  when  they  sang  before 
Queen  Victoria  and  the  Prince  Consort. 

Dvorak's  '  The  Spectie's  Bride,'  produced 
at  the  Birmingham  Festival  of  1885  under 
his  own  direction,  has  recently  been 
performed  at  Vienna,  and,  it  is  said,  for  the 
first  time  in  German. 

The  Allgemeinc  Musik-Zeitung  of  the 
3rd  inst.  states  that,  according  to  the  latest 
news,  all  tickets  are  sold  for  the  Bayreuth 
festival  performances  between  July  22nd 
and  August  1st,  also  for  the  two  cycles  of 
the  '  Ring.' 


PERFORMANCES  NEXT  WEEK. 

8rcs.  Concert,  3.30,  Altwrt  Hall. 

—  Sunday  Society  Concert.  :>.:to.  Queen's  Hall. 

—  Sundur  Leagua  Concert.  T,  Queen's  Hall. 

Wt:n.  Mile.  Jeanne  Illanehard's  Pianoforte  Recital,  3,  Stcinway  Hall. 

—  Prof.  Krui-es  Violin  Recital,  8.30.  Bcchstein  Hall. 
S*t.  Mozart  Society,  3,  Portman  Rooms. 

—  Symphony  Concert.  Queen's  Hall  Orchestra,  3,  Queen's  Hall. 


DRAMA 


THE  WEEK. 

His  Majesty's. — The  Mystery  of  Edwin 
Drood.  By  J.  Comyns  Carr.  Founded 
on  Charles  Dickens's  Unfinished  Novel. 
Mr.  Carr  need  hardly  be  told  that  his 
'  Edwin  Drood '  is  no  more  than  melo- 
drama of  the  eerie,  blood-curdling  sort. 
There    was   never   a  Dickens  adaptation 


No.  4185,  Jan.  11,  1908 


THE    ATHENAEUM 


51 


that  was  much  else  than  melodrama. 
His  genius  was  essentially  fantastic. 
His  creations  have  often  some  fad  or 
eccentricity  which  differentiates  them 
from  ordinary  humanity.  In  their  own 
imaginary  world  and  in  their  mutual 
relations  they  are  normal,  real  enough; 
but  they  owe  their  reality  to  their  author's 
incomparable  power  of  improvisation. 
But  robbed  of  their  setting  of  descrip- 
tive detail,  cramped  in  the  narrow 
frame  of  the  stage,  they  become,  for 
the  most  part,  unsubstantial  figures ; 
and  their  adventures — so  picturesque,  so 
full  of  colour  and  vivacity,  in  the  written 
text — take  on,  under  the  glare  of  the 
footlights,  an  aspect  of  exaggeration  and 
sensationalism.  Mr.  Carr  is  not  to  be 
blamed  for  turning  a  Dickens  story  to 
the  uses  of  the  theatre ;  the  novelist 
himself  sanctioned  the  practice.  Nor  can 
the  adapter  fairly  be  reproached  with 
irreverence  for  proposing  a  solution  of 
the  problem  which  death  prevented 
Dickens  from  giving.  Mr.  Carr's  play  is 
faulty  rather  because  such  melodrama  as 
he  provides  is  bald  and  monotonous,  and 
because  his  explanation  of  the  mystery 
results  in  a  tame  ending. 

Here  in  a  sentence  or  two  is  Mr.  Carr's 
solution  :  John  Jasper  did  not  murder 
his  nephew,  Edwin  Drood  ;  he  only,  while 
affected  by  drugs,  thought  he  did  so ; 
the  lad  sees  his  uncle  late  at  night  per- 
forming in  pantomime  an  imaginary  act 
of  murder,  overhears  words  showing  that 
he  himself  is  the  supposed  victim,  and  so, 
in  horror  and  fear,  makes  his  escape 
abroad  to  safe  hiding.  It  is  Mr.  Carr's 
opinion  that  the  scene  of  Jasper  in  the 
opium  den,  which  opens  the  novel,  strikes 
its  key-note.  He  therefore  begins  his 
piece  with  this  passage,  and  allows  his 
whole  play  to  be  dominated  by  the  effects 
of  opium,  the  signs  of  delirium.  We 
are  introduced,  of  course,  to  Edwin 
Drood  and  Rosa  Bud,  the  young  lovers 
who  resent  having  been  betrothed  arbi- 
trarily by  dead  hands ;  but  they  derive 
only  a  reflected  individuality  from  Jasper's 
passion  for  the  girl  and  murderous  inten- 
tions towards  her  sweetheart.  Mr.  Carr, 
too,  uses  Neville  Landless,  the  lad  on 
whom  suspicion  unjustly  falls ;  retains 
Helena  Landless  and  breezy  Canon 
Crisparkle  as  lay  figures ;  and  employs 
Rosa's  guardian,  the  dry  old  lawyer,  Mr. 
Grewgious,  to  take  up  the  trail  of  the 
true  criminal.  Durdles,  again,  the  drink- 
sodden  stonemason  who  has  learnt  a 
queer  philosophy  from  sojourning  among 
the  cathedral  tombs,  is  also  brought  on, 
but  merely  as  comic  relief,  not  as  an 
essential  part  of  the  plot.  Indeed,  all 
Mr.  Carr's  constructive  ingenuity  leaves 
him  half-way  through  his  third  act. 
Instead  of  knitting  the  various  threads  of 
the  story  together,  he  has  been  content 
with  making  a  piece  of  patchwork,  and 
producing  a  one-part  play.  Moreover,  as 
Jasper  is  always  being  called  on  to  behave 
and  speak  under  the  influence  of  opium, 
the  piece  gradually  becomes  wearisome 
from  its  sameness. 

It  may  seem  merely  an  academic 
point  that  the  dramatist's  solution    does 


not  cover  the  novelist's  data,  and  that 
Mr.  Carr's  cast  excludes  important-seem- 
ing characters — Tartar,  Sapsea,  Datchery. 
Lieut.  Tartar  might  well  disconcert  Mr. 
Carr  when  once  he  plumped  for  his  facile 
happy  ending,  for  the  fact  that  this 
gallant  sailor  so  soon  replaces  "  Eddy  " 
in  Rosa's  affection  distinctly  suggests 
that  Dickens  never  intended  to  bring 
about  his  "  hero's "  resurrection.  Mr. 
Sapsea,  the  pompous  mayor,  may  have 
fulfilled  his  task  as  comic  fool  of  the 
story.  But  Datchery,  especially  if  he 
be  Helena  Landless  in  disguise,  must 
have  been  intended  to  play  a  large  part 
in  the  elucidation  of  the  mystery.  It 
matters  little,  for  stage  purposes,  that 
Mr.  Carr's  theory  is  almost  certainly 
wrong  ;  it  matters  much  that  by  cutting 
himself  off  from  available  material,  he 
has  failed  to  get  any  interesting  develop- 
ments into  the  latter  part  of  his  drama. 

Despite  Mr.  Carr's  efforts  to  render 
the  part  of  Jasper  prominent,  Mr.  Tree 
has  largely  to  make  bricks  without 
straw.  His  Jasper  is  a  lurid,  flamboyant 
piece  of  portraiture,  worthy  of  compari- 
son with  his  Svengali  and  Macari ;  but 
just  because  the  playwright  rarely 
elaborates  sufficiently  any  one  scene,  Mr. 
Tree  is  inclined  to  over-elaborate  his 
effects.  Watch  the  interview  between 
Grewgious  and  Jasper,  in  which  the 
latter  should  preserve  an  air  of  studied 
unconcern.  The  actor's  fingers  are  never 
still ;  they  touch  his  mouth  or  cheek, 
they  mop  his  brow  with  a  handkerchief, 
they  tap  the  table,  they  handle  articles 
lying  there.  But  there  are  other  points 
at  which  Mr.  Tree's  pantomime  is  admir- 
able, and  he  is  always  able  to  suggest 
magnetic  power  or  bizarre  personality. 
His  supporters  have  but  few  chances  in 
Mr.  Carr's  piece.  Mr.  Basil  Gill  is 
buoyant  as  Edwin  Drood  ;  Miss  Adrienne 
Augarde  is  a  sincere,  but  rather  modern 
Rosa ;  Miss  Constance  Collier  t'does  her 
best  with  the  part  of  Helena  Landless ; 
Mr.  Anson  proves  a  droll  Durdles  ;  and 
Mr.  Haviland  makes  something  out  of 
Mr.  Grewgious.  But  theirs  are  rather 
thankless  tasks. 


Court. — The  House  :  a  Play  in  Two  Acts. 
By  George  Gloriel. 

If  the  rest  were  only  as  good  as  the  first 
half,  what  a  wonderful  artistic  success 
Mr.  George  Gloriel's  miniature  drama 
'  The  House  '  might  have  been  !  As  it  is, 
one  can  congratulate  Mr.  Otto  Stuart  on 
having  discovered  a  dramatist  of  rare 
promise,  and  Mr.  Gloriel  on  having  pre- 
sented the  truest  study  of  English  low 
life  we  have  as  yet  seen  on  our  stage.  It 
is  just  a  picture — this  first  act — of  a  family 
of  four  living  in  a  single  room,  and  finding 
themselves  on  the  verge  of  starvation. 
The  quartet  includes  a  man  out  of 
work  and  his  wife,  their  precocious  young 
daughter,  and  the  wife's  aged  father  ;  and 
the  act  in  question  merely  shows  how  the 
woman,  having  come  to  her  decision  by 
stern  necessity,  persuades  her  daughter 
and  husband  that  hor  father  must  go  into 


the  workhouse,  and  finally  wrings  from 
the  old  man  his  consent  to  the  humiliation. 
There  is  not  the  smallest  exaggeration  in 
the  scene  :  it  is  harrowing  just  because  of 
the  bald  simplicity  of  the  dramatist's 
treatment.  He  does  not  sentimentalize  : 
the  painful  inarticulateness,  the  ugly 
poses  and  movements,  the  sudden  spasms 
of  uncontrolled  anger,  even  the  profanity 
of  the  class  to  which  they  belong,  are  all 
faithfully  realized.  Mr.  Gloriel's  photo- 
graphic accuracy  goes  so  far  as  the  re- 
production of  the  broken,  jerky  sentences 
characteristic  of  working  men  and  women. 
But  in  his  second  act,  as  if  he  were  weary 
of  the  mournfulness  of  his  own  present- 
ment of  the  misery  of  the  unemployed, 
Mr.  Gloriel  plunges  into  comic  extrava- 
gance. Back  comes  the  grandfather  to 
visit  his  relatives,  now  blessed  with  better 
fortune,  and  anxious  to  recover  him  from 
pauperdom,  and  tells  the  most  pre- 
posterous yarns  about  his  life  of  luxury 
in  the  workhouse.  His  tales,  at  first 
received  with  derision,  so  work  at  length 
on  his  son-in-law  that  the  latter  con- 
templates throwing  up  his  "  job  "  and 
following  his  relative  into  the  pauper's 
palace.  This  is  an  obvious  and  rather 
cheap  exaggeration  of  current  criticisms 
of  workhouses.  Mr.  Albert  Chevalier, 
who  impersonates  the  grandfather,  de- 
scribes the  comfort  of  the  "  house " 
with  delightful  zest  and  humour  ;  and  Mr. 
Holmes -Gore,  Miss  Alice  Beet,  and  Miss 
Mabel  Garden  all  give  performances 
beyond  reproach  as  the  other  members  of 
the  small  family.  One  thinks  all  the  more 
regretfully,  in  view  of  the  acting,  how  with 
a  little  more  restraint  the  playwright 
might  have  made  the  second  part  "of  his 
sketch  a  worthy  companion  of  the  first. 


Vaudeville. — Dear  Old  Charlie.  Adapted 
from  the  French  by  C.  H.  Brookfield. 

To  the  Palais  Royal  type  of  farce  belongs 
this  piece  of  Labiche's,  which  Mr.  Brook- 
field,  with  a  careful  regard  for  its  Gallic 
spice,  has  adapted  for  Mr.  Charles  Haw- 
trey.  It  is  a  play,  that  is  to  say,  full  of 
phrases  of  double  meaning,  and  postu- 
lating in  its  hero  a  past  of  very  dubious 
virtue.  Just  married,  this  Lothario  is 
pestered  by  the  affectionate  solicitations 
of  two  married  friends,  who  have  mistaken 
his  former  devotion  to  their  wives  for  a 
liking  for  themselves,  and  the  humour  of 
the  farce  turns  on  the  revelations  which 
they  innocently  make  before  the  hero's 
young  bride  of  the  havoc  he  wrought  in 
their  homes.  Morally  the  play  is  inde- 
fensible, but  it  has  the  excuse  of  being 
very  amusing  in  an  old-fashioned  way, 
and  of  providing  the  leading  actor  with 
a  typical  part.  How  blandly  Mr.  Hawtrev 
fibs  his  way  through  the  piece,  how  im- 
perturbably  he  faces  every  difficulty,  how 
resourceful,  yet  natural  is  his  art,  will 
readily  be  conceived.  The  cast  also  in- 
cludes Miss  Muriel  Beaumont,  charming 
as  the  bride,  and  Mr.  Holman  Clark  and 
Mr.  Charles  Groves,  capital  foils  for  one 
another  in  the  parts  of  the  two  friends. 


T  II  E     AT  II  KX.K  I'M 


No.  H85,  Jan.  11.  l 


Dramatic  ftassip, 

The  authoritative  life  <>f  Henrj  [rving 
will  be  published  bj  K<  re.  Longman  next 
autumn.  The  biography  is  being  written 
by  .Mr.  Austin  Brereton,  to  whom,  as  an  old 
iih-nil.  [rving  gave  much  valuable  material. 
Sir  Henry's  sons,  Mr.  II.  15.  [rving  and  Mr. 
Laurence  [rving,  who  arc  the  executors  under 
their  father's  will,  have  given  their  cordial 
oonsenl  to  Mr.  Brereton's  undertaking,  and 
have  supplied  all  the  records  and  other 
documents  relating  to  their  father  which 
they  possess.  As  this  will  be  the  authorized 
biography,  it  is  desirable  that  it  should  be 
as  comprehensive  as  possible,  and  all  owners 
of  letters  of  public  interest  in  regard  to  the 
subject,  whether  written  by  the  deceased 
actor  or  others,  are  requested  to  send  the 
same  for  perusal — and,  if  considered  desir- 
able, publication — to  Mr.  Austin  Brereton, 
26,  Suffolk  Street,  Pall  Mall,  S.W.,  who  will 
be  responsible  for  their  safety  and  immediate 
return. 

The  Committee  of  the  Irving  Memorial 
announce  that  a  site  has  been  granted  for 
his  statue  in  the  centre  of  the  broad  pavement 
to  the  north  of  the  National  Portrait  Gallery 
in  the  Charing  Cross  Road. 

Mr.  Percy  Fitzgerald  has  in  the  press 
a  new  work  entitled  '  The  Principles  and 
Limits  of  Shakesperian  Representation.' 
Its  aim  is  to  deal  scientifically  and  critically 
with  the  theoretical  representation  of  Shak- 
speare's  plays  in  olden  times  and  the  present 
day.  It  will  be  published  shortly  by  Mr. 
Elliot  Stock. 

Mlle.  Bartet  is  not  a  "  Feministe." 
After  a  fierce  controversy  it  was  decided 
to  open  the  governing  committee  of  the 
Theatre  Francais  to  women.  The  "  socie- 
taires,"  who  had  been  sharply  divided  on 
the  principle,  then  gracefully  became  unani- 
mous in  electing  their  greatest  actress. 
On  December  29th  Mlle.  Bartet  replied 
in  an  admirable  expression  of  the  opinion 
of  "an  old-fashioned  woman  "  :  "  pas 
preparee  a  cette  charge."  Its  duties  "sor- 
tent  des  aptitudes  que  j'ai  consacres  de 
toute  mon  ame  a  la  Comedie  Francaise." 
The  Ministry  then  begged  "  M.  Claretie  de 
demander  a  Madame  Bartet  de  revenir  sur 
sa  resolution."  At  an  interview  held  on  the 
3rd  inst.  the  great  actress,  styled  "  Madame" 
by  French  politeness,  appears  from  Le 
Temps  to  have  declared  her  firm  wish  "rester 
ce  qu'elle  est." 

It  is  stated  in  Paris  that  M.  Saidou  has 
promised  Mr.  Tree  to  write  for  him  to  play 
in  London  a  drama  in  which  Mirabeau  will 
be  the  leading  person. 


To  Correspondents.— E.  G.— A.  L.  H.— W.   R.  C— 

Received. 

E.  J.  M.— Not  suitable  for  us. 

J.   W.— Many  thanks. 

We  cannot  undertake  to  reply  to  inquiries  concerning  the 
appearance  of  reviews  of  books. 

We  do  not  undertake  to  give  the  value  of  books,  china, 
pictures,  &c. 

No  notice  can  be  taken  of  anonymous  communications. 


T 


H     E 


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A  New  Scries   of   Works   of    Fiction, 
dealing  with  Actualities. 

LIFE'S     DESERT    WAY. 

By  KINETON    PABKE8, 

Author  of  '  Love  I  la  Mode' 

LIFE'S     DESERT     WAY. 

Price  C*. 
EARLY    PRESS    CRITICISMS. 

Time*.  -"The  aim  of  the  novel  is  to  show  the  influence 
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the  book  is,  however,  in  London. ..  .There  is  a  creat  deal 
of  work,  and,  indeed,  thought,  put  into  the  book." 

Scotsman.— "  '  Lif e'a  Desert  Way'  is  both  a  clever  and  a 
M>lid  book.... In  an  earlier  book,  'Love  a  la  .Mode,'  Mr. 
Parkas  mined  a  reputation  for  wit  and  sarcastic  humour. 
With  '  Life's  Desert  Way  '  he  is  likely  to  obtain  a  more 
solid  triumph." 

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Dundee  Advertiser. — "It  has  passages  of  great  beauty, 
moments  of  real  psychological  insight,  situations  of  poig- 
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Madame.— "  A    fascinating    book full     of     life     and 

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GOOD     BYE     TO     MARKET. 

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Author  of  'A  Peakland  Faggot.' 

[In  the  press. 
ILL 

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HERBERT  P.  HORNE. 

To  be  issued  in  two  volumes  (of  which  the 
first  will  be  issued  on  January  21),  printed 
at  the  Chiswick  Press,  on  Arnold's  hand- 
made paper.  The  first  volume  contains  the 
main  body  of  the  work,  dealing  with  the 
life  and  works  of  Botticelli,  together  with 
t,he  Appendix  of  original  documents;  it  is 
illustrated  by  43  Plates.  The  price  of  this 
volume  is  10/.  10s.  net.  The  Supplementary 
Volume,  containing  a  detailed  study  of  the 
school  of  Botticelli,  with  a  '  Catalogue 
Raisonne '  of  the  works  of  Botticelli  and 
his  school,  a  Bibliography,  and  a  full  Index 
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possible.  The  price  will  not  exceed  51.  5s. 
net.  Orders  will  be  taken  only  for  the  two 
volumes. 

This  work,  which  has  been  in  preparation 
for  many  years,  deals  exhaustively  with  the 
life  and  works  of  Sandro  Botticelli,  and  of 
his  numerous  disciples  and  imitators.  It  is 
based  on  original  researches  in  the  archives 
of  Florence  and  elsewhere,  and  on  an 
extensive  critical  study  of  the  works  of  the 
master  and  his  school.  The  mass  of  the 
original  matter  which  the  writer  has 
collected  has  enabled  him  to  treat  the 
subject  for  the  first  time  upon  an  historical 
basis,  and  to  determine  the  chronological 
order  of  the  painter's  works. 

The  work  contains  a  '  Catalogue  Raisonne  ' 
of  all  the  known  paintings  and  drawings  of 
Botticelli  and  his  School,  and  of  those 
ascribed  to  him,  in  the  public  and  private 
collections  in  this  country,  Italy,  France, 
Germany,  the  United  States,  ifcc  ;  also  an 
Appendix  of  original  documents,  the  greater 
number  of  which  are  printed  for  the  first 
time.  It  is  illustrated  by  Reproductions  in 
Photogravure  of  Pictures  by  Botticelli  and 
his  School.  They  include  nearly  the  whole 
of  Botticelli's  genuine  works,  several  of  them 
being  reproduced  for  the  first  time.  With 
a  few  exceptions  the  pictures  have  all  been 
specially  photographed  by  Mr.  Emery 
talker,  who  has  also  made  and  printed 
all  the  plates. 


PROSPECTUS  ON  APPLICATION. 


London  :  GEORGE  BELL  &  SONS, 
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THE     ATHENAEUM 


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"  The  story  is  an  interesting  and  charming  example  of  *  intimism,'  if  we  may  borrow  a  word  from  the  painters.  With  its  gleams  of  humour,  its  gentleness,  its  reverent  pit  y ,  it  is  a 
very  tender  study  of  country  life,  written  by  one  who  must  know  that  life  well,  and  sees  it  closely  linked  with  the  earth  that  moulds  it.  And  since  the  earth,  the  landscape  of  lonely 
farms  and  Stretching  fields,  is  of  so  much  importance,  the  author  is  fortunate  in  having  for  interpreter  and  commentator  (rather  than  illustrator)  Mr.  Muhhead  Bone.  In  these 
sensitive  and  tender  drawings  of  fields  and  farms  and  their  inhabitants,  the  artist  of 'The  Great  Gantry' takes  us  far  from  the  towns.  Landscapes  and  figures  alike  are  full  of  the 
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London:  DUCKWORTH  &  CO.  3,  Henrietta  Street,  Covent  Garden,  W.C. 


54 


T  II  E     AT  II  KXJ;  I'  M 


No.  4186,  .Jan.  11,  1908 


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tor  "  tii'i  Moral  C petition      '  >rd*n  uaentad  promptly.    Aocuncy 

ftuarautoctl  —  A    M.  P.  IS.  ilovtlly  Itoatl.  Bofluoy,  N. 


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THE    VICTORIA    HISTORY    OF    THE 
COUNTIES   OF  ENGLAND. 

NOTICE. 

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has  been  collected  and  which  it  has  been  decided  to 
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— it  has  already  been  necessary  to  add  some  additional 
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and  order  forms  without  delay,  either  to  any  Book- 
seller in  town  and  country,  or  to  Messrs.  Archibald 
Constable  &  Co.  Ltd.  10  Orange  Street,  Leicester 
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already  issued,  and  those  next 
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THE    HOUBLON   FAMILY: 

Its  History  and  Times. 
By  Lady  ALICE  ARCHER  HOUBLON. 

Containing  numerous  Illustrations. 
2  vols,  demy  8vo,  31s.  6cZ.  net. 

"  The  value  of  this  book  lies  in  the  pictures  of  society  at 
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been  very  painstaking  in  her  researches,  and  has  embodied 
the  results  of  wide  reading."— Daily  News. 

"She  has  spared  no  trouble  and  research  in  making  her 
narrative  attractive,  as  well  as  complete,  and  the  outcome 
is  a  work  which  is  worthy  of  claiming  a  place  beside  the 
most  valuable  and  most  entertaining  books  of  the  kind  that 
have  appeared  in  recent  years." — Scotsman. 


DYOTT'S    DIARY,    1781-1845. 

A   Selection  from  the   Journal   of   William 

Dyott,  sometime  General  in  the  British  Army 

and  Aide-de-Camp   to    His    Majesty    King 

George  III. 

Edited  by  REGINALD  W.JEFFERY,M.  A. 

Brasenose  College. 

With  Portraits. 

In  2  vols,  demy  8vo,  31s.  6d.  net. 

"From  youth  to  old  age  he  jotted  down  in  pithy, 
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of  a  long  and  active  life.  This  sort  of  book — it  is  a  veritable 
human  document — throws  often  deliberately,  but  quite  as 
often  unconsciously,  vivid  little  bits  of  colour  on  the  page 
of  history.  The  Dyott  family  has  been  settled  in  Stafford- 
shire since  the  year  in  which  Mary  Tudor  came  to  the 
throne,  and  when  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  drew  swords 
more  than  one  member  of  it  played  a  gallant  part  in  the 

Royalist  cause.    General  Dyott began  his  distinguished 

military  career  as  an  ensign  in  the  Fourth  Regiment.  He 
rose  in  due  course  to  the  rank  of  aide-de-camp  of  George 
III.,  and  when  William  IV.  became  king  he  was  gazetted 
general.  He  saw  a  good  deal  of  active  service  first  and  list . 
but  that  was  common  in  those  days  ;  what  is  uncommon  in 
t  hwe  days  is  the  fact  that  he  kept  a  diary  excellently  well, 
that  it  has  now  leaped  to  light,  and  is  full  of  good  stuff." 

Standard. 


FACTORS    IN    MODERN 
HISTORY. 

By    A.    F.    POLLARD, 

Professor  of  Constitutional  History  at  University 
College,    London. 

7s.  6d.  net. 

"  Mr.  Pollard  is  possessed  in  quite  a  rare  degree  of  the 
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to  enjoy  their  mingled  strength  and  iridescence. ..  Mr. 
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pretensions  of  historical  culture." — Pall  Mall  Gazette. 

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see  widely  circulated A  most  stimulating   ami  useful 

book." — Morning  Post. 

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MORE    PAGES     FROM     THE 

DAY-BOOK    OF    BETHIA 

HARDACRE. 

By  Mrs.  FULLER  MAITLAND, 

Author  of    •  The   Day-Book  of  Bethia   Hardacre. 
Post  8vo,  6s. 

"Those  who  have  read  the  first  batch  of  pages  from  'The 
Day-Book  of  Kethia  Hardacre'  will  give  a  hearty  welcome 
to  another  book  by  Klla  Fuller  Maitland.  The  second 
partakes  to  a  large  extent  of  the  character  of  its  pre- 
decessor. Her  notebook  is  a  charming  miscellany  of 
extracts  and  observations." — Country  Life. 

"Among  the  most  pleasant  writers  of  thoughful  and 
enlightening  gossip  about  emotions,  ideas,  and  literature 
may  be  reckoned  Mrs.  Klla  Kuller  Maitland.  She  writes 
for  the  observer,  the  lover  of  nature,  and  for  the  dreamer 
r&thex  than  for  the  philosopher  or  the  inent.il  analyst  :  the 
everyday  man  may  keep  this  book  by  his  side,  and  gather 
a  pleasant  thought  to  carry  in  his  mind  each  time  that  he 
reads  a  page  or  so.  It  is  :\  delightful  book  in  itself,  and  it 
should  send  us  to  the  study  of  many  an  early  writer  upon 
the  beauty  of  the  earth  and  its  lesser  inhabitants,  and  upon 
the  ways  of  man." — Daily  Telegraph. 


A.  VIAN,  Secretary. 


London :    ARCHIBALD  CONSTABLE  &  CO.  Ltd.  10  Orange  Street,  W.C. 


No.  4185,  Jan. 


11,  1908 


THE     ATHENiEUM 


55 


THE    TUDOR    FACSIMILE    TEXTS. 

Old  Plays  and  Other  Printed  and   MS.  Rarities. 

EXACT  COLLOTYPE  REPRODUCTIONS  IN  FOLIO  AND  QUARTO. 

Under  the  General  Editorship  and  Supervision  of 

JOHN   S.   FARMER. 

ASSISTED  BY  CRAFTSMEN  OF  REPUTE  AND  STANDING. 

This  is  the  first  systematic  and  serious  attempt  to  reprint  pre-Shakespearean  literature  in  facsimile  ;  and,  in  view  of 

the  fact  that  the  choicest  examples  of  early  English  presses  are  almost  without  exception  of  extreme  rarity,  practically 

unobtainable,  and  of  prohibitive  value,  it  is  difficult  to  over-estimate  the  importance  of  the  present  undertaking. 

Scholars,  in  common  with  professors,  teachers,  students,  and  lovers  of  English— the  language  or  its  literature- 
including  the  custodians  of  University  and  Reference  Libraries  the  world  over,  have  had  hitherto  to  deplore  the  fact  that, 
notwithstanding  the  notable  improvement  of  late  years  in  the  processes  of  mechanical  reproduction,  so  many  of  the 
rarities  of  early  printing  and  the  priceless  treasures  of  early  English  literature  are,  comparatively  speaking,  sealed  to 
general  scholarship  and  research.    To  remove  that  reproach  is  the  object  now  in  view. 

The  Tudor  Facsimile  Texts  will  follow  the  originals  as  nearly  as  the  resources  of  modern  art  and  craft  will  allow. 
It  is  assnmed  as  a  working  basis  that  the  next  best  thing  to  possessing  an  original  copy— and  it  is  now  next  to  impossible 
to  be  so  fortunately  placed — is  to  have  before  one  a  facsimile  showing  that  original  as  it  actually  exists  to-day ;  in  which 
is  preserved  all  the  detail  of  size,  imperfect  type,  and  the  imperfections  in  the  paper,  even  to  stains  and  'mendings,'  and, 
when  possible,  the  natural  discoloration  due  to  a^e. 

Some  fifty  plays  in  all  have  already  been  put  in  hand.    These  it  is  intended  to  issue  at  the  rate  of  not  less  than  two 
volumes  monthly,  and  if  the  kindly  reception  accorded  to  the  preliminary  issues  is  sustained  these  will  be  followed  by 
others,  announcement  of  which  will  be  duly  made.    The  lists  are  subject  to  slight  variation  if  circumstances  demand  it. 
Mr,  J.  ,A.  Herbert,  of  the  Manuscript  Department  of  the  British  Museum,  has  undertaken  to  compare  each  facsimile 
rink  wi^i-its,  original,  and  to  note  any  "fault"  or  "flaw"  which  may  have  occurred  in  the  course  of  reproduction. 

TUDOR     PLAYS,     RECENTLY     RECOVERED.     (3  vols.) 
WEALTH    AND    HEALTH.     B.L.,32pp. 
JOHAN"    THE    EVANGELIST.    B.L.,  24  pp. 
IMPATIENT    POVEKTF.    B.L.,  36  pp. 


reprint  wi^i 


UNKNOWN  (OR  UNRECORDED)  EDITIONS  OF  SCARCE   OLD   PLAYS.    (4  vols.) 


1.  DARIUS.     B.L.,  64  pp. 

2.  LUSTY    JUVENTUS.    B.L.,  44  pp. 

3.  NICE    "WANTON.    B.L.,  20  pp. 

4.  THE    PLAY    OP    THE    "WEATHER. 


B.L.,  48  pp. 


AN   AUTOGRAPH   PLAY  OF  PHILIP   MASSINGER. 

BELIEVE  AS  YOU  LIST.    By  Philip  Massinger.IFoHo,  54  pp.    (Egerton  MS.  2828.) 


THE   MACRO   PLAYS.    (3  vols.) 

1.  MANKIND  (c.  1475).    26  pp. 

2.  "WISDOM  (c.  1460).     48  pp. 

3.  THE  CASTLE  OP  PERSEVERANCE  (c.  1425). 
RESPUBLICA  (1553).    Folio,  56  pp. 


76  pp. 


"YOUTH"    AND    "PRODIGAL"    PLAYS.      (7  vols.) 


NATURE.    Part   I.    By  H.  Medwall  \„m,|,  fn,,_  R  T     79  n_ 

NATURE.    Part  II.     By  H.  Medwall.  j'Sraa11  foll°'  RL"  72  pp" 

HICKSCORNER.    4to,  B.L.,  36  pp. 

YOUTH.  4to,  B.L.,  24  pp. 

POUR  ELEMENTS.  8vo,  B.L,  45  pp. 

NICE  "WANTON.     4to,  B.L,  20  pp. 

DISOBEDIENT  CHILD.    4to,  B.L,  60  pp. 


4to,  B.L.,  36  pp. 


EARLY    ENTERLUDES.     (7  vols.) 

1.  THE  ENTERLUDE  OP  YOUTH.    4to,  B.L,  24  pp. 

2.  EVERYMAN.    4to,  B.L,  32  pp. 

3.  THE  "WORLD  AND  THE  CHILD,  otherwise  MUNDUS  AND  INPANS. 

4.  JACK  JUGGLER.    4to,  B.L.  40  pp. 

5.  NEW  CUSTOM.    4to,  B.L,  32  pp. 

6.  THE  TRIAL  OP  TREASURE.    4to,  B.L,  42  pp. 

7.  LIKE  WILL  TO  LIKE.    By  Ulpian  Fulwell.    4to,  B.L,  44  pp. 

SOME   BEGINNINGS  OF  ENGLISH   COMEDY  AND  TRAGEDY.    (5  vols.) 

1.  CALISTO    AND    MELIB.&JA,    otherwise    THE    BEAUTY    AND    GOOD    PROPERTIES    OP 

"WOMEN.     Folio,  B.L,  28  pp. 

2.  THERSITES.    4to,  B.L,  34  pp. 

3.  DAMON  AND  PYTHIAS.    By  R.  Edwards.    4to,  B.L.,  60  pp. 

4.  GORBODUC ;  or,  Ferrex  and  Porrex.    Bv  Thomas  Sackville  and  Thomas  Norton.    8vo,  B.L,  64  pp. 
6.    APPIUS  AND  VIRGINIA.    4to,  B.L,  32  pp. 


SCRIPTURAL   ENTERLUDES.      (5  vols.) 

1.  JACOB   AND  ESAU.    4to,  B.L,  56  pp. 

2.  KING  DARIUS.    4to,  B.L,  64  pp. 

3.  GODLY  QUEEN  HESTER.    4to,  B.L  46  pp. 

4  and  5.    MARY  MAGDALENE.    By  L  WAGER.    4to,  B.L,  72  pp. 


THE    ENTERLUDES,    &c. 


THE  PARDONER  AND  THE  PRERE. 

THE  POUR  P.P.    4to,  B.L.,  40  pp. 

JOHN    JOHN    THE    HUSBAND,    TIB 

Fol.,  B.L,  16  pp. 
PLAY    OP    THE    "WEATHER.     4to,  B.L 

EDITIONS,  ante. 
PT.AY    OP    LOVE.     4to.  B.L,  56  pp. 
GENTLENESS    AND    NOBILITY.     Fol., 
WITTY   AND    WITLESS. 


OF    JOHN    HEYWOOD.    (7  vols.) 

Sm.  fol.,  B.L,  40  pp. 

HIS    WIPE,   AND   SIR   JOHN   THE  PRIEST. 
.,  43   pp.  ;    see   also   UNKNOWN    (OR    UNRECORDED) 


B.L,  32  pp. 


THE    ENTERLUDES    OF    JOHN    BALE.     (4  vols.) 
(Excluding  the  K.  John  MS.  for  the  present). 
1.    THE    CHIEF    PROMISES   OP    GOD   TO    MAN.     4to,  B.L,  40  pp. 
2  and  3.     THE   THREE    LAWS.     8vo,  B.L.,  112  pp. 
4.    THE   TEMPTATIONS    OF    OUR    LORD.    8vo,  B.L. 

WIT    PLAYS.     (3  vols.) 

1.  WIT   AND    SCIENCE.    Bv  John  Bedford,  1541-7. 

2.  THE  MARRTAGE  OF  WIT  AND  SCIENCE.      4t0,  B.I,..  11  pp. 

3.  THE  CONTRACT  OF  A  MARRIAGE  BETWEEN  WIT  AND  "WISDOM. 


I'ii mi  the  original  MS. 


The  Plays  are  Interleaved  and  aervioaably  bound.  The  prices  are  17*.  erf.  net  for  the  Quartos,  and  86*.  net  for  the 
Folios,  except  where  specially  priced  on  the  Prospectus.  Subscribers"  Niimtw  now  received  for  the  full  Series.  The 
Autograph  Play  by  M&wdnger  '  Believe  aa  you  List,'  and  the  3  vols,  of  Macro  Plays  may  be  subscribed  for  separately. 
Detailed  Prospectus  with  Specimen  Page  on  application. 

ISSUED   FOR  SUBSCRIBERS  BY 

T.  C.  k  E.  0.  JACK,  16,  Henrietta  Street,  London,  W.C. ;  and  Edinburgh. 


iKaga^itus,  &c. 


NOW    READY. 

JOURNAL   OF   THE   ROYAL  STATISTICAL 

O  SOCIETY. 

Vol.  LXX.    Part  IV.    DECEMBER  31, 19»7.  Price  5s. 

Principal  Contents. 
ON  OFFICIAL  STATISTICS.    The  Presidential  Address  of  the  Rt. 
Hon.  Sir  Charles  W.  Dilke.  Bart..   MP.,  for  the   Session   1907-8. 
Delivered  to  The  Royal  Statistical  Society.  November  19, 1907. 
AN   INQUIRY  INTO   THE   RENT   OF    AGRICULTURAL  LAND 
IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES   DURING  THE   NINETEENTH 
CENTURY.    By  Robert  J.  Thompson. 
MISCELLANEA  :-MEMORANDUM  AS  TO  BIRTH-RATES  AND 
MARUI  AGE-RATES  IN  ENGLAND  AND  WALES.   Bv  Thomas 
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1794-1820.    By  Adolphns  Ballard.  B.A.   LL.B.  (Lond),  Hon.  M.A. 
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JOURNAL    OF    THE     INSTITUTE    OF 

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No.  231.       JANUARY,  190S.       Price  2s.  6d. 
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the  Liverpool  Victoria  Insurance  Corporation,  Limited ;  with' 
Abstract  of  the  Discussion  on  the  above  Papers. 

Legal  Notes.     By  Arthur  Rhys  Barrand.  F.I. A..  Barrister-at-Law. 

Employers'  Liability  Insurance  Companies'  Act.  1907  [7  Edward  VIT. 
ch.  461.  and  Order  in  Council. 

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GALLIOT  DU  PRE.    By  Arthur  Tilley.    I. 
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ROOM.    By  John  Ballinger. 
RECENT  FOREIGN  LITERATURE.    By  Elizabeth  Lee. 
SIENESE  TAVOLETTE.    By  Alfred  W.  Pollard. 
REVIEW.    By  A.  W,  P. 

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JANUARY  10,  1908. 

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SECOND  (ABRIDGED)  EDITION  OF 

SPIRITUAL  FAITH. 

Sermons  by  JOHN  HAMILTON  THOM. 

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London  :  1'HILIP  OREEN,  r>,  Basel  street,  Strand,  W.C. 

SURNAMES  OF   THE  UNITED   KINGDOM: 
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Itv  1IPNKY  HA'MMSoN. 

Author  of 'The  Plai-e-Nami-s  nf  tha  Uvsrpool  District,' 4c. 

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T  II  K     AT  II  E  \  ZB  U  M 


No.  II>V  .Ian.  11.  L908 


»*«.'• 


MR.  JOHN  _LON(J'S  NEW  ¥E AB  LIST 

THE  FIRST  NEW  NOVELS  OF  1908 

MR.  JOHN  LONG  has  now  commenced  the  publication  of  his  New  Novels  for  1908,  and  the  following  are  the  first  Eleven 
by  the  most  popular  Authors  of  the  Day.  As  usual  with  Mr.  John  Long's  Novels,  enormous  supplies  are  now  ready  at  all 
Libraries  and  Booksellers'. 

SIX    SHILLINGS    EACH 

RUBINA.     By  James  Blyth,  Author  of  'Amazement.'     With  Coloured  Frontispiece. 

LITTLE   JOSEPHINE.      By  L.   T.  Meade,  Author  of    <  The  Curse  of  the  FeveruLs.'       With  Coloured 

Frontispiece. 

A  WOMAN'S  AYE  AND  NAY.     By  Lucas  Clekve,  Author  of  <  Elizabeth  of  Loudon.' 

THE  SACRED  HERB.     By  Fergus  Hume,  Author  of  <  The  Black  Patch.' 

SECOND  SELVES.     By  Algernon  Gissing,  Author  of  '  A  Secret  of  the  North  Sea.' 

A    DEVIL'S    BARGAIN.     By  Florence  Warden,  Author  of  <  The  White  Countess.' 

ONE    FAIR    ENEMY.     By  Carlton  Dawe,  Author  of   '  The  Life  Perilous.' 

A    JACOBITE    ADMIRAL.     By  R.  H.  Forster,  Author  of   '  The  Mistress  of  Aydon.' 

STUBBLE    BEFORE    THE    WIND.     By  Mrs.  Campbell  Praed,  Author  of  <  The  Luck  of  the  Leura.' 

A    NEW    CINDERELLA.     By  Fred  Whishaw,  Author  of  '  The  Secret  Syndicate.' 

THE    PAXTON    PLOT.     By  C.  Guise  Mitford,  Author  of  f  Izelle  of  the  Dunes.' 

TWO     POPULAR     NOVELS     SIX     SHILLINGS     EACH 

MRS.      BARRINGTONS      ATONEMENT 

By  VIOLET  TWEEDDALE,  Author  of   'Lady  Sarah's  Son.' 
Outlook— "  A  cleverly  told  story,  full  of  character  study  and  the  strong  social  interest  with  which  the  author  invariably  invests  her  books." 

CYNTHIA      IN      THE      WILDERNESS 

By  HUBERT  WALES,  Author  of  'The  Yoke,'  'Mr.  and  Mrs.  Villiers.' 

Tatler. — "  Mr.  Hubert  Wales,  in  his  latest  novel,  '  Cynthia  in  the  Wilderness,'  deals  with  further  aspects  of  social  problems,  and  the  unfolding  of  Cynthia's  married  life  is  one 
which  will  be  followed  by  the  reader  to  the  very    nd  of  the  book.    Mr.  Wales  has  made  a  distinct  step  forward,  and  his  latest  novel  is  likely  to  be  as  widely  discussed  as  was  '  The  Yoke.'  ' 

"A  VOLUME  OF  REMARKABLE  FASCINATION."-World. 

SOCIETY  RECOLLECTIONS  IN  PARIS   AND  VIENNA,  1879-1904 

By  an  ENGLISH  OFFICER.     With  numerous  Portraits  of  Celebrities.     Demy  8\o,  12s.  net. 

Globe.— "  The  anonymous  author  is  a  gossip  who  would  have  delighted  Mr.  Pepys  himself.     The  book  is  full  of  gossip  of  all  sorts  of  people,  and  well  illustrated  by  photographs  of 
celebrities,  Royal  and  theatrical.     The  author  has  produced  a  very  amusing  volume." 

Croum. — "There  will  be  a  great  run  upon  the  book,  and  I  shall  be  surprised  if  several  editions  are  not  speedily  called  for." 

THE   RECORD   OF   AN   AERONAUT 

BEING  THE  LIFE  OF  JOHN  M.  BACON. 

By  his  Daughter,  GERTRUDE  BACON.     With  Photogravure  Portrait  and  G2  Illustrations.     Demy  Svo,  16s.  net. 

Globe.— "The  book  can  be  cordially  recommended."    Scotsman.— "The  work  gives  a  highly  readable  account  of  the  author's  many  voyages,  adventures,  and  narrow  escapes.' 
Evening  Standard.— "  Full  of  interesting  matter."    Dally  Express.— "  A  fascinating  story." 


THE  HOME  LIFE  OF  THE  EX-CROWN  PRINCESS  OF  SAXONY. 

THE    STRUGGLE    FOR   A    ROYAL    CHILD 

(Anna  Monica  Pia,  Duchess  of  Saxony).    My  Experiences  as  Governess  in  the  Household  of  the  Countess  Montignoso. 

l'<y  IDA   KREMER.     With  Photogravure  Portraits  of  the  ex-Crown  Princess  and  the  little  Princess  Monica.     Crown  8vo,  6s.        [Second  Edition  at  press. 

Daily  Telegraph. — "The  volume  gives  a  picture  of  Royalties  in  exile  which  is  as  amusing  as  it  is  instructive.     Quite  excellent  is  the  portrait  the  author  gives  of  the  lady 
doings  have  occupied  European  attention  for  so  long  a  time.    One  of  the  chief  charms  of  this  quite  Interesting  volume  is  that  it  is  so  human,  and  we  closed  the  book  with  thanks  to  the 
author  for  a  piece  of  discreet,  valuable,  and  lively  psychology." 

THE    "MR.    D00LEY    OF    ST.    JAMES'S    STREET." 

BRUMMELL 

By   COSMO   HAMILTON,    Author    of    'Adam's    Clay,'    'Duke's   Son,'    &c.     6s. 

World, — "My.  Hamilton's  '  Brummell' is  an  altogether  stimulating  and  delightful  companion,  quaintly  original  and  diverting,  clever  and  amusing,  always  pointed,  witty,  and 
exhilarating,  and  never  misses  its  mark." 

Bystander.— "J&r,  Hamilton  is  one  of  the  '  smartest  '  writers  living  on  the  'smart  set'  and  the  smartness  of  '  Brummell '  is  undeniable." 


JOHN  LONG,   12,    13,    14,  Norris  Street,    Baymarket,  London. 


Editorial  Cimimunicatione  should  be  addressed  to  "THE  EDITOR"— Advertisements  and  Busin.  ss  batten  U>  "THE  1TBL1SIIEHS  "-  at  the  Office,  Bream's  timidities,  CUMOSTJ  [ant,  I  0 
Published  Weekly  by  JOHN  0.  FRANCIS  and  J.  EDWARD  FRANCIS  at  Breams  Buildings.  Chancery  Lane,  E.c ..  and  Printed  by  J.  KinvAKH  FRANCI8,  Athemrum  Press  Bream's  Build-,  t  ry  Lane.  E.C 

Agents  for  Scotland,  Usfesrs,  BELL  4  EltADFUTE and  Sir.  JOHS  MENZIES.  Edinburgh.— Saturday.  January  11,  11)08. 


I\ 


THE  ATHEN^UM 


f  flartral  af  (English  an&  $avti§n  f  iterators,  §&twm,  t\)t  jfte  ^rts,  Jitasit  anft 


f*0F  TORO 


No.  4186. 


SATURDAY,   JANUARY    18,  1908. 


PRICE 
THREEPENCE. 

REGISTERED  AS  A  NEWSPAPER. 


T  IBRARY      OF      THE      UNIVERSITY     OF 

JU  LONDON,    SOUTH    KENSINGTON. 

The  GENERAL  LIBRARY  and  the  GOLDSMITHS'  LIBRARY 
of  ECONOMIC  LITERATURE  are  OPEN  on  MONDAYS,  WED- 
NESDAYS, FRIDAYS,  and  SATURDAYS,  from  10  a.m.  to  5  p.m., 
ami  on  TUESDAYS  and  THURSDAYS,  from  10  a.m.  to  9  p.m.  A 
Pamphlet,  giving  general  information  respecting  the  Libraries,  can 
he  obtained  on  application. 


A 


7ICT0RIA 


LEAGUE. 


The  EDUCATION  COMMITTEE  of  the  VICTORIA  LEAGUE 
offer  a  PRIZE  of  BOOKS  to  the  value  of  TWENTY  GUINEAS,  to  be 
competed  for  by  Undergraduates  of  the  Universities  of  the  United 
Kingdom. 

The  term  "Undergraduates"  shall,  for  the  purposes  of  this  Com- 
petition, be  understood  to  include  : — 

Students  and  Undergraduate  Students,  Men  and  Women,  in 
regular  attendance  at  College  Lectures  ;  Women  reading  for 
Degree  Examinations  at  Oxford  or  Cambridge  ; 
but  NOT  External  Students  of  the  University  of  London. 
SUBJECT    OK    ESSAY. 
'Compare  the  British  Empire  with  other  Empires, 
Past  and  Present.' 
For  further  Information  as  to  Conditions  apply  to  THE  SECRE- 
TARY,   Education    Committee,    Victoria    League,    Dacre     House, 
Victoria  Street,  London,  S.  W. 


(Exhibitions. 


ROYAL     ACADEMY     OF     ARTS. 
WINTER    EXHIBITION. 
Work  by  Old  Masters  and  Deceased  Masters  of  the  British  School, 
including  Special  Collections  of  Pictures  by  Hogarth  and  the  late 
J.  C.  Hook,  R.A. 

Open  from  9  a.m.  to  6  p.m.  Admission  Is.   Catalogue  6(i.  Season 
Ticket  5s. 

} EXHIBITION  OF  FURNITURE,  METAL 
J  WORK,  and  MODELLED  CEILINGS  bv  ERNEST  W. 
GIMSON.  DEBENHAM  &  FREEBODY'S  ART  GALLERIES, 
Wigmore  Street,  W. 

EARLY  BRITISH  SCHOOL— SHEPHERD'S 
WINTER  EXHIBITION  of  PORTRAITS  and  LANDSCAPES 
by  EARLY  BRITISH  MASTERS  is  NOW  OPEN.— SHEPHERD'S 
GALLERY,  27,  King  Street,  St.  James's. 


SPANISH 

A  R  T 

Ci     A    L    L    E    R    Y, 

50,     CONDUIT    STREET,    LONDON,     W. 

ART    DEALERS    AND    IMPORTERS 
OF    ANTIQUITIES     FROM     SPAIN. 

Antique  Embroideries,  Brocades, 
Velvets,  Persian  Rugs,  Armour, 
Furniture,  Gothic  Pictures, 
China,      Silver,      Enamels,     <fcc. 

RARE      MUSEUM      OBJECTS. 


^jroiri&ntt  Institutions. 

HE       BOOKSELLERS'       PROVIDENT 

INSTITUTION. 

Founded  18.17. 

Patron-HEK  MAJESTY  OJIEEN  ALEXANDRA. 

Invested  Capital,  30.000?. 


T 


A    UNIQUE    INVESTMENT 
Offered  to  London  Booksellers  and  their  Assistants. 
A  young  man  or  woman  of  twenty-five  au  invest  the  sum  of  Twenty 
iQaineM  lor  its  equivalent  by  Instalments),  and  obtain  the  riaht  ti> 
participate  in  the  following  advantage!:— 

FIRST.  Freedom  from  waul    in  time  of  Adversity  as  long  a!  need 

second.  Permanent  Relief  in  Old  Am, 

THIRD    Medical  A. bin-  !,v  eminent  Physicians  and  Surgeons 

FOURTH.  A  Cottage  in  the  Country  I A  hi  Kits  Ijimdev  Hertford 
shire)  for  aged  Member*,  with  garden  produce,  coal,  and  medical 
attendance  free.  In  addition  to  an  annuity 

FIFTH.  A  furnished  house  i„  (he  same  Retreat  at.  Abbott  Unglev 
for  the  use  of  Memliers  and  their  families  for  holidays  or  durlnir 
■convalescence.  * 

For  further  information  apply  to  the  Secretary.  Mu.  GEORGE 
LARNEK,  •.*,  Paternoster  Row,  B.C.  "' 


N 


EWSVENDORS'    BENEVOLENT 

PROVIDENT  INSTITUTION. 


AND 


Founded  ]8.'!0. 

Funds  exceed  27,0001. 

Office :  15  and  16,  Farringdon  Street,  London,  E.C. 

Patron : 

The  Right  Hon.  THE  EAUL  OP  ROSEBERY.  K.G.  K.T. 

President : 

The   LORD   GLENESK. 

Treasurer : 

THE  LONDON  AND  WESTMINSTER  BANK,  LIMITED. 

OBJECTS.— This  Institution  was  established  in  1839  in  the  City  of 
London,  under  the  Presidency  of  the  late  Alderman  Harmer,  for 
granting  Pensions  and  Temi>orary  Assistance  to  principals  and 
assistants  engaged  as  vendors  of  Newspapers. 

MEMBERSHIP.— Every  Man  or  Woman  throughout  the  United 
Kingdom,  whether  Publisher,  Wholesaler,  Retailer,  Employer,  or 
Employed,  is  entitled  to  become  a  Member  of  this  Institution,  and 
enjoy  its  benefits  upon  payment  of  Five  Shillings  annually,  or  Three 
Guineas  for  life,  provided  that  he  or  she  is  engaged  in  the  sale  of 
Newspapers,  and  such  Members  who  thus  contribute  secure  priority 
of  consideration  in  the  event  of  their  needing  aid  from  the  Institution. 

PENSIONS.— The  Annuitants  now  number  Thirty-six,  the  Men 
receiving  25t.  and  the  Women  201.  per  annum  each. 

The  "Royal  Victoria  Pension  Fund,"  commemorating  the  great 
advantages  the  News  Trade  enjoyed  under  the  rul**  of  Her  late 
Majesty  Oueen  Victoria,  provides  20f.  a  year  each  for  Six  Widows  of 
News  vendors. 

The  "Francis  Fund"  provides  Pensions  for  One  Man,  25Z.,  and  One 
Woman  201.,  and  was  specially  subscribed  in  memory  of  the  late  John 
Francis,  who  died  on  April  (i,  188'2.  and  was  for  more  than  fifty  years 
Publisher  of  the  Athenwum.  He  took  an  active  and  leading  part 
throughout  the  whole  period  of  the  agitation  for  the  repeal  of  the 
various  then  existing  "  Taxes  on  Knowledge,"  and  was  for  very  many 
years  a  staunch  supjtorter  of  this  Institution. 

The  *  Horace  Marshall  Pension  Fund"  is  the  gift  of  the  late  Mr. 
Horace  Brooks  Man  hall.  The  employes  of  that  firm  have  primary 
right  of  election  to  its  benefits. 

The  "Herbert  Lloyd  Pension  Fund"  provides  35t,  per  annum  for 
one  man,  in  perpetual  and  grateful  memory  of  Mr.  Herbert  Lloyd,  who 
died  May  12,  J89S). 

The  principal  features  of  the  Rules  governing  election  to  all  Pensions 
are,  that  each  Candidate  shall  have  been  (1)  a  Member  of  the  Institu- 
tion for  not  less  than  ten  years  preceding  application  ;  (21  not  less  than 
fifty-five  years  of  age  ;  (3)  engaged  in  the  sale  of  Newspapers  for  at  lva*t 
ten  years. 

RELIEF.— Temporary  relief  is  given  in  cases  of  distress,  not  only 
to  Members  of  the  Institution,  but  to  Newsvendors  or  their  servants 
who  may  be  recommended  for  assistance  by  Members  of  the  Institu- 
tion. Inquiry  is  made  in  such  cases  by  Visiting  Committees,  and 
relief  is  awarded  in  accordance  with  the  merits  and  requirements  of 
each  case.  W.  WILK1E  JONES,  Secretary. 


(B&nrational. 

T3IRMINGHAM  AND  MIDLAND  INSTITUTE. 


SCHOOL  OF  MUSIC. 

Visitor-Sir  EDWARD  ELGAR,  Mns.Doc.  LL.D. 

Principal-GRANVILLE  BANTOCK. 

Visiting  Examiner— H.  WALFORD  DAVIES,  Mus.Doc. 

SESSION  1907-1908. 

The  SESSION  consists  of  AUTUMN  TERM  I8EPTEMBER  1G  to 

DECEMBER   21).  WINTER  TERM  (JANUARY  '20  to  APRIL  11), 

SUMMER  TERM  (APRIL  '27  to  JUNE  271. 

Instruction    in    till    Branches    of    Music.      Students'    Choir    and 
Orchestra,  Chamber  Music,  Students'  Rehearsals,  Concerts,  and  Opera. 
Prospectus  and  further  information  mav  he  obtained  from 

ALFRED  HAYES,  Secretary. 

THE  DOWNS  SCHOOL,  SEAFORD,  SUSSEX. 
Head  Mistress-Miss  LUCY  ROBINSON,  M.A.  (late  Second  Mis- 
tress St.  Felix  School,  Southwold).  References :  The  Principal  of 
Bedford  College,  London  ;  The  Master  of  Peterhouse,  Cambridge. 

CHURCH      EDUCATION      CORPORATION, 
CHERWELL  HALL,  OXFORD. 

Training  College  for  Women  Secondary  Teachers. 

Principal— Miss   CATHERINE  I.    DODD,    M.A.    date   Lecturer  in 

Education  in  the  Manchester  University). 

Students   are   prepared   for  the  Oxford,   the  Cambridge,  and   the 

London  Teachers  Diploma.    Special  arrangements  made  for  Students 

to  attend  the  School  of  Geography. 

EXHIBITIONS  and  SCHOLARSHIPS  awarded  in  December  and 
July.— Apply  to  the  Principal. 


MISS  DREWRY'S  CLASSES  for  the  STUDY 
of  ENGLISH  LITERATURE  will  BEGIN  again  in  the 
THIRD  WEEK  OF  JANUARY,  190S.  Wednesday.  January  22, 
7.45  p.m.,  and  Friday,  January  '2-1.  1 1.16  a.m..  Readings  from  the  Poets, 
with  Discussion.  Thursday,  January 2:1,  11.15a.m.,  aCourseof  Lectures 
for  (lirls  who  have  left  School.  Subjects  : — Chaucer,  Spenser,  or  8hak- 
spere.  Fee  for  the  Course  of  Ten  Meetings,  One  Guinea;  to  Pro- 
fessional Timbers,  Haifa-Guinea.  Miss  Dewry  receives  Private 
Pupils.— 141,  King  Henry's  Road.  London,  N.W. 

EDUCATION. 
Parents  or  Guardians  desiring  accurate  information  relative  to 
the  CHOlt'E  of  SCHOOLS  for  BUYS  or  GIRLS  or 
TUTORS  in  England  or  Abroad 
are  invited  to  call  ujton  or  send  fullv  detailed  particulars  to 
MESSRS.  GABBITAS,  TURING  &  CO.. 
who  for  more  than  thirty  years  have  been  closely  in  touch  with  the 
leading  Educational  Establishments. 

Advice,  free  of  charge,  is  given  by  Mr.   TURING,  Nephew  of  the 
late  Head  Master  of  Uppingham,  86,  Sackville  Street,  London,  W. 


Situations  Uarant. 

COUTH      AFRICAN      COLLEGE      SCHOOL, 

IO  CAPE  TOWN. 

A  SCIENCE  MASTER  WANTED  for  the  above  SCHOOL,  to  teach 
Chemistry  and  Physics. 

Duties  to  begin  on  AI'HII,  8.  Candidate!  molt  )>ossess  the  Privy 
Council  Oertluoate.  and  a  Bcienoe  Degrea.  Ralary  SOOL  per  annum, 
with  prospect*  of  Increau.  Applications,  stating  aire,  with  six  copies 
of  Testimonials  and  Health  Certificate  to  reach  the  Registrar,  8.  A. 
College,  Cape  Town,  on  or  before  FEBRUARY  1*  NEXT. 


Yearly  Subscription,  free  by  post,  Inland, 
15s.  3d. ;  Foreign,  18s.  Entered  at  the  New 
York  Post  Office  as  Second  Class  matter. 

THE  ATHEN.EUM  is  published  on 
FRIDAY  AFTERNOON  at  2  o'clock. 


T 


HE    UNIVERSITY    OF    SHEFFIELD. 


APPOINTMENT  OF  DEMONSTRATOR  IN  BOTANY. 


The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  DEMONSTRATOR  in 
BOTANY.    Salary  1507.  per  annum. 

Applications  should  be  made  to  the  undersigned,  from  whom 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained,  not  later  than  JANUARY  25, 
1908.  W.  M.  GIBBONS,  Registrar. 


T 


HE      UNIVERSITY      OF      LEEDS. 


Applications    will  be  received  up    to    FEBRUARY'  15th  for    the 
appointment  of  ASSISTANT  PROFESSOR  of  EDUCATION. 


400i.— Particulars  may  be  obtained  from  THE  REGISTRAR. 


Salai  y 


BEDFORD        COLLEGE       FOR       WOMEN 
(UNIVERSITY    OF    LONDON), 
YORK    PLACE,    BAKER    STREET,    W. 
The  COUNCIL  are  about  to  appoint  a  LECTURER  in  BOTANY', 
who  will  be  Head  of  the  Department.    The  appointment  is  open  to 
Men  and  Women  equally,  and  will  take  effect  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Easter  Term. 

Applications,  with  twenty-five  copies  of  Testimonials,  should  be 
sent  not  later  than  JANUARY  81,  to  the  Secretary,  from  whom 
further  particulars  may  be  obtained. 

ETHEL  T.  McKNIGHT,  Secretary. 

HACKNEY     METROPOLITAN     BOROUGH 
CO0NCIL 
PUBLIC  LIBRARIES. 
LIBRARY      ASSISTANTS. 
The  BOROUGH  COUNCIL  are  prepared  to  receive  applications  for 
the  ap|iointment  of  the  following  Officers  : — 

(II  MALE  LIBRARY  ASSISTANT,  with  previous  experience  in 
Public  Library  Work.  Salary  1501.  per  annum,  rising  by  10J.  annually 
to  a  maximum  of  2(io?.  per  annum. 

(2)  SENIOR  FEMALE  LIBRARY  ASSISTANT.  Salary  50/.  per 
annum,  rising  by  6Z.  annuallv  to  a  maximum  of  757..  per  annum. 

CI)  FEMALE  LIBRARY  ASSISTANTS  (Two  Appointments). 
Salary  407.  per  annum,  rising  by  57.  annually  to  a  maximum  of  60!.  per 
annum. 

Forms  of  Application  may  be  obtained  from  the  undersigned  at  the 
Town  Hall,  Hackney,  on  any  weekday  within  office  hours. 

Applications,  which  must  be  accompanied  by  three  recent  Testi- 
monials, must  be  delivered  to  the  undersigned  not  later  than  12  o  clock 
noon  on  MONDAY,  January  27,  1908. 

W.  A.  WILLIAMS,  Town  Clerk. 
Town  Hall,  Mare  Street.  Hackney,  N.E. 
January  15, 1908. 


G 


Situations  Mantcb. 

RADUATE,    M.A.    B.Sc,   abstainer,  age  2S, 

VT  6eeks  position  as  SECRETARY',  Assistant.  Loudon  Agent.  &<•. 
Highest  credentials.— Please  address  Box  1382,  Athenaeum  Pre^-s,  13, 
Bream's  Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 

SECRETARY    (LADY)     REQUIRES     POST. 

O    Skilled  Correspondent,  Research,  Precis  Writing.  Reports.  Com- 
mittee Work.    Book-keeping.      Several  years'  experience.     Educated 
Public  Schools  and  Abroad.— Box  1384,  Athenaeum  Press,  13,  Bn 
Buildings,  Chancery  Line,  E.C. 

GENTLEMAN,  24*  years,  M.A.  (Scotland), 
refined,  of  unquestionable  character  and  integrity,  fine  appear- 
ance and  manner,  seeks  post  as  SECRETARY.  Home  or  Abroad.  To 
suit  married  preferred.  References.— Address  K,  care  of  Post 
Office.  Lugar,  Ayrshire,  N.B. 


jfttisttllancoua. 


PRIVATE  TOURS  FOR  GENTLEWOMEN.— 
SUNNY  ITALY.  FEBRUARY  86,  One  Month.  Rome.  Naples. 
Capri.  Sorrento.  Pompeii,  Florence.  Venice.  Milan.  Genoa.  References 
exchanged.— MISS  BISHOP,  '27,  St.  George's  Road,  Kill. urn. 

pOUNTRY  TRAVELLER  can  CARRY  a  FEW 

\J     ADDITIONAL    LINES.     Spring  Journey  commences  END  ol 
JANUARY.— Box  1833,  Athena-uni  Praam  13,  Bream's  Buildings.  E  C 

LADY     desires     TRANSLATION      WORK— 
French,  German,  into  English.     First -cla««   Honours  in  both, 
L.L.A.    Exam.     Lived  Abroad. -Miss   F.    D.  WRIGHT,  Willingdon. 

Eastbourne. 


pULTUREI)     RUSSIAN     GENTLEMAN      is 

\J  anxious  to  give  LESSONS  in  RUSSIAN  or  POLISH,  to  obtain 
Business  Correspondence  Work.  Hook  Keeping.  Ac  Highest 
references.- Address  Miss  FRANK. :..  RIvacton  Place.  s.W. 


NORTHERN     NEWSPAPER     SYNDICATE, 
Kendal.  SUPPLIES  EDITORS  with  LITERARY  MATTER, 
and  invites  Authors  to  submit   MSS    of  Serials.   Short   Stories,  nix! 
Article*.     Proposals  for  Berial  Use  of  nil  high  class  Literary  Mstier 
careful   nn.l    prompt    (ouiidcralioi.       Telegraphic    Address, 
t..  Kendal." 


58 


T  II  E     AT  II  K  n  -i:  ('  M 


No.  H86,  Jaw.  18.  1908 


To  AUTHOR8  am.  pi  i.i  ism  its  in  i'i:\  [N(J, 

TV.  I  llv    undertaken     by 

i  .  »rs  of 

Klrlmi.  •    n  A   i                -  .•!          -      I         I          U         I  ■     »  \\ 


LITER  \i;y  RESEAR(  H  undertaken  »t  the 
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THE     ENGLISH     HISTORICAL    REVIEW. 
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By  James  F.  Baldwin. 
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CRAFTS.    By  Miss  Stella  Kramer. 
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Chance.     Part  III. 
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1.  THE  GOVERNMENT  OF  SUBJECT  RACES. 

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3.  THE    ORIGIN    AND    PROSPECTS   OF    GOTHIC    ARCHI- 

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5.  THE  FALLACIES  OF  SOCIALISM. 

6.  VERSAILLES. 

7.  HEINRICH  HEINE  :    EMOTION  AND  LRONY. 

8.  RELIGION  IN  LITERATURE. 

9.  THE    AGRICULTURAL     POSITION    OF    THE     UNITED 

KINGDOM. 

10.  THE  SECOND  HAGUE  CONFERENCE. 

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THE     ATHEN.EUM 


59 


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THE     A  T  H  E  N  M U  M 


61 


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SIX    NEW    NOVELS. 


1. 


By  Olive 


BY     THE    AUTHOR     OF    '  THE 
SOUL    MARKET.' 

THE  SPECULATOR. 

CHRISTIAN    MALVKKY. 

Tlio  heroine  in  the  novel  eduaetes  hereelf  to  fill  the  rl  It 
of  badneu  men  In  the  city.    HeMdeH  n  itronglove  Int. 

and  the  portrayal  of  passionate  icenea,  there  are  exciting 
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women's  cluhs  in  London,  and  »cencs  in  The  Upeculator'i 
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and  women.  The  6tory  is  essentially  one  of  modern  life  and 
society  of  to-day. 

2.  BY     THE     AUTHOR     OF    'THE 

KING'S    WIFE.* 

THE   QUEENS   FRIEND.      By 

HELEN  E  VACARESCO. 

A  family  in  a  Roumanian  chateau  give  their  children  an 
English  education,  the  young  girl  of  the  bouse  marries  an 
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unjustly  judged.  The  hook  gives  a  most  interesting  picture 
of  Court  Life  from  the  inside. 

3.  BY     THE    AUTHOR     OF    'THE 

LAST    MIRACLE.' 

THE  WHITE  WEDDING.     By 

M.  P.  SHIEL. 

A  story  with  a  hero — a  Caesar  in  the  realm  of  morals— 
though  a  very  average  person  in  appearance  until  a  most 
strange  combination  of  events  brings  out  what  is  latent  in 
him,  such  is  Mr.  Shiel's  latest  book,  which  is  at  present 
being  prepared  for  the  stage.  The  scene  is  laid  in  the 
west  country,  of  which  the  author  shows  a  close  knowledge, 
and  as  usual  in  his  tales  the  incidents  are  new,  and  chase 
one  another,  and  the  characters  are  creations. 

4.  A    HUMOROUS     SPORTING 

NOVEL. 

SHORTY  McCABE.     By  Sewell 

FORD.       Illustrated    by    F.    V.   WILSON. 

Crown  8vo. 
This  is  a  sporting  novel  with  a  laugh  on  nearly  every 
page.  It  is  the  autobiography  of  an  ex-prizefighter  who 
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Shorty  is  a  new  type  in  fiction— full  of  hard  sense  as  well 
as  kindly  sympathy.  He  is  a  finely  drawn  character,  with 
a  rare  insight  into  human  nature,  and  a  flow  of  witty  slang 
that  makes  the  reader  almost  gasp  for  breath.  The  book  is 
a  sure  cure  for  the  blues. 

5.  BY     THE    AUTHOR     OF    'THE 
SALVING    OF    A    DERELICT.' 

LETHBRIDGE  OF  THE  MOOR. 

By  MAURICE   DRAKE. 

Released  from  Dartmoor  after  five  years  penal  servitude, 
George  Lethbridge  must  perforce  adjust  himself  to  the 
ways  of  the  outer  world  that  he  as  yet  knows  nothing  of. 

A  man  in  years,  but  still  a  boy  in  inexperience  of  life,  he 
is  as  severely  handicapped  by  his  ignorance  as  by  the  odium 
attaching  to  his  sentence.  Without  occupation,  without 
means,  without  relations  or  friends,  he  drifts  helplessly 
downwards;  and  when  in  despair  he  takes  the  only  hand 
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the  choice  between  wrecking  the  life  of  the  woman  he  loves 
or  sacrificing  himself  for  the  man  he  hates.  He  elects  to 
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prison  in  his  place.  Freed  later  by  the  disclosure  of  his 
identity,  he  returns  to  claim  his  reward. 

6.  BY     THE    AUTHOR     OF    'THE 

NANCY    MANOEUVRES.' 

JULIAN  WINTERSON  (Coward 

and  Hero).     By  CHARLES  GLEIG. 

A  novel  of  character,  with  life  in  the  Royal  Navy  as  a  back- 
ground. Julian' Winterson,  sprung  from  a  long  line  of 
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cowardice.  Cowardice  is  no  new  theme  in  fiction,  but  it  is 
analyzed  hero  In  a  manner  which  compels  the  reader  to 
pause  and  to  consider  whether  cowardice  merits  scorn, 
pity,  or  scientific  acceptance. 


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SECOND  IMPRESSION  IN  THE  PRESS. 

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1.  NINETEENTH  -CENTURY  SPAIN. 

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K.C.M.G. 
G.  ARIOSTO.     By  R.  Warwick  Bond. 

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10.  THE  HAGUE  CONFERENCE.     By  Prof.  Westlake, 

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Prof.  R.  Carr  Bosanquet. 

12.  THE  JUBILEE   OF  THE    ALPINE  CLUB.      By  sir 

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JOHN  MURRAY,  Albemarle  Street,  W. 
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— • — 
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Par  JULES  DE  GAULTIER.  Vol.  in-S,  3.50. 
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THE     ATHEN^UM 


65 


SATURDAY,  JANUARY  18,  190S. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Two  Books  on  the  Old  Chevalier 65 

Virgil's  Messianic  Eclogue        66 

The  Writing  ok  English 67 

Lord  Acton  on  Freedom ^ 

Continuation  Schools         69 

Educational  Books 70 

For  Schools  and  students         71 

Our  Library  Table  (The  Social  Fetich;  The  Seven 
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Religion  ;  Russian  and  Bulgarian  Folk-lore  Stories  ; 
How  to  Collect  Postage  Stamps  ;  Hustled  History ; 
Whitaker's    Almanack    and   Peerage;     Erasmus 

against  War) 72    73 

Robert  Atkinson  ;  Notes  from  Paris  ;  The  In- 
corporated Association  of  Head  Masters; 
Assistant  Masters  in  Secondary  Schools ; 
The  Modern  Language  Association  ;  The 
L.C.C.  Conference  of  Teachers;  'Shake- 
speare's Warwickshire  Contemporaries'; 
The  Aim  in  Classical  Teaching     ..        ..       74—78 

List  of  New  Books 79 

Literary  Gossip         79 

Science— Health  in  the  School  ;  Lessons  in 
Practical    Hygiene  ;    Societies  ;    Meetings  ; 

Gossip 81—82 

Fine  Arts— The  Inteknational  Society  ;  Gossip  ; 

Exhibitions 82—83 

Music— Gossip;  Performances  Next  Week..        ..    83 
Drama— A  White  Man  ;  The  Plays  of  Moliere  ; 

Holger  Drachmann       83—84 

Index  to  Advertisers        84 


LITERATURE 


The  King  over  the  Water.  By  Alice  Shield 
and  Andrew  Lang.     (Longmans  &  Co.) 

James  Francis  Edward,  the  Old  Chevalier. 
By  Martin  Haile.     (Dent  &  Co.) 

That  "  the  Old  Chevalier  "  should  have 
had  to  wait  a  hundred  and  forty  years 
for  his  biography  is,  we  think,  less  sur- 
prising than  that  the  task,  so  long  unat- 
tempted,  should  have  obtained  a  double 
fulfilment    in    the    publication    within    a 
month  of  two  independent  works.     The 
unhappy   prince,    who   has   engrossed   so 
little    of  the  passionate   interest  excited 
by   his   house,    had   certainly   a   history, 
but  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  had  a 
career.     His  father  had  reigned  at  White- 
hall, and  his  son  for  a  brief  season  was  to 
keep   court   in   his   name    at    Holyrood ; 
but  James  Francis  Edward,  never  grasping 
for  a  moment  the  reality  of  power,  was 
driven  hither  and  thither  over  the  restless 
sea  of  politics,  a  strenuous  but  ineffective 
navigator,  the  sport  of  winds  and  currents 
which    greater    ability    than    his    might 
have  failed  to   utilize.     As  the  attitude 
of  European  sovereigns  towards  him  and 
towards  each  other  was  usually  of  more 
consequence  to  James  than  anything  he 
could  himself  devise  or  execute,  no  account 
of  his  life  can  be  accepted  as  adequate 
which   does  not  enter  with  considerable 
fullness    into   the   history   of   his   times  ; 
but  "  Measures,  not  men,"  has  never  been 
the   motto   of   Jacobitism,    and   the   im- 
portance of  general  movements,  assumed 
to  be  familiar,   is  apt  to  be  overlooked 
by  a  writer  who  can  claim,  as  in  this  case, 
to    be   a   pioneer    of    research.     We    are, 
therefore,    not   unprepared    to    find    that 
one  of  the  Chevalier's  present  biographers 
has  confined  herself  mainly  to  the  personal 
aspects  of  her  theme. 


In  Mr.  Lang's  Preface  to  the  work 
which  has  been  written  under  his  super- 
vision by  Miss  Alice  Shield  we  are  told 
that  "the  purpose  has  been.... as  far 
as  may  be,  to  avoid  incursions  into  general 
history,  confining  the  work  to  biography." 
This  limitation  seems  to  us  to  detract 
from  the  value  of  the  book  without  adding 
anything  to  its  interest.  Indeed,  a  narra- 
tive so  minute  and  exhaustive  of  the 
titular  king's  daily  life — his  plots,  his 
peregrinations,  his  domestic  troubles,  his 
"  eternal  correspondence  " — would  have 
been  less  fatiguing  and  less  difficult  to 
follow  if  the  reader's  attention  had  occa- 
sionally been  diverted  to  a  survey  of 
political  conditions  outside  the  exiled 
Court.  Biography,  for  example,  might 
well  have  expanded  into  history  at  the 
point  where  James  loses  his  best  friend 
in  Louis  XIV.,  and  France,  under  the 
Orleans  regency,  advances  towards  that 
alliance  with  Great  Britain  which  forms 
so  remarkable  an  interlude  in  what  has 
been  called  "  a  second  Hundred  Years' 
War."  The  author  holds  that  the  death 
of  Louis  XIV.  was  no  great  misfortune 
to  the  Jacobites,  since  "  he  was  as  much 
bound  by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  as  the 
Regent  could  be "  ;  but  whilst  Louis 
had  no  motive  except  prudence  for  not 
violating  the  treaty,  the  Duke  of  Orleans 
and  George  I.  had  a  common  interest  in 
upholding  it — the  one  because  it  excluded 
the  Spanish  Bourbons  from  France,  and 
thus  placed  him  next  in  succession  to 
the  sickly  child  Louis  XV.  ;  the  other 
because  it  excluded  the  Stewarts  from 
England.  It  was  the  belief  of  Boling- 
broke  that,  if  Louis  had  lived  six  months 
longer,  the  preparations  he  was  secretly 
making  to  assist  the  Chevalier  would 
have  led  to  a  renewal  of  the  war.  The 
Regent,  unwilling  to  desert  James  before 
he  had  made  sure  of  King  George,  did 
not  wholly  stop  these  preparations  ;  but 
he  had  been  in  communication  with  the 
British  Ministry  even  before  the  King's 
death,  and,  within  a  month  after,  he  was 
discussing  proposals  for  a  mutual  guaran- 
tee of  succession  as  the  basis  of  an  alliance. 
Making  use  of  the  facts  furnished  by  Mr. 
Lang  in  his  '  History  of  Scotland,'  Miss 
Shield  puts  it  beyond  doubt  that  James 
had  no  thought  of  deceiving  either  Boling- 
broke  or  Berwick  in  the  instructions 
which  he  sent  to  Mar,  without  their  know- 
ledge, to  begin  the  rising  in  Scotland  ; 
but  his  action  is  admitted  to  have  been 
"  rash." 

The  crisis  of  1715  is  not  the  only  one 
in  which  the  dependence  of  Jacobitism 
on  international  relations  is  inadequately 
explained  ;  but  those  who  are  interested 
in  "  James  III.,"  not  as  a  mere  pawn  on 
the  European  chessboard,  but  as  a  crown- 
less  sovereign,  the  centre  of  a  shadowy 
Court,  need  ask  for  nothing  better  than 
this  book.  It  is  manifestly  the  fruit 
of  judicious  and  exhaustive  research ; 
it  has  the  flavour  of  literature,  shows 
insight,  and  is  remarkably  free  from  bias. 
Not  the  least  interesting  of  the  chapters 
are  the  three  which  describe  the  part 
played  by  James  in  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession,  including  his  gallantry 


amidst  the  awful  carnage  of  Malplaquet, 
where  he  headed  the  French  assault 
in  no  fewer  than  a  dozen  charges.  Boling- 
broke  receives  less  than  justice  ;  but  the 
author  has  no  romantic  illusions,  and 
appraises  Jacobitism — at  all  events,  offi- 
cial Jacobitism — at  much  less  than 
its  popular  value.  We  have  noticed 
very  few  blunders.  The  historian  of 
George  II.  (p.  452)  was  of  course  Horace, 
not  Edward,  Walpole ;  the  Jacobites 
and  their  Spanish  allies  in  1719  were  far 
from  being  "annihilated"  (p.  320)  at 
Glenshiel ;  and  when  one  recalls  the  out- 
burst of  popular  indignation  to  which 
Admiral  Byng  was  sacrificed,  it  is  dis- 
concerting to  read  (p.  460)  with  regard 
to  the  loss  of  Minorca  that  "  the  English 
cared  no  more  than  if  George  II.  had 
lost  his  pocket-handkerchief."  Lord  Tulli- 
bardine  at  Malplaquet  can  hardly  be 
said  to  have  fallen  "  at  the  head  of  the 
Atholl  Highlanders."  Not  a  few  of  these 
had  no  doubt  enlisted  under  the  son  of 
their  chief  ;  but  the  corps  he  commanded 
was  the  Scots  Brigade  in  the  Dutch 
service,  which  was  recruited  mainly  from 
the  Lowlands.  The  Preface  informs  us 
that  "  most  of  the  research  and  almost 
all  the  writing  are  Miss  Shield's  "  ;  but 
the  reader  who  takes  pleasure  in  Mr. 
Lang's  sprightly  style  will  find  something 
not  unlike  it  in  these  pages.  The  youthful 
Chevalier  may  possibly  have  been  guilty, 
like  Sam  We'ller,  of  "  one  amiable  indis- 
cretion "  ;  and  on  this  we  have  the  com- 
ment : — 

"  James  was  but  a  man  and  a  prince,  and 
the  ways  of  princes  in  those  days — though 
no  doubt  we  have  changed  all  that— were 
often  strait  and  secret,  yet  leading  to 
destruction." 

In  point  of  industry  and  research  there 
is  little  scope  for  choice  between  Martin 
Haile's  monograph  and  that  of  Miss 
Shield,  and,  happily  for  the  total  con- 
tribution to  our  knowledge  made  by  the 
two  books,  the  subject  is  viewed  rather 
from  the  political  than  from  the  personal 
standpoint.  Martin  Haile  is  laudably 
indifferent  to  the  advantages  offered  by  a 
popular  theme  ;  but  the  work,  though  it 
quotes  largely  from  documents,  cites  theni 
in  the  margin,  and  discusses  them  in 
foot-notes,  is  by  no  means  a  mere 
compilation,  and  ought  to  appeal  to  a 
wider  public  than  that  of  professed 
students.  It  is  a  painstaking  study  of 
Jacobitism  in  relation  to  wider  issues. 
The  author  is  thoroughly  alive  to  the 
significance  of  the  Orleans-Hanover  com- 
pact ;  does  justice  to  the  Quadruple 
Alliance  in  its  bearing  on  the  Jacobite 
expedition  of  1719 ;  explains  the  attempt 
of  James  to  mediate  between  France 
and  Austria  in  1735,  and  shows  how 
serious  a  blow  to  his  hopes  was  the 
renewal  of  hostilities  between  thoso 
Powers  in  1740.  Martin  Haile  has  bor- 
rowed two  facts,  new  to  English  history, 
from  the  researches  of  a  French  scholar, 
M.  Weisener.  It  is  shown  that  it  was 
George  I.,  and  not  the  Duke  of  Orleans, 
who  took  the  initiative  in  proposing 
an  alliance  ;  and  the  arrest  at  Innsbruck 
of    James's    intended   bride,   Clementina 


<;<; 


TH  E     A  T  II  E  N  -K  I'  M 


Nm.   Hm;.  Jan.  \*%  [QQ% 


Sobietki,  is  accounted  fox  by  showing 
tliat  the  Emperor,  in  the  trordi  of  his 
ambassador  at  Rome,  "  m  not  in  a 
position  to  refuse  anything  to  the  Elector 
of  Hanover,"  from  whom  be  had  received 
a  considerable   subsidy    in   return   for  a 

promise    to    close     his    dominions    to    the 

Pretender  and  bis  adherents.  Martin 
Haile  is  not  beyond  reproach  in  style, 
and,  though  incapable  oi  suppressing  or 

distorting  tacts,  sometimes  sees  them 
with  a  jaundiced  eye.  We  find  nothing 
but  evil  concerning  George  I.  ;  and  it  is 
surely  a  vapid  remark  to  say  concerning 
James  II.  that  his  "  most  unconstitutional 
acts  pale  beside  the  proceedings  of  "  the 
Convention  Parliament.  Without  a  viola- 
tion of  the  Constitution  kings  may  reign, 
but  can  hardly  be  deposed.  The  author 
imagines  that  England  and  France  were 
involved  in  successive  wars  through  the 
deposition  of  James  II.,  and  would  have 
become  allies  if  France  in  1740  had  com- 
bined with  Spain  and  succeeded  in  restor- 
ing his  son.  The  war  which  terminated 
at  Ryswick  in  1697  was  no  doubt  due 
to  the  Revolution  ;  but  the  Anglo-French 
quarrel  throughout  the  eighteenth  century 
had  its  roots  in  maritime  and  imperial 
antagonism,  and  we  may  be  sure  that  a 
Dupleix  in  India  and  a  Duquesne  in 
America  would  have  arisen  to  vex  the 
subjects  even  of  a  Stewart  king.  The 
statement  on  p.  63  that  the  Scottish 
Act  of  Security  was  "  for  the  succession 
of  Hanover  "  is  rectified  on  p.  69,  where 
we  are  told  that  the  Act  provisionally 
excluded  that  succession ;  but  so  well- 
informed  a  writer  might  have  been  ex- 
pected to  express  things  with  more 
accuracy  than  this  : — 

"  The  young  Archduchess  Maria  Theresa's 
title  as  Queen  of  Hungary  was  uncontested  ; 
but  her  assumption  of  that  of  Empress  of 
Austria  was  at  once  opposed  by  the  Elector 
of  Bavaria,  who  claimed  the  empire  for  him- 
self." 

In  those  days  there  was,  of  course,  no 
"  Empress  of  Austria."  Maria  Theresa's 
claim  to  succeed  her  father  in  the  duchy 
of  Austria  was  indeed  contested  by  the 
Elector  of  Bavaria  ;  but  her  sex  disquali- 
fied her  for  the  dignity  of  Holy  Roman 
Emperor,  and  it  was  her  husband,  Francis 
of  Lorraine,  whom  the  Elector  defeated 
as  candidate  for  that  office.  Both  works, 
it  should  be  mentioned,  are  illustrated 
and  indexed  ;  but  the  entry  "  James  III.," 
which  engrosses  1\  columns  of  Miss 
Shield's  index,  is  omitted  in  the  other 
volume. 

We  shall  now,  it  is"  to  be  hoped,  see  no 
more  in  history  of  the  tipsy,  amorous 
Chevalier  whom  Thackeray,  despite  his 
researches  at  the  British  Museum,  depicted 
in  '  Esmond.'  James  was,  indeed,  a 
sober,  upright,  and  chivalrous  prince, 
conscientious  in  the  use  of  his  very 
ordinary  gifts ;  and  pathetic  are  the 
glimpses  we  get  of  him  in  Miss  Shield's 
book,  plying  the  shuttle  of  an  ever-baffled 
diplomacy,  writing  and  dictating  in- 
numerable letters,  "  a  man,"  as  Mr.  Lang 
has  elsewhere  said,  "  eternally  absorbed 
in  his  sad  futile  business."  We  are  told 
that    he    was    "  a    Quietest    or   Christian 


Stoio  "  ;  but  his  profession  "f  tolerance, 
inevitable   in   one   in     in-     position,   did 

not,  we  think,  dl  STVe  SO  mm  h  empha- 
sis.      The  son   of    a   king   who    had     been 

deposed  for  attempting  to  dispense  with 

the  penal  laws  against  Catholics  uould 
have  been  in  a  hopeless  predicament  if  he- 
had  refused  to  tolerate  Protestants. 


Virgil's  Messianic  Eclogue.  By  J.  B. 
Mayor,  W.  Warde  Fowler,  and  R.  S. 
Conway.     (John  Murray.) 

It  is  matter  of  common  knowledge  that 
in  Germany  the  poems  of  Virgil  are  not  a 
popular  instrument  of  education,  and  that, 
as  only  the  equivalent  of  an  English  school 
term  is  devoted  to  the  '  /Eneid  '  and  a 
"  Durchblick  durch  das  ganze  Werk,"  and 
as  the  '  Georgics  '  and  '  Eclogues  '  are  vir- 
tually unknown  to  the  schools,  the  real 
gospel  of  Virgil  does  not  reach  young 
Germany.  Recent  work, such  asMr.  Glover's 
studies,  Mr.  Warren's  '  Death  of  Virgil,' 
and  the  three  essays  contained  in  this 
volume,  proves  conclusively  that  the 
humane  teaching  of  the  Mantuan  still  has 
a  strong  hold  over  thinking  men  in  this 
country.  Undoubtedly  there  are  in  Ger- 
many keen  students  of  Virgil's  works,  but 
it  is  obvious  that  his  influence  cannot  be 
so  pervasive  as  it  would  be  if  a  large 
proportion  of  the  young  thought  of  the 
nation,  as  in  England,  were  steeped 
in  the  lofty  sentiments  and  haunting 
rhythms  of  the  poet.  With  both  of  these 
merits  the  fourth  Eclogue  is  specially 
endowed,  and,  even  without  a  clear  under- 
standing of  its  difficulties,  many  a  young 
student  may  have  carried  away  from  a 
reading  of  the  "  Sicelides  Musae "  the 
edifying  thought  of  the  infinite  possibilities 
of  human  amelioration  which  spring  from 
its  teaching  of  lovingkindness  and  mercy. 
Still,  it  is  a  gain  if  these  difficulties  can 
be  swept  away,  and  a  definite  meaning 
attached  to  lines  which  have  hitherto  been 
regarded  as  cruces  in  the  poem.  We  of 
the  present  generation  have  mostly  taken 
our  guidance  from  Conington  or  Mr.  Arthur 
Sidgwick.  The  former  was  content  not  to 
press  the  doubtful  passages,  but  to  allow 
particular  problems  to  remain  un- 
solved while  he  expounded  the  general 
drift  of  the  Eclogue.  Mr.  Sidgwick,  with 
his  commendable  desire  to  make  things 
clear  to  young  minds,  in  discussing  the 
difficulty,  Who  was  the  child  ?  was  led  to 
decide  for  the  progeny  of  Pollio.  This 
decision,  we  take  it,  is  overthrown,  as  far 
as  is  possible  in  a  case  where  final  certainty 
cannot  be  reached,  by  the  consensus  of  the 
three  essayists  who  contribute  to  this 
volume.  We  think  that  what  on  this 
matter  is  common  ground  to  Mr.  Conway, 
Mr.  Warde  Fowler,  Mr.  Joseph  Mayor,  and 
many  another  scholar  might  well  be 
definitely  taught  in  schools,  and  that  Mr. 
Sidgwick's  conjecture  should  now  be  set 
aside. 

Even  at  the  risk  of  taking  up  some 
space,  it  is  worth  while  to  state  what 
seems  to-day  the  best  view  of  this  much- 
debated  Eclogue.  If  more  truth  has  been 
attained,  it  is  by  use  of  the  only  reason- 


able  method  of  approaching  such  nnfwtfom. 

that   is,  by  a  close  study  of  Virgil's  works 
.x   whole,   of    his    life   and    the   circum- 

stances  of  bis  times.    .Mi.  Warde  Fowiec 

expresses  the    general    position   in  a   few 

words  when  he  writes  :  — 

"  I  look  on  it  as  the  celcl, ration,  in  mys- 
tical, and  as  the  writers  of  tl  •  I .  -ays 
believe,  Messianic  language,  of  the  actual 
birth  of  a  real  child,  who  is  destined  to 
initiate  a  new  era  of  happincsi  for  Italy  and 
the  world." 

.Mr.  (Jon way  in  his  essay  make,  good 
his  point  that  in  the  whole  work  of  Virgil 
there  is  often  found  a  conception  which 
in  many  ways  is  parallel  to  the  Jewish 
expectation  of  a  Messiah, 

"the  conception  of  a  national  hero  and 
ruler,  divinely  inspired,  and  sent  to  delivr 
not  his  own  nation  only,  but  mankind,  rais- 
ing them  to  a  new  and  ethically  higher 
existence." 

Working  this  out  more  in  detail,  he 
proceeds  to  prove  satisfactorily  that 
Virgil  consciously  entertained  the  ideas 
that  the  world  was  in  need  of  regenera- 
tion ;  that  the  establishment  of  the 
Empire  was  favourable  to  such  an  ethical 
movement ;  that  Rome's  duty  was  to 
attempt  the  task  ;  and  that  one  special 
deliverer  must  begin  the  work — a  work 
which  would  involve  disappointment,  and 
the  essence  of  which  lay  in  a  more 
humane  ideal,  an  ideal  of  mercy.  "  Italy 
regenerate,"  says  Mr.  Warde  Fowler, 
"  after  a  period  of  darkness  and  wicked- 
ness— this  is  the  one  great  idea  that 
animates  the  poet's  mind  throughout." 
He  also  sees  that  the  question  who  the 
child  was  is  not  a  vital  matter,  so  far  as 
the  poem  itself  is  concerned.  Still,  there 
seems  to  have  grown  up  a  remarkable 
agreement  among  eminent  scholars  as  to 
the  child.  Except  in  so  far  as  Prof. 
Skutsch  gives  forcible  expression  to  this 
view,  much  need  not  be  made  of  his 
having  reached  it  himself.  WTe  believe  we 
are  right  in  saying  that  many  English 
scholars  previously  thought  the  same  as 
the  Breslau  professor.  The  "  father " 
who  has  given  the  world  peace  is 
Octavian  ;  the  child  is  the  heir  to  the 
Empire  whose  birth  was  expected  in 
40  B.C.,  but  who  in  fact  was  never  born. 
The  child  Scribonia  bore  early  in  39  was 
a  girl,  the  unhappy  Julia.  Scribonia  was 
divorced  on  the  same  day.  Virgil's 
Eclogue,  already  published,  was  "allowed 
to  stand,  enigma  though  it  had  become," 
because  "  its  real  object  was  to  hail  the 
coming  Better  Age  rather  than  to  salute 
the  expected  infant." 

In  considering  the  sources  of  the  fourth 
Eclogue  Mr.  Mayor  sets  himself  to  answer 
a  question  asked  by  Conington  :  Are  not 
the  images  used  by  Virgil  sufficiently 
paralleled  in  pagan  literature  ?  His 
answer  is  that  such  parallels  are  not  to 
be  found,  except  in  the  Jewish  Scriptures, 
to  which  he  traces  them  back.  The 
"  Cumaeum  carmen "  he  traces  to  the 
Sibylline  books  doctored  by  Jews  for 
Jewish  purposes.  A  consideration  of  the 
fact  that  the  Jewish  Scriptures  lend 
themselves  with  extraordinary  readiness 
to  parallel  quotation   in   many  branches 


No.  4186,  Jan.  18,  1908 


THE    ATHENiEUM 


67 


of  poetry,  history,  and  philosophy  puts 
us  on  our  guard  against  a  too  easy 
acceptance  of  such  parallels  as  those 
made  out  between  this  Eclogue  and 
passages  of  Isaiah  ;  yet  in  spite  of  this 
we  think  Mr.  Mayor's  conclusions  are  too 
strong  to  resist.  The  "  Cumaeum  carmen  " 
"  was  either  one  of  the  many  oracles 
which were  apparently  still  in  circula- 
tion in  Rome "  ;  or  it  may  have  been 
imported  to  Rome  between  76  and  40  B.C. 
"  In  either  case  it  is  probable  that  this 
carmen  was  of  Jewish  origin."  There  are 
two  features  of  Virgil's  vision  which, 
though  alien  to  Graeco-Roman  thought, 
pervade  and  dominate  Hebrew  literature  : 
the  ideas  that  man's  true  perfection  lies 
in  the  future/ not  the  past  ;  and  that  the 
perfect  state  is  to  be  brought  about  by 
the  birth  of  a  child.  Mr.  Mayor  accepts 
Munro's  rendering  of  "  Jo  vis  incre- 
mentum,"  "  promise  of  a  Jove  to  be,"  a 
phrase  which,  though  unexampled  in 
classical  literature,  is  amply  paralleled  in 
the  Hebrew  prophets.  The  upshot  of  the 
whole  matter  is  that  the  thoughts  and 
expressions  of  Isaiah  somehow  filtered 
through  to  Virgil,  and  that  the  Sibyl  was 
the  medium  of  communication  reaching 
through  500  years. 

Such  being  the  main  drift  of  the 
poem,  there  are  one  or  two  points  of 
interpretation  which  we  may  accept  or 
reject  without  prejudicing  the  position 
held  by  the  three  essayists.  Mr.  Fowler 
cleverly,  though  not  quite  convincingly, 
suggests  that  the  "  bulk  of  the  poem  is  a 
prophetic  Carmen  conceived  as  sung  by  a 
votes  fatidica,  with  whom  Virgil  half 
identifies  himself,  during  the  actual  birth  of 
a  child.'''  He  also  adopts  the  reading 
(1.  62)  "  qui  non  risere  parentes  "  ;  but  we 
feel  with  Mr.  Conway  that  this  Latin,  in 
such  a  place,  is  virtually  impossible,  and 
are  prepared  to  stand  by  "  cui  non  risere 
parentes."  Again,  a  highly  probable  sug- 
gestion is  made  by  Mr.  Fowler,  who  aptly 
applies  to  the  present  passage  a  quotation 
from  the  additions  to  Servius  :  "  Proinde 
nobilibus  pueris  editis  in  atrio  domus 
Iunoni  lectus,  Herculi  mensa  ponebatur." 
The  deus  is  Hercules,  the  dea  is  Juno,  and 
the  two  together  were  regarded  as  the  di 
coniugales.  Anyway,  the  general  sense  of 
these  fines  seems  to  us  to  be  :  "  The  child 
whom  its  parents  do  not  joyfully  acknow- 
ledge cannot  be  expected  to  find  favour  in 
the  sight  of  the  gods  who  joined  those 
parents  in  wedlock." 

We  find  ourselves  at  one  with  Mr. 
Fowler  in  our  inability  to  accept  certain 
views  of  Sir  W.  M.  Ramsay  and  Prof. 
Reinach.  The  former  holds  that  Virgil  did 
not  refer  to  an  actual  human  child  :  the 
child  was  an  abstraction,  an  idealized 
generation  then  beginning.  The  answer 
to  this  view  is  the  concrete  character  of 
the  last  four  lines.  The  latter  tries  to 
establish  that  there  are  no  historical  or 
political  allusions  in  the  poem,  but  that 
the  character  of  the  whole  is  exclusively 
religious  or  mystic.  To  him  the  child  is 
Dionysus,  the  son  of  Jupiter. 

We  lay  down  this  little  book,  with  its 
scholarly  and  feeling  attempt  at  poetical 
interpretation,    with     a    sense     that    its 


perusal  will,  in  the  best  and  broadest  way, 
stimulate  the  imagination. 


The  Writing  of  English.  By  P.  J.  Hartog, 
assisted  by  Mrs.  A.  H.  Langdon.  (Oxford, 
Clarendon  Press.) 

The  first  sentence  in  Mr.  Hartog's  Pre- 
face is  "  The  English  boy  cannot  write 
English,"  and  a  fairly  extensive  experi- 
ence of  boys'  attempts  to  do  so  compels 
us  to  admit  —  and  deplore — the  general 
truth  of  the  statement.  Further  on  in 
thejbook  we  are  told 

"  that  though  he  may  be  totally  ignorant  of 
the  rules  of  grammar,  he  has  the  power  of 
saying  accurately  what  he  needs  and  wants  to 
say  in  the  language  in  which  he  thinks." 

We  hardly  think  so  highly  of  the  boy's 
power  of  oral  composition  ;  he  will,  we 
admit,  make  his  wants  known,  but  in 
doing  so  will  often  depend  as  much  on 
facial  expression,  voice,  intonation,  and 
signs  as  on  the  correct  construction  of 
his  sentences.  In  writing,  he  has  all 
to  learn ;  in  speaking,  much ;  it  is, 
however,  difficult  to  keep  the  training 
of  the  one  faculty  separate  from  that 
of  the  other. 

Mr.  Hartog  concentrates  his  attention 
on  the  writing  of  English,  and  first  points 
out  the  almost  total  absence  of  effective 
rational  teaching  of  the  language  in  our 
schools,  and  then  shows,  by  careful  in- 
vestigation of  school  methods  in  France, 
how  the  mother-tongue  is  successfully 
taught  there,  and  how,  mutatis  mutandis, 
similar  efficient  instruction  in  English 
might  be  given  in  this  country.  In  a 
useful  appendix  he  supplies,  with  Mrs.  Amy 
H.  Langdon's  assistance,  practical  details 
of  the  literary  training  which  he  desires 
to  see  introduced  into  English  schools. 
The  arguments  in  favour  of  comprehensive 
judicious  training  in  modern  English, 
both  in  our  primary  and  secondary 
schools,  are  unanswerable,  and  the  sug- 
gestions for  the  carrying  out  of  such  a 
course  of  instruction  are  of  practical 
value. 

It  can  hardly  be  denied  that  English, 
both  written  and  spoken,  is  deteriorating. 
Those  who  can  recall  the  not  very  high 
literary  standard  attained  in  English 
by  boys  and  girls  leaving  school  thirty 
or  forty  years  ago,  will  probably  agree 
that  it  was  higher  than  that  attained 
by  young  people  of  like  standing  now. 
It  is  not  easy  to  offer  a  satisfactory 
explanation  of  the  change  for  the  worse  ; 
and  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  how 
an  expert  like  Mr.  Hartog  accounts  for 
it.  It  is  a  curious  experience  nowadays, 
when  we  hear  young  people  describe  a 
long  day  on  the  links,  a  successful  dance, 
or  any  other  topic  in  which  they  feel 
real  personal  interest,  to  note  the  meagre 
vocabulary  at  the  speakers'  disposal, 
and  the  grotesquely  inaccurate  use  of 
the  few  words  left  to  them.  Their 
descriptions  in  the  form  of  written  narra- 
tive would  be  still  balder.  Correspond- 
ingly unfavourable  criticism  of  a  French 
boy  8  composition  would  not  be  justifiable, 
for   he   writes   his   own   languago  clearly 


and  correctly ;  and  his  literary  skill 
cannot  be  attributed  to  national  aptitude 
rather  than  school  training,  for,  as  Mr. 
Hartog  tells  us,  "  national  aptitudes, 
in  this  as  in  other  things,  are  singularly 
difficult  to  dissociate  from  training  and 
tradition.  In  France  "  training  and 
tradition "  have  long  obtained  in  the 
mother-tongue ;  but  in  this  country 
they  existed  only,  and  still  exist  mainly, 
in  classical  studies,  and  men  who  passed 
through  the  old-fashioned  course  acquired 
directly  but  a  scanty  knowledge  of  their 
own  language,  although  they  acquired 
such  a  literary  training,  and  such  a  know- 
ledge of  language  itself,  that  they  could, 
if  it  became  expedient,  gain  efficient 
mastery  of  English  readily  and  easily. 
"  On  the  other  hand  "—we  quote  F.R.C.S. 
from  the  recent  correspondence  in  The 
Times  on  '  Science  and  the  Public  '  : — 

"  men  whose  education  has  been  conducted 
on  the  '  modern  '  side  of  a  school,  and  sub- 
sequently in  *  science '  classes,  have  seldom 
learnt  any  language  at  all,  and  are  often 
incapable  of  expressing  themselves  with 
clearness  or  accuracy.  They  often  possess 
only  a  very  limited  vocabulary ;  the  con- 
struction of  their  sentences  is  often  extremely 
faulty  ;  and  they  frequently  misapply  even 
quite  common  words,  because  they  have 
never  been  taught  to  understand  and  con- 
sider meaning." 

There  must  be  something  seriously  wrong 
in  our  national  system  of  education  if 
a  youth  who  has  been  through  the  modern 
side  of  a  school,  and  has  subsequently 
attended  science  classes,  is  virtually 
ignorant  of  his  own  language. 

By  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century 
the  French  had  elaborated  a  rational 
system  of  literary  instruction  in  their 
native  tongue  ;  but  in  this  country  at 
the  same  date  Locke,  in  his  '  Essay ' 
and  '  Thoughts  concerning  Education,' 
was  writing  with  utter  scorn  of  our 
teaching  of  rhetoric.  Little  was  effected 
in  this  country  at  that  time  ;  but  in  France, 
in  spite  of  the  struggles  of  the  Jesuits 
(who  looked  askance  at  the  cultivation 
of  the  mother-tongue),  first  with  Port 
Royal,  and  later  with  the  universities, 
a  course  of  literary  training  in  the  national 
language  became,  and  has  since  remained, 
an  important  part  of  the  curriculum  in 
primary  and  secondary  schools.  Many 
Frenchmen  consider  the  teaching  to  be 
"  too  literary,  too  remote  from  life,  too 
declamatory  "  ;  but  the  fact  remains  that 
French  boys  on  leaving  school  can  write 
an  intelligible,  well-ordered,  grammatically 
correct  essay,  narrative,  or  letter.  Mr. 
Hartog  explains  the  methods  of  teaching 
composition  and  literature  adopted  in 
primary  and  secondary  schools  in  France, 
and  describes  the  various  lessons  at  which 
he  was  present  in  a  considerable  number 
of  elementary  schools  and  Lycees  in  Paris. 
The  methods  are  so  judicious,  and  so 
carefully  arranged  and  followed,  that 
none  but  a  boy  far  below  the  average 
of  intelligence  can  fail  to  acquire  the  art 
of  expressing  his  ideas,  and  the  informa- 
tion he  possesses,  with  reasonable  gram- 
matical accuracy  and  a  certain  amount 
of  literary  skill.  Mr.  Hartog  makes  a 
strong   appeal— not   only   to    the   school- 


li,S 


T  ii  ]•:    at  ii  EN  .!■:  r  M 


No.  41  *i;.  .Ian.  18,  1908 


master,  but  slso  to  the  parent,  "  whose 
control  oyer  secondary  education  is  greater 
than  be  thinks/'  and  to  the  community 

— that  they  should  require  equiva- 
lent teaching  in  English  composition 
and  literature  to  be  given  to  all  Eng- 
lish boys;  and  he  points  out  that  the 
pupils'  at  lent  ion  in  the  study  not  only 
of  the  poets,  but  also  of  the  great  prose- 
writers  of  modern  times,  should  be  directed 

"  to  general  sense  and  content  rather  than 
to  exceptional  linguistic  detail  or  to  inci- 
dental allufions,  other  than  those  essential 
for  the  comprehension  of  the  author." 

Teachers  are  not  left  indoubt  as  to  how  Mr. 
Hartog's  suggestions  are  to  be  carried 
out  in  schools,  or  his  requirements  satis- 
fied ;  for  he  provides  numerous  carefully 
chosen  exercises  in  composition,  accom- 
panied with  hints  on  the  general  method 
of  using  them  in  class.  The  last  few 
pages  are  devoted  to  criticism  of  a  school 
essay  written  at  Haileybury,  and  to  the 
critical  analysis  of  a  passage  from  King- 
lake's  '  History  of  the  Crimean  War.' 
Both  criticism  and  analysis  are  excellent. 

If  parents  and  schoolmasters  will  pay 
heed  to  the  good  counsel  and  practical 
suggestions  in  this  handy  and  valuable 
little  work,  no  future  writer  on  literary 
studies  in  our  schools  will,  we  think,  be 
able  to  begin  his  first  chapter — as  Mr. 
Hartog  begins  his — with  the  discouraging 
statement,  "  The  average  English  boy 
cannot  write  English." 


The  History  of  Freedom,  and  other  Essays. 
By  John  Emerich  Edward  Dalberg- 
Acton,  First  Baron  Acton.  Edited  by 
the  Rev.  J.  N.  Figgis  and  Reginald  V. 
Laurence.     (Macmillan  &  Co.) 

There  is  a  pathetic  interest  in  this 
volume,  which  is  suggested  in  its  title. 
Here,  so  far  as  we  are  told,  is  all  that  was 
ever  achieved  of  the  great  history  of 
liberty,  which  was  to  have  been  the  work 
of  Acton's  life.  It  consists  of  an 
address  delivered  to  the  members  of  the 
Bridgnorth  Institution  in  1877  on  '  The 
History  of  Freedom  in  Antiquity,'  and 
another  address,  delivered  to  the  same 
body  three  months  later,  on  4  The  History 
of  Freedom  in  Christianity.'  Perhaps  we 
may  add  to  these  an  article  printed  in 
The  Quarterly  in  1 878  on  Erskine  May's 
'  Democracy  in  Europe.'  The  three  take 
up  exactly  one  hundred  pages  out  of  a 
volume  of  six  hundred.  That  is  all 
that  Acton  ever  accomplished  of  his  great 
design. 

Of  course  it  was  impossible.  No  man 
who  knew  enough  to  write  on  such  a  sub- 
ject could  ever  have  written  the  book. 
One  wonders  if  such  a  volume,  on  the 
only  scale  which  would  have  been  of  value 
to  a  student,  would  ever  have  been  read. 
Indeed,  we  may  be  content  with  the 
brilliant  yet  solid  essays  in  which  the  prin- 
ciples of  the  whole  history  laid  down  are: — 

"  We  must  be  at  war  with  evil,  but  at 
peace  with  men,  and  it  is  better  to  suffer 
than  to  commit  injustice.  True  freedom, 
says  the  most  eloquent  of  the  Stoics, 
consists  in  obeying  God." 


There  irere  the  fundamental  ideas  of 
\>  ton  lammed  up.  He  looked  at  all  life 
pre-eminently  and  persistently  from  the 

moral  point  of  view.  He  hud  no  belief 
in  the  modern  theory  of  the  State — that 
it  is  omnipotent,  and  may  recognize  no 
limits  but  its  own  will.  The  tyranny  of 
the  majority  seemed  to  him  a  hideous 
thing.  The  editors  tell  us  that  he  was 
the  incarnation  of  the  "  spirit  of  Whig- 
gism ";  but  this  was  not  at  all  in  a 
democratic  sense,  and  perhaps  he  was 
nearer  to  the  Whiggism  that  Disraeli 
derided  than  they  admit.  Constitutional 
government  was  his  ideal,  but  he  was  not 
able,  it  would  seem,  to  reconcile  it  very 
closely  with  pure  democracy.  Democracy 
and  absolutism  were  too  near  akin. 

"  Provided  that  freedom  was  left  to  men 
to  do  their  duty,  Acton  was  not  greatly 
careful  of  mere  rights.  He  had  no  belief  in 
the  natural  equality  of  men,  and  no  dislike 
of  the  subordination  of  classes  on  the  score 
of  birth." 

He  was  in  truth  an  aristocrat  through 
and  through,  by  birth  and  training,  by 
association  with  the  nobility  of  Germany 
and  England,  by  a  certain  want  of  sym- 
pathy with  imperfection  in  others,  and  a 
very  decided  contempt  for  ignorance. 
Deep-rooted  though  his  desire  was  to 
secure  to  every  man  his  rights,  and  to  every 
institution  no  more  than  its  rights,  yet  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  there  was  always 
in  him  a  strain  of  that  intolerance  and 
"  superiority"  which  belongs  to  the  pure 
Whig,  which  came  out  in  such  curious 
ways  in  his  letters  to  Mrs.  Drew,  and 
which  is  evident  in  the  description  of 
Lord  Liverpool  quoted  in  the  Introduction 
to  this  book. 

Something  of  this  Acton  saw  himself. 
His 

"  desire  to  maintain  the  view  that  '  morality 
is  not  ambulatory  '  led  him  at  times  to  ignore 
the  complementary  doctrine  that  it  certainly 
developes,  and  that  the  difficulties  of  states- 
men or  ecclesiastics,  if  they  do  not  excuse, 
at  least  explain  their  less  admirable  courses. 

In  a  pathetic  conversation  with  his  son, 

he  lamented  the  harshness  of  some  of  his 
judgments,  and  hoped  the  example  would 
not  be  followed." 

Still,  the  example  was  noble,  because  the 
judgment  was  so  entirely  honest,  the 
standard  so  undeviatingly  high. 

"To  all  those  who  reflect  on  history  or 
politics,  it  was  a  gain  of  the  highest  order 
that  at  the  very  summit  of  historical  scholar- 
ship and  profound  political  knowledge  there 
should  be  placed  a  leader  who  erred  on  the 
unfashionable  side,  who  denied  the  states- 
man's claim  to  subject  justice  to  expediency, 
and  opposed  the  partisan's  attempt  to  palter 
with  facts  in  the  interest  of  his  creed." 

All  this,  and  much  more,  is  most 
admirably  said  in  the  excellent  Introduc- 
tion of  Mr.  Figgis  and  Mr.  Laurence.  We 
do  not  know  that  Acton  can  quite 
fairly  be  described  as  a  leader,  at  least 
during  the  greater  part  of  his  life,  whether 
in  historical  scholarship  or  in  political 
knowledge ;  but  we  have  no  doubt  that 
the  indirect  influence  of  his  intellect  and 
his  knowledge  was  greater  than  was  gener- 
ally known  when  he  was  alive.     It  may 


even  have  been  greater,  as  the  editors 
suggest,  at  the  time  of  the  Vatican 
Council,  than  was  supposed:  at  lea-t 
neither  the  terms  of  the  dogma  of  Infal- 
libility nor  its  effects  were  what  he  feared. 
But  it  is  not  only  as  a  politic  ian  or  a 
moralist  that  Acton  is  shown  in  the 
present  collection  of  his  work.  He  appears 
almost  as  conspicuously  as  a  pure  his- 
torian. His  essays  on  the  Massacre  of 
St.  Bartholomew  and  on  the  Protestant 
theory  of  persecution  are  examples  of 
this.  They  are  minute  and  careful  work, 
full  of  knowledge,  research,  critical  appre- 
ciation. They  distribute  even-handed 
justice  with  an  unsparing  severity.  If 
the  Protestant  action  is  regarded  as  the 
less  defensible,  because  it  depends  on 
a  crude  and  immoral  theory,  yet  the 
defence  of  the  massacre  of  the  Huguenots 
is  condemned  in  uncompromising  style  : — 

"  The  same  motive  which  had  prompted 
the  murder  now  prompted  the  lie.  Men  shrank 
from  the  conviction  that  the  rulers  and 
restorers  of  their  Church  had  been  murderers 
and  abettors  of  murder,  and  that  6o  much 
infamy  had  been  coupled  with  so  much  zeal. 
They  feared  to  say  that  the  most  monstrous 
of  crimes  had  been  solemnly  approved  at 
Rome,  lest  they  should  devote  the  Papacy  to 
the  execration  of  mankind." 

The  interest  of  the  historical  essays  in 
this  volume  is  not,  however,  purely  con- 
structive. It  is  critical  too,  and  per- 
sonal. As  examples  of  the  critical  method 
of  the  author  we  may  note  the  reviews  of 
Mr.  Goldwin  Smith's  '  History  of  Ireland  ' 
and  Dr.  Henry  Lea's  '  History  of  the 
Inquisition.'  Here  we  find  both  wit  and 
detailed  knowledge,  as  well  as  a  fine 
critical  sense  under  the  control  of  a 
determined  and  consistent  fairness. 

The  personal  side  of  Acton's  energies 
comes  out  in  the  extremely  interesting 
papers  on  '  Dollinger's  Historical  Work  ' 
and  on  the  Vatican  Council.  In  the  latter 
there  is  a  marked  and  impressive  restraint 
which  makes  the  record  of  the  facts  the 
more  significant,  and  the  omission  of  any 
concluding  judgment  also  tells  its  own 
tale.  What  it  all  meant  in  Acton's  eyes 
is  partially — but  only  very  partially — told 
in  the  letters  which  have  recently  been 
edited  with  such  evident  skill  by  Abbot 
Gasquet  :  there  is  more  to  come,  we  are 
told  by  Mr.  Figgis  and  Mr.  Laurence, 
when  the  letters  to  Dollinger  are  given  to 
the  world.  Dollinger  was  Acton's  chief 
teacher  from  the  time  he  was  seventeen  ; 
and  special  interest  attaches  to  a  long 
paper  on  the  great  Bonn  scholar's  book 
on  the  Temporal  Power,  and  to  the 
shorter  summary  of  his  historical  work 
published  in  The  English  Historical  Review 
seventeen  years  ago. 

We  have  said  enough  to  indicate  the 
varied  attractions  of  this  volume.  It  shows 
us,  indeed,  the  great  scholar  at  his  best,  in 
his  wide  knowledge,  sound  judgment,  and 
intense  but  restrained  moral  fervour.  It 
is  a  book  which  does  more  than  add  to  our 
information  :  it  strengthens  and  inspires. 
It  makes  us  desire  more  than  ever  these 
Lectures  on  the  French  Revolution  which 
were  promised  us  a  long  while  since,  but 
are  still,  with  no  explanation,  delayed.  \. 


No.  4186,  Jan.  18,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


69 


Continuation  Schools  in  England  and 
Elsewhere.  Edited  by  M.  E.  Sadler. 
(Manchester,  University  Press.) 

Prof.  Sadler  edits  this  volume  of 
publications  of  the  University  of  Man- 
chester, and  also  contributes  to  it  the 
Introduction  and  several  chapters  ;  the 
remaining  chapters  are  written  by  per- 
sons who  speak  with  the  authority  of 
knowledge.  A  work  of  this  kind  on 
Continuation  Schools  and  kindred  topics, 
containing  much  tabulated  information, 
and  in  many  places  bristling  with  statistics, 
will  hardly  exert  great  initial  attraction 
on  the  general  reader  ;  but  Prof.  Sadler 
and  his  collaborators  exhibit  so  much 
literary  skill,  and  have  so  cleverly  mar- 
shalled their  facts  and  figures,  that 
thoughtful  men  and  women  will  read 
the  volume  with  interest  and  advan- 
tage. It  is  a  treasure  of  facts 
and  judicious  opinions  in  the  domain 
of  the  history  and  administration  of 
education ;  and  although  the  editor's 
views  and  desires — he  being  a  progressive 
and  enthusiastic  advocate  of  education — 
may  be  in  advance  of  those  of  his  readers, 
yet  the  consideration  for  others  as  well 
as  moderation  with  which  they  arc  set 
forth  will  go  far  to  make  converts. 

The  introductory  historical  account  of 
what  has  been  done  in  this  island  for  the 
promotion  of  Continuation  Schools,  and 
the  furthering,  during  the  period  of 
adolescence,  of  education  and  instruction 
consequent  on  primary  teaching,  and 
more  advanced  than  it,  takes  into  con- 
sideration the  interval  between  1780  and 
to-day.  This  interval,  beginning  with 
the  rise  of  the  modern  Sunday-school 
movement,  is  divided  into  four  great 
periods  :  (I.)  from  1780  to  1833,  when 
the  first  Parliamentary  grant  was  given 
"for  the  purpose  of  education  " ;  (II.)  from 
1833  to  the  French  Revolution  in  1848  ; 
(III.)  from  1848  to  the  passing  of  the 
Elementary  Education  Act  in  1870 ; 
and  (IV.)  from  that  date  to  the  present 
day.  We  read  with  satisfaction  that, 
during  the  last  hundred  years,  evening 
schools  and  classes,  and  other  means 
(the  majority  of  them  due  to  voluntary 
agency)  for  the  further  education  of  the 
people,  have  taken  no  unimportant  part 
in  our  social  history  ;  and  that  "in  no 
other  country  have  they  been  more 
numerous  or  more  varied  in  form  and 
purpose."  The  work  of  the  chief  educa- 
tional agencies  (ranging  from  the  Sunday 
school  to  the  University  Extension  Lecture 
and  the  National  Home  Reading  Union) 
that  have  placed  the  advantages  of  in- 
struction within  reach  of  the  young 
(of  both  sexes),  is  sympathetically  re- 
viewed, and  described  in  considerable 
detail ;  and  we  are  glad  to  find  that 
agencies  in  which  recreation  and  physical 
training  are  important,  if  not  predominant 
factors,  are  included.  These  agencies 
have  been  worked  with  greater  or  less 
efficiency,  and  for  varying  lengths 
of  time,  and  all  seem  to  have 
been  really  successful  at  some  point  in 
their  history,  if  not  during  the  whole  of  it. 
After  these  voluntary  agencies  follow  our 


State-aided  evening  schools ;  and  Mr. 
Sadler  places  before  us  an  account  of  the 
work  they  are  doing  in  certain  Northern 
manufacturing  towns  as  well  as  in  rural 
districts.  The  history  of  the  voluntary 
institutions  for  giving  "  further  education" 
shows  clearly  how  great  is  the  debt  owed 
by  the  nation  to  enthusiastic  religious 
belief  in  all  classes  of  the  popula- 
tion. Night  schools  for  adults  were 
recommended  so  early  as  1711  by  the 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Christian 
Knowledge,  and  the  work  done  by  the 
Established  Church  is  highly  appreciated 
in  this  historical  review ;  at  the  same 
time  the  efficient  and  successful  agencies 
established  by  Roman  Catholics  and 
Protestant  bodies  receive  unstinted  praise. 
Prof.  Sadler  finds,  in  the  answers  to 
inquiries  addressed  to  17  railway  com- 
panies and  195  large  trade  and  industrial 
firms,  concerning  facilities  granted  to 
their  employees  for  attending  continua- 
tion and  technical  classes,  that  a  large 
number  of  those  who  replied  to  his  ques- 
tions make  attendance  at  these  classes 
easy,  and  encourage  their  workpeople 
to  attend  them,  and  no  doubt  this  number 
will  increase  ;  but  the  half-time  system 
forms  at  the  present  day  a  serious  obstacle 
to  the  efficiency  and  spread  of  the  classes. 
The  half-timer  learns  very  little  in  the 
primary  school,  and  more  often  than  not 
leaves  it  with  a  decided  distaste  for 
mental  effort ;  nor  is  this  surprising.  The 
half-timer,  a  child  under  fourteen,  is 
called  before  5.30  a.m.,  has  just  time  to 
swallow  some  bread-and-butter  and  tea 
that  "  has  often  been  left  to  stew  over- 
night in  the  oven,"  and  must  be  at  the 
factory  at  6.  He  works  there  till  8,  and 
then  has  half  an  hour  for  breakfast,  which 
is  generally  eaten  in  the  "  stuffy  room  " 
where  he  has  been  working.  The  next 
four  hours,  till  12.30,  are  spent  in  work, 
and  about  2  p.m.  the  child  goes  to  school 
for  2-J  hours.  The  evenings  are  spent 
generally  in  some  form  of  recreation,  "  or 
wandering  aimlessly  about  the  streets  "  ; 
in  only  a  small  percentage  of  cases  "  in 
domestic  work,  at  the  evening  Continua- 
tion School,  or  in  reading  at  home." 
The  lives  of  these  half-timers  are  pathetic- 
ally unchildlike,  and  their  lessons  must 
fall  on  drowsy  eyes  and  tired  ears.  It  does 
not  surprise  us  to  read  that  "  a  distinct 
physical  deterioration  sets  in  immediately 
a  child  goes  to  work  half-time."  These 
children  have  also  lost  interest  in  school 
work,  and  seldom  regain  it  during  adoles- 
cence ;  and  it  has  been  found  in  Burnley 
that  the  number  of  half-timers  who  begin 
attendance  at  evening  schools  is  con- 
siderably less  than  half  that  of  day  scholars 
who  continue  their  education  in  this  way. 
Many  successful  mills,  however,  employ 
no  half-timers  at  all,  and  a  few  run  at 
night,  when  the  employment  of  "  half- 
timers  "  is  illegal,  and  there  is  reasonable 
hope  of  a  gradual  change  of  public  opinion 
in  factory  districts  in  respect  Oi  half-time  ; 
so  that  when  the  State  insists — as  it  will 
soon  be  its  duty  to  do — on  the  compulsory 
continuation  of  education  during  adoles- 
cence, the  change  will  be  accepted,  if  not 
welcomed. 


The  descriptions  of  Continuation  Schools 
in  Germany,  Switzerland,  France,  Den- 
mark, and  the  United  States — their 
beginnings,  scope,  maintenance,  and  the 
attendance  at  them — are  most  suggestive. 
We  in  England  have  much  to  learn  from 
these  foreign  schools,  and  in  some  respects 
may  take  them  as  examples  ;  but  in  many 
ways  they  differ  one  from  another,  and 
every  country  seems  to  establish  and 
keep  in  working  order  the  school  system 
best  adapted  to  its  needs.  The  com- 
parison made  between  the  German  and 
English  systems — the  one  authoritative 
and  compulsory,  the  other  simply  volun- 
tary— is  interesting.  Prof.  Sadler  appears 
to  approve  the  former,  but  he  recognizes 
the  good  points  of  both.  The  German 
plan  makes  the  most  of  the  average 
adolescent,  and  even  of  the  dullard,  not 
perhaps  giving  the  best  chance  to  the 
brilliant,  strenuous  scholar ;  ours, 
on  the  other  hand,  makes  the  most  of 
the  really  clever  youth,  but  is  likely  to 
do  less  for  Ms  weaker  competitors  than 
they  deserve  ;  ours,  therefore,  is  the  less 
economical  of  the  nation's  brain-power. 

France  has  attacked  the  problem  of 
"  further  education  "  with  great  enthusi- 
asm, and  with  the  logical  vigour  character- 
istic of  the  Latin  "mind.  Continuation 
classes  and  other  means  of  acquiring 
"  further  education "  are  distributed 
throughout  the  country  ;  they  work 
efficiently,  and  are  producing  good  results 
both  in  town  and  country.  It  will  surprise 
some  readers  to  learn  to  howgreatan  exteno 
the  initiation  and  maintenance  of  these 
institutions  are  due  to  the  ardour,  liberality 
of  mind,  and  generosity  of  various  religious 
bodies,  the  Catholic  Church  and  the 
Protestant  and  Jewish  organizations. 

The  People's  High  Schools  ("  Folke- 
hojskoler")  in  Denmark  are  among  the  most 
interesting  and  most  successful  experi- 
ments in  "  further  education,"  and  have 
to  a  large  extent  solved  the  social  problem 
that  oppresses  our  own  country — how  to 
keep  the  people  on  the  land.  These 
Folkekojskoler  are  private,  State  -  aided 
institutions,  and  their  methods  of  educa- 
tion and  discipline  have  great  elasticity  ; 
but  the  basis  of  all  their  curricula  is 
humanistic  ;  and  owing  to  their  influence 
and  "  a  state  of  the  land  laws  producing 
peasant  proprietorship,  the  rural  exodus 
in  Denmark  has  been  much  less  serious 
than  in  other  countries."  They  also 
furnish  a  striking  instance  of  "  education 
spelling  prosperity  "  :  the  value  of  Danish 
exports  of  bacon  and  dairv  produce 
rose  from  2,402,000J.in  1881  to  13,614,000/. 
in  1904.  These  High  Schools  all  exhibit 
a  common  feature — they  have  a  decidedly 
educational  aim  as  well  as  a  distinctly 
technological  object ;  and  this  differen- 
tiates them  from  the  majority  of  Con- 
tinuation Schools  described  in  Prof. 
Sadler's  volume. 

Education  has  two  sides,  the  material 
and  the  immaterial,  and  of  these  the 
immaterial  is  the  nobler  ;  but  so  severe, 
apparently,  is  the  contest  among  indi- 
viduals for  wages,  and  so  keen  among 
nations  the  struggle  for  supremacy  in 
commercial    and   industrial    pursuits   and 


II 


'I1  II  E     A  T  B  E  N  M  U  M 


No.  4186,  Jan.  Ik,  1908 


operal  ions,  i  hat  t  be  adi  ml  E  educa- 

tion in  the  intellectual  and  spiritual 
development  of  mankind  are  often  kepi 
nut  of  sight.  The  Danes  in  then-  People's 
High  Schools  have,  better  than  other 
nations,  suooeeded  in  combining  the  two 

.sides      of     Continuation       School       work. 

Againsl  the  danger  involved  in  excessive 

utilitarianism  Prof.  Sadler  uttore  a  timely 
warning  : — 

"'  Let  OB  not  identity  the  world  for  which 
we  seek  to  train  every  child  solely  with  the 
world  of  material  interests  and  of  visiblo 
things.  Let  us  not  forget,  in  our  educa- 
tional plans,  the  weight  that  should  be 
attached  to  the  claims  of  the  spiritual  realm, 
whose  frontiers  transcend  political  frontiers, 
and  whose  commonwealth  is  in  heaven." 


EDUCATIONAL    BOOKS. 

John  Bull  and  his  Schools.  By  W.  R. 
Lawson.  (Blackwood  &  Sons.) — John  Bull 
lias  often  been  seriously  blamed  for  his  sins 
of  omission  and  commission  in  the  island 
that  belongs  to  him  ;  but  his  doings  have 
seldom  been  more  severely  criticized  than 
they  are  in  the  volume  before  us  by  Mr. 
Lawson,  who,  with  rather  grim  humour, 
has  set  himself  to  balance  the  advantages 
and  disadvantages  of  the  education  provided 
for  boys  and  young  men  of  all  classes  in 
John  Bull's  country  ;  and  although  the 
strictures  are  not  free  from  exaggeration, 
and  in  some  cases  have  an  air  of  caricature, 
we  must  admit  that  they  place  in  strong 
relief  many  startling  imperfections  in  our 
schools  and  colleges.  The  two  main  charges 
that  he  brings  with  considerable  effect 
against  our  educational  system  are  excess 
of  cost  and  defect  of  efficiency  ;  and 
"  parents,  ratepayers,  and  men  of  business," 
for  whose  enlightenment  the  book  is  written, 
will  read  the  facts,  statistics,  and  opinions 
it  contains  with  some  little  surprise,  not 
altogether  of  a  pleasurable  kind.  Infor- 
mation concerning  the  annual  cost  is 
summarized  in  a  table  showing  "  the  public 
and  private  expenditure  on  education  (all 
grades),"  including  interest  on  the  capital 
value  of  non-provided  premises,  and  the 
cost  amounted  in  1906-7  to  fifty-six  millions 
sterling,  that  is,  it  was  only  about  three 
millions  short  of  the  entire  sum  spent  on 
the  army  and  the  navy  ;  and  if  the  whole 
cost  of  education  were  registered  and  known, 
"  it  might  raise  the  national  school  bill 
considerably  above  the  combined  army 
and  navy  budgets."  Some  of  Mr.  Lawson's 
figures  appear  to  be  conjectural,  but  those 
which  are  certainly  known  are  large  enough 
to  be  matter  of  serious  concern  to  the  patient, 
tax-paying  middle  class  of  the  population. 
The  greater  part  of  this  enormous  expenditure 
is  seemingly  absorbed  by  elementary  educa- 
tion, and  a  large  share  of  it  is  borne  by  the 
middle-class  taxpayer,  who  gains  therefrom 
no  benefit — or  an  infinitesimal  one — for 
his  own  sons  and  daughters.  He  requires 
for  them  higher  (secondary  and  techno- 
logical) and  University  training;  but  with 
a  budget  for  elementary  schools  which  is 
steadily  increasing  (the  cost  of  an  elementary- 
school  boy  in  London  is  about  three  times 
as  great  as  that  of  his  brother  in  Paris), 
there  seems  small  chance  that,  if  the  ex- 
penditure on  higher  education  be  on  a 
similarly  lavish  scale,  the  State  will  do  much 
for  him  :  there  is  on  the  other  hand  a  fear 
that  a  reaction  of  niggardliness  will  set  in, 
or,  to  quote  Matthew  Arnold  in  1878,  "  I 
am  afraid  of  the  cold  fit  following  the  hot 
one  in  a  season  of  less  prosperity." 

Mr.  Lawson,  having  shown  the  magnitude 
of  John  Bull's  school  bill,  pertinently  asks 


"  \\  hal    I.  |    .r  it |  "  :     (  h<  -i\  en  to 

this  question  is  discouraging  in  tha  extreme. 

Mi-     I. .iv.  ■•I.   ia  bhoroug]  bisfied   with 

the  results  lit   our  educational   instituti 
and  lie  1 1  clearly  m<  led  with  the 

products  turned  oul  at  the  top  and  bottom 
of  the  system  that  is,  the  elementary 
schools  and  the  Universities,  especially 
Oxford     and     Cambridge.      The     account     of 

the  older  Universities  is  an  amu  rica- 

ture  rather  than  an  accurate  presentment: 
the  author  writes  at  second  hand  only,  and 
a  good  deal  of  the  description  might  well 
have  been  the  work  of  Alton  Locke  after 
preliminary  study  of  the  adventures  of 
\  i  rdant  Green.  The  author  speaks,  however, 
of  the  life  and  studies  in  the  newer  Univer- 
sities from  more  intimate  acquaintance  with 
them,  and  certainly  with  greater  sympathy. 
He  appreciates  highly  (and,  we  think,  justly) 
the  University  of  Science  slowly  and  judi- 
ciously evolved  at  South  Kensington,  as  well 
as  the  newer  Universities,  with  their  splendid 
technological  equipment,  that  have  risen 
in  the  Midlands,  the  Northern  counties,  and 
in  Scotland  :  their  efficiency  is  largely 
attributed  to  the  co-operation,  in  their 
initiation  and  government,  of  men  of 
business  who  knew  exactly  the  requirements 
of  commerce  and  industry.  Men  of  this 
kind  should  undoubtedly  have  a  much  more 
powerful .  influence  in  the  governing  bodies 
of  elementary  schools  (which  Matthew 
Arnold  insisted  should  be  a  municipal,  not  a 
State,  service)  and  also  of  higher  secondary 
and  technical  institutions. 

Mr.  Lawson  hardly  knows  "  whether  John 
Bull  is  at  the  present  moment  more  worried 
about  his  army  or  his  schools,"  i.e.,  his 
free  elementary  schools.  The  imperfections 
of  these  schools  are  sufficiently  obvious,  and 
the  results  attained  in  them  sadly  disappoint- 
ing, so  that  no  exaggeration  was  necessary 
in  the  scoring  of  points  against  them.  In 
some  instances  Mr.  Lawson  has  overlooked 
this,  as,  for  instance,  when  he  blames 
certificated  teachers  for  teaching  the  weights 
and  measures  legally  used  in  the  country, 
and  he  should  have  known — and  in  fairness 
have  shown  the  knowledge — that  for  years 
Whitehall  has  insisted  on  the  teaching  of 
the  metric  system  ;  and  we  can  safely 
assert  that  there  are,  up  and  down  the  country, 
far  more  rational  teaching  and  judicious 
training  of  faculties  and  powers  of  observa- 
tion than  he  admits.  Still,  the  appalling 
fact  remains  that  a  large  proportion  of  the 
scholars  who  pass  through  all  the  classes 
in  our  elementary  schools  sink  into  casual 
unskilled  work.  "  Evidently,"  we  read, 
"  a  very  small  percentage  of  the  three- 
quarters  of  a  million  children  who  leave 
school  every  year  find  themselves  well 
prepared  "  for  skilled  occupations.  This 
disappointing  condition  of  things  is  not  so 
much  the  direct  outcome  of  our  public 
elementary  instruction  as  of  a  system  of 
Government  organization  which  leaves 
scholars,  at  about  thirteen  or  fourteen  years 
of  age,  under  no  disciplinary  control,  and 
with  no  compulsion,  or  even  strong  incentive, 
to  attend  any  course  of  further  education. 
No  general  inquiry  has  yet  been  made  about 
the  career  of  scholars  after  leaving  primary 
schools  :  this  is  equally  true  in  the  case  of 
higher  secondary  schools  and  Universities. 
Isolated  inquiries  of  the  kind  have  been 
made,  as  in  Finchley  ;  and  it  was  there 
found  that  of  the  children  leaving  the  six 
schools  of  the  district,  34  per  cent,  went 
into  skilled  trades,  15  per  cent,  became 
clerks,  and  51  per  cent,  entered  unskilled 
trades.  If  theso  percentages  be  even 
approximately  true  for  the  whole  country, 
Mr.  Lawson's  sweeping  condemnation  of  ovir 
primary-school  system  is  to  a  large  extent 
justified. 


Suggestion    in     Education.      By    M.    W. 
Keatinge.     (A.  .Mr.  Baatii 

deali  mt.  n  itingly  and  simply  with  tl 
chology  of  suggestion  ;  he  adds  nothing  i 

Lucational  theory,  but,  by  inukn 
rou->  usu   of   the   literature  of   hypnosis  and 
psychometry,  he  shows  by  implication  b 
dull  and    blundering  were  the   textbooks  on 
"method"     and    "school     management" 

familiur  in  training  colleges  two  d 

and  also  how  def<  a  teacher's  training 

without  some  study  of  psychology.  If  it  is 
said  that  teaching  is  a  question  of  p<  rsonality, 
and  that  the  born  teacher  has  always  known 
by  intuition  what  is  here  laboriously  gleaned 
from  innumerable  psychical  experiments,  we 
reply  that  such  a  teacher  will  be  glad  to  have 
his  practice  justified  or  criticized  ;  and  that 
those  teachers  —  the  great  majority  —  who 
have  not  chosen  their  profession  by  predilec- 
tion, will  find  this  book  sufficient  alone  to 
suggest  the  kind  of  material  they  must 
always  be  searching  for  in  order  to  fortify 
and  improve  their  principles. 

All  educated  people  know  that  they  were 
influenced  by  much  in  their  environment,  of 
which  at  the  time  they  were  not  fully  aware. 
In  other  words,  we  live  a  subconscious  as  well 
as  a  conscious  life.  Whilst  admitting  that 
it  is  impossible  to  increase  faculty,  we  recog- 
nize that  the  subconscious  contributes  both 
colour  and  atmosphere  to  its  manifestations. 
It  follows,  therefore,  that  the  teacher  should, 
as  Mr.  Keatinge  says,  make  "  it  his  first  aim 
to  see  that  the  subconsciousness  of  his  pupils 
is  a  mind  of  meanings  not  always  fully 
realized,  but  felt  as  desirable  and  ready 
at  any  moment  to  develope  into  auto- 
suggestion." This  giving  of  meanings  that 
later  may  determine  and  direct  a  child's 
activities  is,  if  not  the  whole  function  of 
schools,  an  essential  part  of  it. 

In  the  chapter  entitled  '  Some  Practical 
Applications  '  the  author  crosses  swords  with 
the  Herbartians  on  the  question  of  moral 
instruction  : — 

"The  too  constant  pressing  upon  a  boy  of 
examples  of  conduct,  or  the  sententious  handling 
of  episodes,  is  certain  to  arouse  suspicion  in  his 
mind.  In  fact,  the  whole  doctrine  of  influence  by 
suggestion  is  wholly  at  variance  with  the  principles 
that  underlie  what  the  school  of  Herbart  calls 
character-forming  instruction. :' 

\Ve  must  express  our  disagreement  with 
the  author  on  one  point.  On  p.  158  he 
writes  ironically,  in  reference  to  a  sound  bit 
of  teaching  enunciated  in  Prof.  Armstrong's 
1  The  Teaching  of  Scientific  Method,'  as 
follows  : — 

"From  the  newer  subjects,  apparently  the  salt 
of  drudgery  which  would  season  the  boy  for  the 
drearier  situations  that  life  presents  may  be 
altogether  omitted." 

Does  Mr.  Keatinge  suggest,  in  view  of  the 
fact  that  we  shall  all  be  bereaved  of  some 
dear  friend  some  day  or  other,  that  the  best 
possible  preparation  for  this  dreary  event 
would  be  a  weekly  or  monthly  attendance  at 
funerals  ?  The  author  has  yet  to  profit  by 
his  own  teaching. 

The  Education  of  To-morrow.  By  John 
Stewart  Remington.  (Guilbert  Pitman.) — 
It  is  argued  in  this  book  that  the  Public 
Schools  and  the  older  Universities  do  not 
turn  out  efficiont  business  men  and  men  of 
science,  and  that  consequently  we  are  not 
keeping  pace  industrially  with  America  and 
Germany.  As  the  Universities  of  London. 
Liverpool,  Manchester,  Birmingham,  and 
Leeds  are  well  equipped  on  their  commercial 
and  technical  sides,  it  is  regrettable,  the 
author  thinks,  that  the  stream  oi  youth  is 
not  diverted  from  the  Public  Schools  to  these 
institutions.  Mr.  Remington  winds  up  his 
criticism  as  follows : — 

"The  Education  of  To-morrow  must  be  the 
education  of  practical  men,  by  practical  men,  for 


No.  4186,  Jan.  18,  1908 


THE    ATHENJEUM 


71 


practical  men.  It  must  be  hidden  behind  no  bars 
of  dead  languages,  and  veiled  by  no  fogs  of  dead 
social  distinctions.  It  must  realize  that  the  present 
and  the  future  are  more  important  than  the  past. 
It  must  understand  that  it  is  to  be  the  weapon  of 
our  sons,  as  the  sword  was  the  weapon  of  our 
fathers,  and  that  its  battles  are  the  battles  ot 
reality,  battles  not  of  muscle,  but  of  knowledge. 


Selected  Writings  of  Thomas  Godolphin 
Hoover.  Edited  by  R.  G.  Tatton.  (Blackie 
&  Son.)— Thomas  Godolphin  Rooper  was 
always  greatly  interested  in  popular 
education;  and  when  he  was  appointed 
H  M  Inspector  of  Schools  under  Sir  Francis 
Sandford,  his  office  supplied  him  with 
occupation  in  most  respects  congenial,  and 
gave  him  a  career  in  which  his  wide  learning, 
deep  sympathy  with  children,  and  remark- 
able insight  into  educational  methods,  as 
well  as  mastery  of  the  principles  underlying 
them,  were  made  available  for  the  national 
advantage.  Rooper  was  appointed  in  1877 
second  inspector  in  Northumberland  under 
Mr  Pennethorne  ;  he  assumed  sole  charge 
of  the  Bradford  district  in  1882,  and  was 
transferred  in  1897  to  Southampton.  He 
died  in  1903,  in  his  fifty-sixth  year. 

Rooper's  marked  charm   of    manner  did 
much  in  gaining  for  him  a  great  and,  we 
trust,     enduring     influence     in     education, 
although,   as  Mr.   Tatton  says  in  speaking 
of  Civil  Servants  generally,  "  it  is  not  easy 
to  explain  the  exact  nature  of  their  services 
or  influence."     The  influence,   however   ac- 
quired, was  recognized  and  felt  most  widely, 
and  it  was  invariably  beneficial.     Rooper, 
although  ready  to  welcome  every  improve- 
ment,   and   to   receive  in   a  friendly   spirit 
all  suggestions,  was  no  faddist  in  education  ; 
hence    he    was    trusted    by     teachers     and 
managers  of  schools,   and  was  heard  with 
attention   and   consideration  by   the  larger 
public   whose   first   desire   is   that   the   ele- 
mentary schools  of  the  country  shall  supply 
the  State  with  young  men  and  young  women 
healthy    and    sound    in    body,    mind,    and 
morals.     There  are  few  problems  connected 
with    elementary    education    that    Rooper 
did  not  discuss  and  elucidate  in  his  speeches 
and  writings;     but   the   subjects  in   which 
perhaps  he  took  the  deepest  interest  were 
rural  schools,  and  manual  training,  both  in 
towns    and    villages.     He    considered    sloid 
to  be  the  system  of  manual  training  best 
adapted   for   school   purposes,    and   insisted 
on  the  value  of  manual  training— as  indeed 
of  all  training  of  the  senses  and  muscles— 
"not  as  a  part  of  technical,  but  of  general 
education."     The  changes  that  lie  wished  to 
make  in  the  routine  of  rural  schools  would 
involve    not    so    much    the    elimination    ot 
existing   studies   from   the   time-table     and 
the  substitution  of  others,  as  an  alteration 
of  the  way  in  which  the  teachers  regard  the 
existing  studies. 

Mr.  Tatton  includes  in  the  volume  before 
us    the    most   important    of    Rooper's    con- 
tributions to  the  literature  of   educational 
theory    and    method.      They     have     been 
collected   from    articles    in    magazines    and 
reviews,   and  from  lectures  and  addresses, 
for  Rooper,  so  far  as  we  know,  published 
no    comprehensive    important    volume    on 
school  work.     He  was  a  thoughtful  student 
and  an  eager  and  skilled  observer  of  educa- 
tional   practice    and    theory,    both    in    this 
country    and    abroad;     and    Mr.    Tatton  s 
readers  will  owe  to  him  a  debt  of  gratitude 
for  giving  them  an  opportunity  of  studying 
the  results  of  extended  experience  and  much 
accurate   thought.     In  the  essays  and   ad- 
dresses that  form  the  larger  part  of  the  work, 
their  author  enforces  the  doctrine  of  apper- 
ception,  and    insists   on   the  application,   in 
everyday   schoolwork,   of    the   principle   of 
the  correlation  of   studies  ;    but  education  is 
investigated    in    all    its    phases    and    from 


different  points  of  view,  and  much  illumina- 
tion is  thrown  on  most  of  the  difficulties 
that  present  themselves  in  practical  instruc- 
tion. Nor  is  there  any  shirking  of  the  deeper, 
more  spiritual  problems  that  beset  the 
thorny  questions  of  religious  education. 
The  essays  entitled  '  Mothers  and  Sons 
and  '  Reverence  '  suggest  possibilities  ot 
solution  by  sane  persons  of  goodwill  and 
"  de  bonne  foy,"  and  at  the  same  time 
convince  us  that  such  possibilities  tend  to 
vanish  amid  the  tumult  of  discordant 
parties  and  the  din  of  political  strife 

Germane  to  the  moral  rather  than  the 
material  side  of  the  teaching  and  training  of 
children  is  '  Gaiety  in  Education,  the 
subject  of  a  charming  essay— a  ''study  in 
Augustine  and  Calvin."  It  would  be  well 
for  pupils  and  teachers  alike  if  the  spirit  of 
this  essay  pervaded  our  educational  systems. 
Rooper  possessed  in  no  small  measure  two 
of  a  teacher's  most  valuable  gifts— wide 
human  sympathy  and  a  keen  sense  ot 
humour;  so  that  from  his  writings  Mr. 
Tatton  has  been  able  to  compile  a  volume 
which  should  be  carefully  read  by  candidates 
for  a  teacher's  diploma,  and  copies  of  which 
should  occupy  prominent  positions  on  the 
bookshelves  in  training  colleges. 


The  Journal  of  Education  (Rice)  is  now 
a  well-established  institution.  The  800  odd 
pages  of  Vol.  XXIX.  (for  1907)  form  a 
valuable  consoectus  of  the  educational 
activities  of  the  year,  and  reference  is  made 
easy  and  ceitain  by  a  capital  index.  This 
we  have  tested  on  certa'n  subjects,  and 
found  to  be  complete.  Among  other  valu- 
able series  is  one  which  has  a  very  practical 
interest  for  teachers,  namely,  that  entitled 
'  Idola  Pulpitorum,'  illustrating  the  pitfalls 
of  the  teachers  of  different  subjects.  This 
volume  takes  the  series  from  No.  III.  to 
No.  XL,  including  English,  French,  Science, 
Nature  Study,  History,  Physical  Training, 
Drawing,  Domestic  Science,  and  Geometry. 
The  Journal  of  Education,  which  Mr.  F. 
Storr  has  so  long  and  so  ably  edited,  is  too 
well  known  as  a  trustworthy  and  representa- 
tive educational  organ  to  need  further 
notice. 

FOR  SCHOOLS  AND  STUDENTS. 

A   series   of  small   and  prettily  printed 
books  in  French  was  announced  a  year  or 
two  ago  by  Mr.  Dent  under  the  title  "  Les 
Classiques  Francais,  publics  sous  la  direction 
de     M.     Daniel     S.      O'Connor."      Several 
volumes,    on   the   whole   well   chosen,    have 
appeared.     We    now    receive    from    Messrs. 
Bell  &  Co.  the  first  volume  of  a  new  series, 
entitled  "  Les  Classiques  Francais  Dlustres, 
publies  sous  la  direction  de  Darnel  O'Connor. 
The  similarity  of  titles  is  likely  to  be  con- 
fusing,  and  it  should  be  pointed  out  that 
the  books  differ  much  in  size  and  appearance 
the  former  being  small  and  dainty,  and  of 
the  size  to  accommodate  '  Adolphe,'  while 
the  latter  are  large  volumes,  with  illustrations 
which  might  easily  have  been  more  intrusive 
upon  the  text,  the  first  volume  being  one 
of    the   masterpieces   of   George    Sand,    Les 
Maitres    Sonneurs.     It    is    preceded    by    an 
unimportant   preface   by   M.    Faguet ;     and 
'  La  Mare  au  Diable  '  and   '  Les  Chouans 
are    announced    for   immediate  publication. 
It  is  a  little  difficult  to  seo  the  aim  or  inten- 
tion of  a  series  in  which  the  '  Dominique 
of  Fromentin  _  the  only  novel t\ .      Are  the 
volumes  to  bo  bought  for  their  illustrations  ? 
The    type,    certainly,    of    this    five-shilling 
book    is    better    than    that    of    the    3fr.    60 
French    original,    and     it    lias    gaudily    gilt 
covers,  which  may  plor   -  the   English  eye. 
But  why  French  novels       ould  be  presented 
to  us  in  the  form  of  gift-books  is  not  clear. 


Another  series  which  is  wholly  commend- 
able  in  aim,  and  on  the  whole  excellently 
carried  out,  is  that  of  M.  Delbos,  the  '  Oxford 
Higher   French   Series"    (Clarendon   Press). 
Each    volume    contains    a    carefully    edited 
text,  with  introduction  and  notes,  sometimes 
written   in   English,   sometimes    in  French. 
The  three  new  volumes  contain  a  selection 
of  the  poems  of  Auguste  Barbier,   a  selec- 
tion   from    '  La    Legende    des    Siecles      of 
Victor  Hugo,   and  five  of  the  finest  short 
stories     of     Prosper     Merimee.     The     last, 
which  is  edited  by  Mr.  J.  E.  Michell,  is  the 
most   welcome   and   the   most   competently 
annotated.     The  Introduction  is  an  admir- 
able piece  of  criticism.     Hugo  is  represented 
at  his  greatest,  in  the  poems  chosen  out  ot 
the  whole  series  of  the  '  Legende  des  Siecles    ; 
and    Auguste    Barbier    is    brought     clearly 
before  us   in  the  poems  selected  from   the 
'Iambes,'      'II      Pianto,'      and       '  Lazare. 
Barbier  is  little  known  in  England,  though 
one  of  his  books  is  entirely  devoted  to  the 
miseries  of  London.     His  work  is  that  of  a 
humanitarian  rather   than   that   of   a  poet, 
and  its  vigour  carries  it  beyond  the  limits 
of  true  art.     When  he  succeeds,  he  succeeds, 
as  Baudelaire  said  of  him,  in  spite  of  himself, 
the  genuine  poetic  impulse  breaking  through 
"lesouci   perpetuel   et    exclusif  d'exprimer 
des  pensees  honnetes  ou  utiles." 

Poesies  choisies  de  Andre  Chenier.     Edited 
by     Jules     Derocquigny.-Poc.sies     choisies 
de  Francois  Coppee.     Edited  by  Leon  Delbos. 
(Oxford,   Clarendon   Press.)— The    idea  and 
general    outline    of    the    "Oxford    Higher 
French  Series,"   edited  by  M.  Leon  Delbos, 
are  equally   admirable   and   original.      One 
of    the    volumes,     Stendhal's     '  Racine    et 
Shakspeare,'  has   long  been  out  of  print  in 
France,  and  few  books  of  French  criticism 
more   deserve   to    be   made   accessible       lo 
find   Flaubert's    '  Salammbo  '    as    a   school- 
book   is   as   reasonable   as   it   is   surprising, 
and  one  of  the  volumes  last  issued,  '  Poesies 
choisies    de    Andre    Chenier,'     can     hardly 
fail   to   do   something   to   acquaint    English 
readers  with  one  of  the  rarest  French  poets, 
who  is  certainly  no  better  known  in  England 
than   Keats   is"  known  in  France.     Chenier 
has  been  defined  as  the  last  of  the  Classics 
and  as   the  first  of   the   Romantics;     in  a 
sense,    he    is    both.     "  La    facture    de    son 
vers  "  Leconte  de  Lisle  said  of  him  not  less 
than    sixty    years    ago,    "la    coupe    de    sa 
phrase    pittoresque    et    energique,    ont    tait 
de  ses  poemes  une  ceuvre  nouvelleetsavante 
d'une    melodie    entierement    ignoree,    dun 
eclat  inattendu."     He  reminds  us  at  times 
of  Landor,  at  times  of  Catullus  ;    he  warms 
the  frigidities  of  his  period  with  a  new  flame 
of  life      Hugo  found  in  his  style    something 
"  incorrect,  parfois  barbare,"  and  welcomed 
it       The   last   of   the   Parnassians,    Heredia, 
spent  his  later  years  in  the  preparation— 
never  brought  to  an  end— of  an  edition  of 
the  '  Bucoliques,'    which  he  loved  with  the 
fervour  of  a  craftsman  recognizing  a  crafts- 
man.    And     now     Chenier     exists,     incon- 
testable  and   uncontested,    a   Vigny    before 

his  time.  ,.  . 

M  Derocquigny's  selection  from  the  scat- 
tered and  often  unfinished  poems  of  Chenier 
is  done  with  skill  and  taste,  and  his  notes 
are  brief  and  to  the  point,  concerned  with 
just  those  difficulites  which  really  exist  in 
the  text  A  better  editor  could  not  have 
been  found,  and  M.  Delbos,  it  is  evident, 
ohoosea  both  his  books  and  his  editors  with 

discretion.  . 

For  his  personal  work  there  is  less  to  be 
said  To  turn  from  Chenier  to  Coppee 
is  a  little  disheartening,  especially  when 
we  are  told  that  the  author  of  '  Les  Humbles 
occupies  a  place  winch  is  "une  des  plus 
distingueea  parmi  lea  grands  poetes  du 
XIX"    siecle."      M.    Coppee    is    among    the 


I 


T  II  K     AT  II  KX.K  T  M 


No. 


4186,  Jan. 


18,  L908 


•  »i»it-  writers  "i  <•  •  rM  :   1)'"  has  ft  wide 
audi. -II-. •.   more  or  less  like  tluit  of   Long- 

fellow    in    England    or    America  ;     and    then- 

would  be  no  great  harm  in  putting  ft  selection 
of  iii,  h.'st  pieces  into  the  hands  of  young 
Btadenta  of  [Trench.  But  it  ■  positively 
harmful  to  assure  these  students  that  a 
ond-ratoe  poet  is  ■  poet  of  the  highest 
rank.  Nor  is  M.  Delbos  more  certain  m 
his  prosody  than  in  liis  literary  judgment. 

"  Verse  incorrectly  read,"  as  he  justly 
azures  us.  "  loses  at  once  its  rhythm,  and 
is  no  longer  poetry  "  ;  and  he  confirms  his 
statement  by  telling  us  to  accentuate  the 
Bret  part  of  the  line 

I)  uis  one  .  liuiilne  oil  111:1  f.intaisie  t/touffiit 

after  this  manner  : — 

I  Vim—  u — ne—  cham— bre — oil, 

"  thus  making,"  as  he  says,  "six  syllables," 
but,  as  he  does  not  see,  leaving  seven 
syllables  to  be  accounted  for  in  the  second 
half  of  the  line  of  twelve. 

Victor  Hugo's  Selected  Poems.  Edited 
by  H.  W.  Eve.  (Cambridge,  University 
Press. ) — This  selection  is  intended  to  smooth 
the  many  difficulties  presented  to  English 
schoolboys  by  modern  French  poetry. 
Not  the  least  attractive  feature  of  the  book 
is  the  rich  variety  of  subjects  with  which 
the  poems  deal,  though  naturally  history 
claims  the  first  place.  The  well-known 
plan  of  the  "  Pitt  Press  Series  "  is  adopted, 
the  Introduction  containing  an  account 
of  the  life  and  literary  work  of  Hugo,  while 
the  notes,  both  historical  and  critical,  are 
not  too  long  to  be  useful. 

Elegeia  :  Passages  for  Latin  Elegiac  Verse. 
By  C.  H.  St.  L.  Russell.  (Macmillan  &  Co.) 
— Mr.  Russell,  who  is  known  as  a  good  writer 
of  Latin  verse,  here  offers  a  manual  of  elegiac 
verse  composition  which  seems  to  us  some- 
what better  than  any  similar  book  at  present 
on  the  market.  It  contains  about  50  pages 
of  hints  on  composition,  divided  under 
158  headings  ;  then  follow  140  pages  of 
passages  for  translation,  with  some  attempt 
at  gradation,  at  any  rate  at  the  beginning 
and  the  end  ;  and  finally  100  pages  of  an 
excellent  English-Latin  gradus.  The  whole 
gives  abundant  evidence  that  the  writer 
is  an  experienced  and  skilful  teacher  of  the 
subject.  We  agree  entirely  with  him  that 
the  next  stage  after  "  nonsense  verses  " 
should  be  the  translation  of  real  English 
verse.  This  at  first  need  not  be  of  a  high 
order,  and  should  be  in  small  instalments  ; 
but  the  teaching  should  centre  round  the 
application  of  some  twenty  or  thirty  obvious 
artifices  consciously  adopted  by  such  Latin 
poets  as  Ovid.  The  first  ten  exercises — 
in  which  the  pupil  is  set  to  expand  into 
couplets  such  ideas  as  "  The  sun  rises, 
Night  departs,"  "  The  woods  grow  dark, 
The  sun  sinks,"  "  The  winds  blow,  The  waves 
rage,"  &c. — are  just  the  thing.  There 
might  with  advantage  have  been  more  of 
them.  Coming  to  the  section  on  hints, 
we  find  here  all  the  "  dodges  "  with  which 
several  Latin  verse  books  have  made  us 
familiar ;  but  they  are  well  stated  and 
exemplified,  and  the  right  things  are  empha- 
sized. Some  points  we  do  not  remember 
to  have  seen  embodied  in  such  hints  before, 
and  the  few  cautions  given  on  the  treatment 
of  metaphor  are  judicious.  Mr.  Russell 
knows  thoroughly  well  where  young  verse- 
writers  go  wrong,  as,  for  instance,  the  mis- 
placing of  que,  and  the  mingling  of  two 
co-ordinate  clauses.  On  p.  47,  where  he 
writes  about  a  molossus  "  in  the  fifth  foot, 
and  last  half  of  the  fourth,"  he  intends  to 
say  the  fourth  and  latter  half  of  the  third. 

But  in  spite  of  these  favourable  points, 
we  think  that  a  really  good  teaching  book 
on  Latin  elegiacs  is  yet  to  be  written.  We 
desiderate  first  a  definite  method,  and  second, 


mors  knowledge  of  tin-  actual  usage  of  tin- 
Latin  elegiac  poets.  The  first  i^  She  mow 
important  matter.  Here  we  have  168  sec- 
tions of  hints,  and  of  course  in  the  p,i 

there     are     references     to     these     hint-.       I'.ut 

one  piece  refers  to  section  <i,  the  next  to  119. 
What  teachers  really  want  is  an  arrangement 
(as   logical   as   circumstances   will    permit) 

of  such  hints  under  some  fifteen  to  twenty 

comprehensive  bondings,  and  then  passages 

arranged  so  that  one  or  two  points  at  a 
time  shall  be  steadily  and  persistently 
driven  home.  Mr.  Russell  must  be  aware 
how  few  of  these  principles  that  he  has 
clearly  stated  can  be  grasped  by  a  boy 
in  a  term,  or  even  in  a  year.  The  constant 
turning  over  of  these  fifty  pages  to  find 
the  right  hint  will  not,  we  are  confident, 
prove  such  a  good  method  as  the  selection 
for  a  term's  work  of  some  dozen  points 
to  be  got  home,  and  the  adaptation  of  small 
pieces  of  English  verse  to  the  teaching  of 
these  points. 

The  second  matter  concerns  the  teacher, 
perhaps,  more  than  the  taught,  for  in  looking 
over  composition  how  many  doubts  teachers 
are  liable  to  as  to  what  is  the  usage  of  Ovid 
or  Propertius  in  such  or  such  a  matter ! 
There  is  not  enough  certainty  in  English 
scholarship  on  such  points  of  usage,  and  un- 
doubtedly there  is  an  opening  here  for  a 
useful  piece  of  work.  Mr.  Russell  himself 
suffers  from  this.  In  section  59  he  touches 
very  lightly  on  the  subject  of  poetic  plurals, 
merely  stating  that  we  must  go  cautiously  : 
"  Thus,  while  pectora  may  stand  for  'pectus,' 
corda  may  not,  I  think,  be  put  for  '  cor.'  " 
Now  there  are  some  150  poetic  plurals 
available  for  elegiac  verse,  and  a  list  of 
50  or  60  of  the  more  common  would  have 
been  very  useful  at  this  point.  Nor  can 
we  agree  with  Mr.  Russell's  acceptance  of 
pectora  and  rejection  of  corda.  The  facts 
as  to  corda  are  that  while  Catullus  uses  only 
the  singular,  Virgil  and  Ovid  use  the  plural 
in  a  singular  sense.  For  Virgil  Mr.  Russell 
may  be  referred  to  Maas,  538  sq.;  for  Ovid, 
to  '  Tristia,'  III.  ii.  16,  cegra  corda,  where 
he  is  referring  to  himself  ;  and  168,  perfida 
corda,  where  he  is  referring  to  his  enemy. 
He  rarely  uses  the  singular,  except  to  secure 
a  short  syllable  before  a  vowel,  as  in  P.,  I.  iii. 
32,  molle  cor  (vowel).  We  give  only  one  in- 
stance out  of  many  to  show  the  need  of 
certainty  on  numerous  points  of  elegiac 
usage.  However,  if  Mr.  Russell  has  not 
risen  much  above  the  level  of  existing 
manuals  on  Latin  elegiac  verse,  we  ought 
not  to  complain,  but  rather  to  congratulate 
him  on  making  some  appreciable  advance. 

An  Introduction  to  Latin  Prose,  by  G.  W. 
Mitchell  (Toronto,  the  Macmillan  Company  ; 
London,  Macmillan),  is  a  useful  little  book, 
well  graduated  and  arranged. 

Chaucer's  Canterbury  Talcs  :  The  Nun's 
Priest's  Tale.  Edited  by  Alfred  W.  Pollard. 
(Macmillan.) — In  his  otherwise  extremely 
able  Introduction  to  this  excellent  edition 
of  the  tale  of  Chauntecleer  and  Pertelote, 
Mr.  Pollard,  we  think,  strives  unnecessarily 
to  refute  what  he  conceives  to  be  the  views 
of  Tyrwhitt  and  Ten  Brink  as  to  its  borrowed 
origin.  So  far  as  we  remember,  neither  of 
those  scholars  has  asserted  or  implied  that 
Chaucer  was  in  this  case  "  writing  with 
books  in  front  of  him"  seeing  that  the  former 
only  says  that  the  Tale  is  "  clearly  borrowed 
from  a  collection  of  ^Esopean  and  other 
fables  by  Marie,  a  French  poetess,"  while 
the  latter  considers  it  evidently  in  connexion 
with  the  '  Roman  de  Renart  ' — statements 
not  incompatible  respectively  with  the 
contention  here  put  forward,  that  the  poet 
was  drawing  from  memory.  In  any  case 
the  germ  of  the  tale  may  be  said  to  have 
been  borrowed  without   belittling  Chaucer's 


memory.     Mr.    Pollard    bases    hi  on 

tin-  RUcamsrc  US.  with  oertain  alterasi 
and  Us  notes  arc  adequate  and  useful  when- 

points  of  language  or  allusi.  I    :    .// 

the  unlearnt  id  ;  i  -ut  >  apt  to  discourse 

concerning  matters  which  should  be  evident 

to  any  reader  of  intelligence,  as  in  the  note 
on     "and     hcrtOS     sufhsaunce  "     (1.      1029  . 
which    begins,    "  It    is    wonderful    how   these 
words    light    u])    their    context."      I  )r.    .1 
Payne  contrihutes  a  brief  appendix  on 
subject  of   Dame   Pertelote'B  comments  on 
the  drcftin   of  her  spouse,   dealing  with    I 
"Four     Humours"     and     their     remedies; 
while  a  second  appendix  gives  the  sources 
of  the  dream  stories  that  occur  in  the  Tale. 
There    are    also    some    brief    examples    of 
Chaucer's  grammar,  and  a  full  Glossary. 

The  Groundwork  of  English  History. 
M.  E.  Carter.  (Clive.) — Candidates  at  the 
London  University  Matriculation  Examina- 
tion are  required  to  show  in  their  English 
paper  a  knowledge  of  "  the  salient  tacts 
of  English  history."  The  compiler  of  the 
volume  before  us  has  exercised  much  judg- 
ment in  her  selection  of  what  she  de> 
to  be  the  salient  facts  ;  but  as  to  whether 
the  London  examiners  would  be  satisfied 
with  the  somewhat  meagre  history  here 
recorded  we  have  grave  doubts. 

English  Composition  and  Essay  Writing, 
by  W.  S.  Thomson,  has  reached  a  seventh 
edition  (Simpkin  &  Marshall),  which  is 
enlarged  and  revised.  Mr.  Thomson  gives 
specimen  essays,  and  deals  with  errors  in 
style,  construction,  and  language.  The 
wealth  of  examples  from  well-known  modern 
writers  affords  much  interesting  matter. 
We  should  say  that  the  book  was  excellent 
for  examination  purposes,  but  we  cannot 
regard  it  as  a  guide  to  the  best  English. 
When  Mr.  Thomson  remarks  that  the  word 
"  folk-lore  is  now  fairly  re-established,"  he 
•seems  to  regard  it  as  an  old  word,  whereas 
it  was  the  excellent  invention  of  Thorns,  the 
first  editor  of  Notes  and  Queries.  As  an 
example  of  foreign  words  used  "  when  native 
words  may  be  found  to  express  the  same 
meaning,"  Mr.  Thomson  includes:  "Her 
conduct  was  very  outre  {sic.)  and  bizarre 
(gushing  and  vulgar),"  and  "  You  are  almost 
as  necessary  to  her  as  her  dachshunds 
(badger-pups)."  These  definitions  seem  to 
us  wildly  wrong,  while  others  are  certainly 
deficient. 

Prof.  Earle  W.  Dow  has  prepared  an 
Atlas  of  European  History  (Bell),  which 
should  be  an  excellent  guide  to  the  learner 
of  history.  The  range  of  the  book  is  wide, 
the  thirty-two  maps  beginning  with  '  The 
Ancient  Eastern  Empires,'  and  ending  with 
'  Contemporary  Europe.' 

In  The  Elements  of  the  Geometry  of  the  Con  ic. 
by  G.  H.  Bryan  and  R.  H.  Pinkerton 
(Dent  &  Co.),  the  properties  of  the  conic 
are  treated  as  completely  as  is  possible 
without  the  introduction  of  analytical 
geometry,  and  the  authors  have  laid  special 
stress  on  those  parts  of  the  subject  that  are 
requisite  for  success  in  higher  mathematics 
and  physics.  A  new  feature  in  an  elementary 
textbook  is  the  chapter  dealing  "  with 
certain  curves  occurring  in  applied  mathe- 
matics," wherein  the  student  will  find 
presented  with  commendable  simplicity 
the  properties  of  the  catenary,  cycloid, 
cardioid,  &c.  Much  instruction  is  condensed 
in  small  compass,  while  all  the  proofs  are 
short  and  lucid. 


OUR    LIBRARY   TABLE. 

The  Social  Fetich.  By  Lady  Grove. 
(Smith,  Elder  &  Co.)— Vulgarity,  it  has 
been  wisely  and  wittily  said,  is  the  behaviour 
of  other  people.      This    book  is  an  indict- 


No.  4186,  Jan.  18,  1908 


THE     ATHENAEUM 


73 


ment  of  some  of  the  defects  of  speech  and 
faults  of  manner  of  the  "  other  people." 
How  seriously  the  author  takes  her  own 
warnings,  reproofs,  and  counsel,  or  how 
seriously  her  readers  will  take  them,  who 
can  tell  ?  To  speak  well,  pronounce  cor- 
rectly, and  behave  pleasingly  seems  to 
some  of  us  an  inherited  and  uncon- 
scious instinct,  the  only  true  guides  to  its 
attainment  being  time  and  good  associa- 
tions. But  there  is  a  kind  of  person  who, 
strives  in  all  good  faith  and  hope  to  follow 
the  ways  of  the  "  best  people,"  as  Thackeray 
called  them.  If  the  imitators  of  ideals 
to  which  they  were  not  born  have  innocently 
joyed  in  the  possession,  the  beauty,  or  the 
utility  of  such  objects  as  tea-cosies,  napkinr 
rings,  knife-rests,  &c,  they  are  now  publicly 
convicted  of  sin.  Such  things  are  formally 
declared  "  beyond  the  pale."  Cosy-corners 
are  probably  implicitly,  though  not  actually, 
condemned.  To  the  earnest  student  diffi- 
culties are  presented.  How,  for  instance, 
in  common  family  life,  can  his  own  napkins 
be  known  to  the  aspirant  after  better  things 
any  more  than  the  lover  minus  his  cockle 
hat  and  shoon  in  the  old  song  ?  And  the 
detested  knife-rest,  must  this  support  go 
too  ?  It  is  a  mainstay  in  many  worthy 
German  households,  and  for  those  who, 
in  our  own  country,  have  to  carve,  not 
only  their  own  fortunes,  but  also  their 
own  dinners.  Such  counsels  of  perfection 
are  not  for  the  first  comer.  Why  dazzle, 
or  sadden,  the  "  other  people  "  by  revela- 
tions of  the  enormous  differences  in  human 
destinies  ?  Let  these  be  taken  for  granted, 
nor  too  closely  examined. 

The  most  captious  reader  cannot,  how- 
ever, fail  to  agree  with  some  of  the  judg- 
ments on  pronunciation  of  words.  To  pro- 
nounce not  perfectly,  but  fairly,  is  an  ideal 
within  the  reach  of  most  educated  and 
observant  men  and  women.  The  current 
pronunciation  of  many  words  is  justly 
condemned.  And  others  not  mentioned, 
but  heard  in  unexpected  places — such  as 
"  year  "  for  ear,  "  a  tome  "  for  at  home, 
"  reconise,"  and  so  forth — rise  unbidden 
to  one's  mind.  The  author  fears  that 
certain  commercial  terms  may  be  creeping 
into  "  the  home  "  ;  but  some  of  those  cited 
are  too  much  the  exclusive  property  of  the 
shop-walker  to  be  dreaded.  One  might 
as  well  expect  to  be  wounded  in  the  house 
of  a  friend  by  the  mention  of  an  "  occasional 
chair  "  or  a  "  sample  of  merv  "  as  "  hose," 
"  couches,"  or  "  mantles."  They  belong  to 
the  counter,  and  one  hopes  they  will  stay 
there.  A  great  many  other  modern  in- 
stances of  faulty  expressions  and  faulty 
manners  are  given.  The  example  on  p.  32 
relating  to  a  common  grammatical  mistake 
is  not  a  case  in  point. 

The  book  contains  many  well-known 
stories.  One  at  least  is  rendered  unfamiliar 
by  the  telling.  But  that  is  often  so  ;  the 
best-known  stories  have  the  most  variations 
on  the  main  theme.  One  prefers  the 
original  context  and  telling.  Though  on 
general  grounds  the  use  of  social  utterances 
may  bo  questioned,  spoken  discussion  is 
not  always  unpleasant.  It  often  enough 
raises  an  amusing  and  interesting  point, 
and  the  conversation  can  be  directed  into 
another  channel  should  it  grow  tedious  or 
annoying.  In  black  and  white  it  has 
a  too  authoritative  and  portentous  air. 
"  Glissez,  mortels ;  n'appuyez  pas,"  may 
be  quoted  as  germane  to  the  subject,  though 
the  present  volume  has  not  been  much 
influenced  by  it. 

Mr.  Owen  Wister's  The  Seven  Ages  of 
Washington  (Macmillan)  forms  a  pretty 
volume,  possessing  obvious  merits,  but  open 
to  criticism  if  considered,  to  use  the  author's 
words,  as  "  a  full-length  portrait  of  Washing- 


ton, with  enough  of  his  times  to  see  him 
clearly  against."  The  short  list  of 
"  authorities "  modestly  described  in  the 
Preface  as  "  noted  in  a  table  at  the  end," 
but  there  erroneously  magnified  into 
'  Bibliography,'  shows  a  narrow  field  of 
reading.  Yet  this  is  no  sufficient  explana- 
tion of  shortcoming,  for  "  his  own  writings 
are  the  material."  A  better  "  portrait " 
could  have  been  drawn  by  the  use  only  of 
the  letters.  Sir  George  Trevelyan's  third 
volume  (noticed  in  The  Athenceum  of 
November  2nd  last)  contains,  indeed,  as  it 
were  by  chance,  a  perfect  account  of  the 
character  and  military  life  of  Washington. 
The  Briton  is  less  fair  to  the  British  than 
is  our  American  author.  He  is,  however, 
more  just  towards  the  French.  Mr.  Wister 
gives  all  his  energy  to  the  demolition  of 
Jefferson,  and  puts  Lafayette  in  the  back- 
ground, while  he  omits  Guizot  from  the 
'  Bibliography.'  Washington  was  at  one 
time  ridiculed  by  a  section  of  the  American 
people  as  "  the  idol."  Lafayette,  to  whom 
the  same  term  was  applied  in  France  in 
the  same  fashion,  has — unlike  Washington — 
not  regained  his  universally  accepted  fame 
of  the  days  of  the  Valley  Forge ;  but  no 
admirer  of  Washington  should  be  chary  of 
praise  of  the  hero's  adopted  "  son." 
Washington  was  right  to  be  neutral 
between  France  and  Britain  in  1793,  and 
to  prepare  to  command  the  army  of  the 
United  States  against  France  four  years 
later ;  but  the  France  of  Lafayette  saved 
the  spirit  or  Washington  in  his  dark  hour. 

Studies  in  Primitive  Greek  Religion,  by 
Rafael  Karsten,  is  issued  by  J.  Simelii  Arf- 
vingars  boktryckeriaktiebolag,  Helsingfors. 
The  writer  of  this  pamphlet — for  it  is 
hardly  more — is  a  Finnish  scholar  already 
known  to  the  world  as  the  author  of  an 
academical  dissertation  entitled  '  The  Origin 
of  Worship.'  In  his  former  work  (which 
was  something  of  a  fragment)  two  ideas 
were  given  special  prominence :  firstly,  that 
the  religious  sense  is  awakened  by  the 
mysterious  or  supernatural ;  secondly,  that 
primitive  religion  is  inspired  by  fear  rather 
than  by  love.  These  same  two  notions 
provide  the  pegs  on  which  the  present 
study  is  hung.  The  standpoint  of  a  purely 
individual  psychology  is  nowhere  tran- 
scended. There  is  no  perception  of  the  pre- 
eminently social  character  of  all  religion. 
Such  points  as  are  made  hold  good  only  as 
against  the  mythological  school,  which  dead 
horse  Dr.  Karsten  flogs  almost  with 
brutality,  stigmatizing  as  "  futile  "  the  work 
of  we  know  not  how  many  distinguished 
Germans.  For  us,  too,  the  apostles  of  the 
sun-myth  are  wrong ;  but  we  maintain 
that  the  study  of  myth  must  be  subordinated 
to  the  study  of  ritual  (as  Robertson  Smith 
pointed  out  long  ago),  not  to  the  study  of 
what  some  hypothetical  savage-mind-in-the- 
abstract  is  likely  to  feel  in  the  presence  of  a 
queer-shaped  stock  or  stone.  We  do  not 
deny  that  the^sense  of  the  mysterious  and 
the  element  of  dread  are  forces,  though  by 
no  means  the  sole  forces,  at  work  in  early 
religion  ;  but  they  do  not  in  themselves 
amount  to  religion,  which  consists  in  the 
social  exploitation  of  sundry  vague  impulses 
that  the  process  itself  invests  with  the 
distinctively  religious  meaning  and  form. 
If,  however,  the  exegetic  value  of  the  essay 
is  not  high,  the  collection  of  facts  will  be 
found  useful,  especially  in  their  bearing 
on  that  fetichistic  side  of  Greek  religion 
which  has  been  recently  illustrated  by  Miss 
Jane  Harrison,  Dr.  de  Visser,  and  others. 
The  book  teems  with  misprints,  but  we 
must  not  be  too  hard  on  a  Finnish  writer 
publishing  in  English  through  a  Finnish 
press. 


Russian  and  Bulgarian  Folk-lore  Stories. 
Translated  by  W.  W.  Strickland.  (G. 
Standring.) — We  are  afraid  that  Mr.  Strick- 
land's book  of  translations  from  Karel 
Erben  is  somewhat  belated.  He  seems 
to  forget  the  great  strides  which  Slavonic 
folk-lore  and  folk-tales  have  made  since 
the  publication  of  Ralston's  book.  The 
best  stories  have  been  translated  over  and 
over  again,  and  have  appeared  both  in 
scientific  and  popular  works.  Collections 
have  been  issued  with  all  the  authority 
of  Government  publications,  as  in  Bulgaria. 
The  scanty  details  of  Slavonic  mythology 
have  been  carefully  scrutinized.  The  plums 
of  Erben's  book  were  picked  by  the  late  Mr. 
Wratislaw,  who  published  a  pretty  volume  of 
the  best  tales.  Mr.  Strickland,  unless  we  are 
greatly  mistaken,  does  not  mention  Wratis- 
law's  book,  which  appeared  about  twenty 
years  ago.  The  tales  are  well  translated 
in  the  present  work,  but  we  cannot  always 
approve  of  the  strong  language  used  in  the 
notes.  Mr.  Strickland  seems  to  be  nuining 
amok  against  institutions  and  individuals. 
The  misprints  are  bad  ;  e.g.,  "  bohumiles  " 
for  bogomiles,  "  Shember  "  (bis)  for  Sembera, 
and  "  Pater  "  for  Patera,  the  scholar  who 
detected  the  forgeries  in  the  '  Mater  Ver- 
borum '  codex.  Erben's  book  was  good 
for  its  time,  but  perhaps  the  preface,  with 
his  views  of  the  Slavonic  languages  and 
dialects — we  must  be  careful  how  we  use 
the  latter  word — is  somewhat  out  of  date. 
We  have  now  Vondrak's  theories  on  the 
subject  in  the  Introduction  to  his  '  Old 
Slavonic  Grammar.' 

How  to  Collect  Postage  Stamps.  By 
Bertram  T.  K.  Smith.  (Bell  &  Sons.)— We 
suppose  it  is  vain  at  this  time  of  day  to 
protest  against  the  extravagances  and 
absurdities  involved  in  the  mania  for  collect- 
ing. There  is  no  doubt  some  interest  to 
be  obtained  by  the  intelligent  collection 
of  stamps,  and  possibly  they  may  prove 
of  some  use  historically  in  other  ages.  But 
philatelists  have  long  gone  past  moderation, 
and  treat  stamps  as  if  they  were  of  intrinsic 
value.  The  collection  of  things  because 
they  have  different  watermarks,  or  are  in 
larger  or  smaller  sets,  or  because  their 
perforation  consists  of  this  number  or  that 
number  of  holes,  proceeds,  regardless  of  time 
and  money.  But  if  any  one  is  anxious  to 
learn  the  rules  of  an  absurd  game,  this 
book  by  Mr.  Bertram  Smith  is  as  good  a 
handbook  as  we  can  conceive. 

Hustled  History,  by  the  authoi  s  of  'Wisdom 
while  You  Wait '  (Pitman),  parodies  some 
recent  journalistic  enterprise  by  a  series  of 
historical  episodes  in  a  modern  setting. 
The  hits  seem  to  us  for  the  most  part  both 
fair  and  witty,  though  they  need  an  extensive 
knowledge  of  current  journalism  to  be 
appreciated.  The  illustrations  and  comic 
advertisements  are  amusing,  like  the  text. 
We  do  not  always  admire  the  taste  of  the 
authors,  but  to  produce  a  hurdred  pages 
of  "  topical  "  jests  is  a  feat  in  itself. 

We  have  received  the  New  Year  issues 
of  Whitaker's  Almanack  and  Whitaker's 
Peerage,  &c.  (12,  Warwick  Lane),  well- 
established  annuals  which  need  no  com- 
mendation. 

The  second  volume  of  "The  Humanist- 
Library,"  Erasmus  against  War,  is  a  good 
specimen  of  the  work  of  the  Merrymount 
Press,  Boston.  The  typo  is  one  of  the  beat 
founts  that  we  have  seen,  and  the  Introduc- 
tion by  Prof.  Mackail  is  both  attractive  and 
informing,  a  graceful  piece  of  prose,  and  a 
worthy  compliment  to  the  Tudor  translator. 
Erasmus  is,  wo  fear,  beyond  most  modern 
readers,  but  wo  hopo  this  fragment  of  his 
thought  may  induce  some  classical  BOholars 
at  least  to  turn  to  his  excellent  Latin. 


74 


T  II  K     AT  II  I.  N  .K  I'M 


NO.  4180,  -Ian.   18,   I 


ROBERT    ATKINSON. 

'I'm:  Fates  ur.'  gainst  Trinity  College, 
Dublin.  Her  great  men  are  bemg  swept 
away,   mostly    before   their   tunc,  and   the 

Epigoni  arc  o!     no    like    promise.        Salmon, 

George  FitzGereld,  Charfaa  July,  arc  gone] 
Bury  and  Robert  Bell  have  emigrated  ;  and 
now   Roberl   Atkinson  has  been  taken  from 

lis,    if   DOt   in    his    prime,    at   least    at    an    age 

beyond  which  many  have  been  able  to  add 

ten  yean  be   their  life's  record.      He  was  a 
man'  such    as    Universities,   and    they   only, 
oan    breed    and    foster — men    whose    chief 
glory   is    their   vast  and  accurate   knowledge 
and  their  sound  and    attractive   teaching — 
men     who    often    despise    speaking    to    the 
public     beyond     their     own     classes      and 
colleagues.      As     a    linguist    Atkinson    bad 
hardly    any    rival.     He   taugbt   with    equal 
success    Sanskrit,    Tamil,    Telegu,   most    of 
the  Romance  languages,  and  was  moreover 
an  adept  in  Russian,  Coptic,  and  mediaeval 
Irisb ;  while  recently  he  had  been  devoting 
his    leisure     to     Chinese.      This     catalogue 
sounds    like    romancing.      It  is  notbing  of 
the  kind.     All   that  he  professed  to  teach, 
he     taugbt     with     amazing     accuracy    and 
thoroughness.       His      pupils      in      Oriental 
languages,  now  among  the  highest  officials 
in    the    India    Civil    Service,  all    remember 
with    lifelong    gratitude    his    incomparable 
gifts     of     imparting     his      kno